borrow · lenen

Places · who wears which marking

The WNT, the e-ANS, Team Taaladvies, and woorden.org do not put a borrower, a thing, a van-source, and a bare indirect object in one clause of lenen. Sense II is the get frame. Sense I is the give frame of the same lemma. uitlenen is the give direction only. ontlenen is the other verb, and its modern aan is a source. Pat and Chris continue the named-participant series on lenen. A name does not spell case. van Chris is the preposition. The return wording in the definition is quoted and is not given an aspect label.

Marking map. Read the phrase of the other person, then the lemma. van before or after the Theme is the Source, and the subject takes. A bare indirect object, or aan, is the Recipient, and the subject hands the thing over. A possessive on the Theme, as in je fiets, is not that indirect object. English from matches van. English to, or the bare recipient of lend, matches aan and the bare indirect object. The lemma matches both English verbs.

• One lemma. Team Taaladvies states the pair in one line: Lenen betekent ‘tijdelijk in gebruik geven’ of ‘tijdelijk in gebruik krijgen’. The WNT numbers them as sense I and sense II. English Wiktionary glosses sense 1 as borrow with van, and sense 2 as lend, ditransitive or with an indirect object. Japanese 借りる and 貸す are two roots. Dutch does not split the lemma.
• van is the Source. The WNT’s get definition prints van een ander, and the citations print van uw' buurman, van een Vriend, van zijn schoonvader, and van 't publiek. The e-ANS prints van me. WikiWoordenboek prints van Jan and Hermans’s van u. woorden.org prints van je broer. A pronoun after van is me or u, the object form. There is no dative ending on the noun.
• A bare indirect object is not that Source. The e-ANS 20.4.2 list puts lenen with geven, betalen, uitlenen, and verkopen: the indirect object is the person who receives. The printed bare pronouns are my (WNT sense I), me (Team Taaladvies; WikiWoordenboek sense 2). woorden.org’s give examples are iemand een boek lenen and aan je zus. None of those lines is glossed as borrowing from that person. Mag ik je fiets even lenen? does not contain that indirect object. je modifies fiets.
• bij is printed for a bank, and for a library. Team Taaladvies and Taaladvies.net: geld lenen bij de bank, with the subject receiving the money. The WNT prints bij een rijken schagcheraar once, beside the van lines. bij is not ranked against van. No citation stacks both on one clause.
• uitlenen does not take the borrower’s subject in the standard language. Team Taaladvies says the get reading of uitlenen is not standard. The person, when named, is aan een vriend. WikiWoordenboek’s past is leende uit and the participle is uitgeleend. Taaladvies.net’s short lines name the library or the bank as the subject that hands books or money over. The particle is not the theft uit of another verb.
• ontlenen aan is the abstract source. Taaladvies.net: in the whole language area, with an abstract object, ontlenen means te danken hebben aan, putten uit, overnemen uit, and wordt heel vaak verbonden met het voorzetsel aan. The printed objects are glans, woorden, and dat citaat. Team Taaladvies fills zijn naam aan de Romeinse god Mars. That aan is the source. It is the opposite role from aan with lenen and uitlenen. The same advice marks a concrete library reading as standard in Belgium (dvd’s ontlenen, dat boek nooit ontleend had in de bibliotheek) and says the whole language area uses lenen there. Money is lenen and uitlenen, not ontlenen. The Belgian library place in those examples is in de bibliotheek or bij, not the aan of the abstract source.
• Duration and purpose stay optional. The WNT gloss names the stretch with voor zekeren tijd and the purpose with om het daarna terug te geven. Reigersberch prints a purpose on a get clause: leenen ergens een koedts om mij te haellen. Hermans prints totdat ik nieuwe heb on lenen. Team Taaladvies prints elke zaterdag. None of those time phrases is labeled argument or adjunct in the articles. A voor-phrase of a week beside van Chris is constructed below. It is not a citation.
• Off this frame. WNT het oor leenen and de hand leenen are attention and help. The reflexive Zich tot iets leenen is availability. WikiWoordenboek’s Het weer leent zich vandaag voor een wandeling is that reflexive, with voor, not the borrow Source. The WNT’s ironic steal reading is marked In Z.-Nederl. No borrow citation read here is the German reflexive dative. Rent stays on verhuren.

EN ⇄ NL valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Dutch slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (English from ↔ van, or two English verbs ↔ one Dutch lemma). Printed lines come first. Every other Dutch sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.