Russian

Beyond Index 2

Russian is not an Index 2 inventory. сдавать / сдать is the commercial temporary-transfer root, the lessor as subject. The lessee lemmas on the same page are снимать / снять and арендовать.

• сдавать / сдать — rent · the lessor is the nominative subject of сдавать / сдать; the lessee is dative in the Bulgakov line; the thing is accusative; price is за plus a measure phrase; duration is на plus accusative. The lessee is the nominative subject of снимать / снять and of арендовать, and the lessor on снимать is у+genitive. Twins of Polish wynajmować / wynająć, German vermieten, Spanish alquilar, French louer, Italian affittare, and Hungarian bérbe ad. напрокат noted, not a page. RU micro-entry
• спорить / поспорить — bet · the bettor is the nominative subject; the opponent is с plus instrumental; the stake of this verb is на plus accusative; the proposition is a что-clause. Companion ставить / поставить takes the stake as a bare accusative and на plus accusative for the outcome. держать пари and биться об заклад noted, not separate pages. RU micro-entry
• зачислять / зачислить — credit_FIN · the amount is accusative; the account is на plus the account phrase; the beneficiary, where a dictionary names one, sits inside that phrase. English credit the customer with a sum has no direct match. кредитовать is the lending false friend. перечислять / перечислить is the transfer neighbour. Enrolment is out of scope. RU micro-entry
• вычитать / вычесть — deduct · the amount is accusative; the source, when filled, is из plus genitive, a number or a fund. The person is с plus genitive in one citation of вычесть, and is not that из-phrase. удерживать / удержать prints из of the wages, or a bare accusative, and does not print the person. списывать / списать writes off a bare accusative. RU micro-entry
• продавать / продать — sell · the seller is the nominative subject; the goods are accusative, government кого-что; the buyer is dative and is not in that government; the price is за plus accusative. по plus dative is a price level. On купить the seller is у plus genitive. RU micro-entry
• платить / заплатить — pay_GIVE · the payer is the nominative subject; the recipient is dative; the amount is accusative, or a numeral phrase whose unit is genitive; the thing paid for is за plus accusative. по plus dative is the account. оплатить takes the bill or the work as a bare accusative and prints no за. уплатить stays with the debt, за, or по счету. RU micro-entry
• одалживать / одолжить — lend · the lender is the nominative subject; the Theme is accusative or partitive genitive; the Recipient is dative. The converse lemma is занять / занимать, and the Source is у plus genitive. дать взаймы / дать в долг is the money periphrasis. Twins of German leihen, Spanish prestar, and French prêter. RU micro-entry
• borrow · занимать / занять — borrow · the Borrower is the nominative subject, and that subject is the Recipient, so there is no separate Recipient slot. The Theme is accusative, or partitive genitive for a quantity. The Source is у + genitive. Lend is одалживать / одолжить with a dative, or дать в долг. The same lemma with у + genitive is the colloquial borrow reading, as Polish pożyczyć and Dutch lenen split one lemma by the marker. брать / взять в долг is the periphrasis. RU micro-entry
• учить / научить — teach · on учить / научить the Learner is accusative and the Content is dative, or an infinitive; an accusative Content with no Learner is the study/memorize reading. преподавать reverses the cases: Content accusative, Learner dative, like Spanish enseñar and German beibringen. Hungarian tanít prints that pair, and also an accusative Learner with a sublative Content. Japanese 教える puts the Learner in に and the Content in を. French enseigner puts the Learner in à and the Content in the direct object, like преподавать. учиться: Learner nominative, Content dative, teacher-source у+genitive. RU micro-entry
• украсть / красть — steal · the Theme is accusative; the person stolen from is у plus genitive; a place is из plus genitive. обокрасть / обкрадывать makes the Victim or the place accusative and leaves the Theme off the direct object. Twins of German stehlen, Spanish robar, French voler, Italian rubare, Japanese 盗む, Polish kraść / ukraść, and Hungarian lop / ellop, and Dutch stelen. Norwegian stjele. Bulgarian крада. Chinese: 偷. RU micro-entry
• послать / посылать — send · Sender nominative; Theme accusative, genitive of negation where printed; Recipient bare dative; place в or на plus accusative; a person as destination is к plus dative, not the recipient of the Theme; fetch за plus instrumental; bare infinitive. отправить / отправлять stay on the page. Aspect pair morphology only. Twin of Polish wysłać / posłać. Japanese: 送る. Hungarian: küld. Dutch: sturen. Norwegian: sende. Not an Index 2 lemma. RU micro-entry
• купить / покупать — buy · the buyer is the nominative subject; the goods are accusative, government кого-что; a bare genitive хлеба is the Synodal quotation and is unprinted in Ozhegov and Shvedova, Ushakov, and Kuznetsov; the seller, where Russian Wiktionary prints one, is у plus genitive, and that phrase is unprinted in those three dictionaries; the beneficiary Kuznetsov prints is a bare dative; для plus genitive is unprinted; the price is за plus accusative; the place is в or на plus prepositional. приобрести and закупить stay on the page. Aspect pair morphology only. Converse of продать. Twins of German kaufen, French acheter, Spanish comprar, Italian comprare, Portuguese comprar, and Hungarian vesz / megvesz. Not an Index 2 lemma. RU micro-entry