lend · Polish (pożyczyć) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

One lemma · Lender or Borrower as subject · Theme direct object · the other human is dative or od + genitive · Polish cloth · working claim, revisable

Lend · Voice[Lender_NOM] + Appl_HAVE(Recipient_DAT, Theme_ACC) · pożyczyć komuś coś · WSJP KOMU + CO · Wikisłownik B. + C. · Walenty np(dat) beside obj{np(part)}

Borrow · the same lemma · Voice[Borrower_NOM] + Theme_ACC + od+GEN_Source · pożyczyć coś od kogoś · WSJP CO + (od KOGO) · Wikisłownik B. + od + D. · Walenty prepnp(od,gen)

Neither marker · the clause does not show the direction · constructed Pożyczyłem samochód · samochód is a collocation on both WSJP senses

A lending, on this reading, has a Lender, a Recipient, and a Theme. The same Polish verb also has a Borrower, a Source, and a Theme. Słownik języka polskiego PWN, pożyczyć I, imperfective pożyczać, prints one definition for both directions: dać coś komuś albo wziąć od kogoś pod warunkiem zwrotu w określonym terminie. Wielki słownik języka polskiego splits that definition across two senses of one entry and gives each sense its own schema. Sense dać coś: dać coś komuś na pewien czas i pod warunkiem zwrotu przed upływem określonego terminu, schema KOMU + CO + (na CO). Sense wziąć coś: wziąć coś od kogoś na pewien czas i pod warunkiem zwrotu przed upływem określonego terminu, schemas CO + (od KOGO) + (na CO), CO + (GDZIE) + (na CO), and CO + (SKĄD) + (na CO). The return wording is the definitions’. This page quotes it and does not turn it into an aspect claim. The aspect label on both WSJP senses is dokonany, and the aspect partner is pożyczać. That pair is morphology.

Voice adds one human as the nominative subject. On the give sense that subject is the Lender. Low Appl_HAVE introduces the Recipient inside that one verb domain and relates the Recipient to the Theme. The Recipient is a bare dative: WSJP KOMU, Wikisłownik C., Walenty np(dat), the citation Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych. The root’s object is the Theme. In the positive frames it is accusative: WSJP CO, Wikisłownik B., tysiąc złotych, szklankę cukru. Walenty’s object category on this verb is np(part), accusative or partitive genitive, in the 12 July 2021 text snapshot. That partitive is a different label from the genitive an accusative object takes under negation. On the take sense the subject is the Borrower, the Theme stays the object, and the other human is the Source, od plus genitive: matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów. The drawing of the dative is the same working claim as the Recipient of płacić and of English give-geometry pay: a low applicative of possession, inside one verb, revisable. Which theta role is the object in this low Appl_HAVE domain is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Where the frame sits against the English gloss. English uses two lemmas. Lend has the lender as subject and a bare Recipient or to. Borrow has the borrower as subject and separative from. Polish uses one lemma. What selects the direction is the marking of the non-subject human. A bare dative is the Recipient of the give frame. od plus genitive is the Source of the take frame. PWN’s Poradnia, Mirosław Bańko, 24 September 2007, says the same thing of this verb and of wynająć: English distinguishes pożyczanie komuś and pożyczanie od kogoś, and in Polish one verb covers both directions, so the context has to show which. His printed ambiguous parallel is an advertisement Wynajmę mieszkanie, which stays unclear until the rubric says komuś or od kogoś. Pożyczyłem samochód is the same gap, and it is constructed. WSJP lists samochód among the things on both senses. Neither KOMU nor od KOGO is in that clause. Two further source and place markers are printed on the take sense itself: z plus genitive (z budżetu, z banku) and w plus locative (w banku). Walenty’s pewny frames also include prepnp(u,gen) and prepnp(z,gen). They are not the Recipient’s dative.

The lexical splits this alternation is set beside. Russian одолжить is the lender-side verb, Recipient dative, and the ordinary borrow lemma is занять, Source у plus genitive. That page records одолжить у кого-н. as the marked borrow reading. Italian prestare is lender-side only. The converse is prendere in prestito, and the Source is da. Polish does not split the lemma. German leihen keeps both directions on one lemma by a reflexive dative plus von or bei. The Polish alternation is bare dative versus od plus genitive, with no reflexive on the take frame. French à flips role between prêter and emprunter. Japanese に flips between 貸す and 借りる, and the same 貸す covers rent. Polish rent is wynajmować / wynająć.

Places · who wears which marking

PWN prints both directions in one definition. WSJP prints two senses and two schemas. Wikisłownik prints both governments under number (1.1), the give gloss, and the take gloss is (1.2). The lines are quoted with the numbering each entry prints. Pat and Chris continue the named-participant series on sprzedać. A name does not spell case. Chrisowi is the dative. od Chrisa is the genitive after od. The return wording in the definitions is quoted and is not given an aspect label.

One lemma · give schema and take schema

✓ dać coś komuś albo wziąć od kogoś pod warunkiem zwrotu w określonym terminie SJP PWN · pożyczyć I · imperfective pożyczać · both directions in one definition · the return wording is the definition’s

✓ KOMU + CO + (na CO) · dać coś komuś na pewien czas i pod warunkiem zwrotu przed upływem określonego terminu WSJP · sense dać coś · KOMU is not in parentheses · aspekt: dokonany · odpowiednik aspektowy: pożyczać

✓ CO + (od KOGO) + (na CO) · CO + (GDZIE) + (na CO) · CO + (SKĄD) + (na CO) WSJP · sense wziąć coś · od KOGO, the place, and the source phrase are in parentheses

✓ pożyczyć + B. + C. · pożyczyć + B. + od + D. Wikisłownik · both lines printed under (1.1) · (1.1) dać coś komuś na pewien czas · (1.2) wziąć coś od kogoś na pewien czas za jego zgodą

to give something to someone, or to take something from someone, on the understanding that it is given back

Printed clauses · dative Recipient · od Source · a bare theme filed on the take sense

✓ Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych, oddam po pierwszym. WSJP · sense dać coś · Maria Borowa, Dominika znaczy niedziela, 1993 · mi dative · tysiąc złotych accusative · the following clause is not a duration phrase of pożyczyć

✓ matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów WSJP · sense wziąć coś · Wojciechowski, Pomarańczowy majdan, 2006 · je accusative · od sąsiadów genitive

✓ Chciał pożyczyć pieniądze na powrót WSJP · sense wziąć coś · Głowacki · accusative theme · no dative and no od · na powrót is the purpose the schema’s (na CO) can hold · the sense heading is the dictionary’s

✓ Pożyczyłem samochód. constructed · samochód is a WSJP collocation on both senses · neither KOMU nor od KOGO · Bańko’s Wynajmę mieszkanie is the printed parallel for a clause that does not show the direction

Lend me a thousand zlotys. Mother borrowed them from the neighbours. He wanted to borrow money for the return. I lent or borrowed a car.

Places of pożyczyć: introducer, Polish marking, case status, English and sibling marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Polish marking	Case status	English and sibling marking
Lender	Spec,Voice of the give frame	nominative subject	structural subject when the other human is dative · the same subject position is the Borrower when the other human is od + genitive · the aspect partner pożyczać is the imperfective form	subject of lend · subject of одолжить · subject of prestare · subject of the lend frame of leihen · が of 貸す
Recipient	low Appl_HAVE inside the give frame	bare dative · mi, im, koledze, KOMU, C.	dative · no preposition · Walenty np(dat) on a pewny frame with obj{np(part)} · this dative is the lend marker · it is not the Source	bare object of lend me the book, or to · Russian dative · Italian a or gli / le · German dative · Japanese に on 貸す
Theme	complement of √LEND- on both frames	direct object · accusative in WSJP CO and Wikisłownik B. · tysiąc złotych, szklankę cukru, je, samochód	Walenty np(part): accusative or partitive genitive · that partitive is not the genitive of negation · no negative formula is printed for this lemma, unlike Wikisłownik’s formula for wynajmować · a sum in the object slot is one object	direct object of lend and of borrow · accusative or partitive genitive of одолжить · direct object of prestare · を of 貸す
Borrower	Spec,Voice of the take frame · the same verb	nominative subject beside od, z, w, or Walenty u	one lemma · English, Russian, and Italian put this subject on another expression · WSJP files the bare-theme citation Chciał pożyczyć pieniądze na powrót under the take sense	subject of borrow · subject of занять · subject of prendere · subject of 借りる · subject of the borrow frame of leihen
Source	the od-phrase of the take frame · also z, w, and Walenty u	od + genitive · od sąsiadów, od kolegi, od banku · z budżetu, z banku · w banku	genitive after od · Wikisłownik od + D. · Walenty prepnp(od,gen) is pewny · z + genitive and w + locative are the schema’s SKĄD and GDZIE · they are not a dative Recipient	from of borrow · Russian у + genitive on занять · Italian da on prendere in prestito · German von or bei · French à on emprunter · Japanese に or から on 借りる
na CO	unranked	optional in both WSJP schemas	the finite fillers read here are purpose phrases: na remont, na powrót, na elektryczną piłę · argument versus adjunct unprinted · not a fifth sister · Walenty’s na procent, na słowo honoru, and pod zastaw are phraseological frames in the snapshot	a purpose or a term beside English lend · Italian per qualche ora and a interesse are unranked on that page · a duration is not printed as its own Polish argument here

Marking map. One case ending can belong to more than one head. Read the head, then the marker.

Nominative subject, and the aspect pair. The subject of the give frame hands the thing over. The subject of the take frame receives it. WSJP marks pożyczyć aspekt: dokonany and names pożyczać as odpowiednik aspektowy. Wikisłownik calls pożyczyć transitive and perfective, imperfective pożyczać. Barron’s 301 Polish Verbs (Klara Janecki) is the conjugation manual for that pair. No page of the manual is cited, and no sentence from it is quoted. The forms named here are WSJP’s and Wikisłownik’s. The pair is morphology. The definitions’ return wording stays in the definitions.
Accusative of the Theme, partitive genitive, and genitive under negation. WSJP’s slot is CO. The citations tysiąc złotych and szklankę cukru are accusative, and so is je in pożyczyła je od sąsiadów. Wikisłownik’s object is B. Walenty codes the object np(part). In Walenty’s formalism that category is accusative or partitive genitive. It is not np(str), the structural category whose object is accusative and, under negation, genitive. No partitive example sentence is printed in the text frames. The collocations list pieniądze. One WSJP citation on the give sense is czy nie pożyczyłabym im pieniędzy na elektryczną piłę (Nurowska): nie, dative im, and genitive pieniędzy. The entry does not label that genitive as partitive or as genitive of negation. Wikisłownik does not print a negative formula of the kind it prints for wynajmować (nie wynajmować + D. on the rent page). A full negative clause of pożyczyć is unprinted. The constructed Pat nie pożyczył Chrisowi samochodu puts a genitive on the thing and leaves the dative, on the model of that rent formula. It is not a line of these entries, and an accusative kept under nie is not starred here, because these entries do not print that judgment.
Bare dative of the Recipient. WSJP: KOMU, collocations koledze, koleżance, gminie, miastu, rządowi. The citation Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych has mi. czy nie pożyczyłabym im pieniędzy has im. Wikisłownik: C. Walenty: np(dat) on a pewny frame. There is no preposition on that dative. Pat pożyczył Chrisowi samochód is constructed. Chrisowi is the dative of the named series, the same ending sprzedać uses for the buyer. The give schema does not put KOMU in parentheses. The take schema does put od KOGO in parentheses.
od + genitive, the Source, and the other take-side markers. WSJP collocations: od brata, od kolegi, od banku. The citation is od sąsiadów. Further collocations and citations on the same sense: w banku, z banku, z budżetu, z kasy, and które pożyczyły z budżetu państwa, and Petrochemia pożyczy w bankach. Walenty’s pewny frames pair the partitive object with prepnp(od,gen), with prepnp(u,gen), and with prepnp(z,gen), and they also pair a lexical dative siebie with od and with z. Those prepositions select the take frame. They do not replace the Recipient dative inside the give frame. No citation read here stacks KOMU with od KOGO.
When neither marker is overt. PWN’s single definition already joins dać and wziąć. Bańko says a clause without komuś or od kogoś leaves the direction to context. His example of that gap is Wynajmę mieszkanie. Pożyczyłem samochód is constructed on the same gap, and samochód is listed on both WSJP senses. The schemas are not symmetrical about the missing piece: the give schema prints KOMU without parentheses, and the take schema prints (od KOGO). A bare CO therefore matches the take schema as printed, and WSJP files Chciał pożyczyć pieniądze na powrót under that sense. The clause itself still contains neither the dative nor od. The direction is the entry’s sense heading, not a marker in the clause.
użyczyć / użyczać, genitive Theme. WSJP sense samochodu: umożliwić komuś tymczasowe i bezpłatne korzystanie z czegoś swojego. Schema CZEGO + (KOMU) + (na CO | pod CO). The Theme is genitive. The Recipient is an optional dative. The normative note: Uznawane za niepoprawne: użyczyć komuś coś. Citations: Miasto użyczyło terenów, Bądź łaskawa użyczyć mi noża (Sapkowski: mi dative, noża genitive), użyczył sali. Aspect partner użyczać. Walenty’s pewny frame is obj{np(gen)} plus np(dat). The frame with obj{np(str)} plus dative is zły. A dla + genitive frame is wątpliwy. PWN’s definition is dać coś komuś bezpłatnie do użytku na pewien czas. That line uses coś and does not show the case. The case contrast with pożyczyć is WSJP’s and Walenty’s: genitive Theme against an accusative or partitive Theme. This sense is not labeled książk. on the car entry. Other senses of użyczyć (hospitality, becoming a source) stay off the frame. It is not a page.
wypożyczyć / wypożyczać. WSJP sense dać coś: dać komuś coś na pewien czas, najczęściej za opłatą i pod warunkiem zwrotu, schema (KOMU) + CO. Sense wziąć coś has od KOGO, SKĄD, and GDZIE. Collocations of the take sense include w bibliotece and z biblioteki. The citation dzieła sztuki wypożyczono z magazynów Muzeum Narodowego has z plus genitive and the impersonal wypożyczono. Another citation has od znajomego leśniczego. Walenty’s pewny object is np(str), not the np(part) of pożyczyć, and the frames also include optional na and za. The hyperonym of the give sense is pożyczyć. The dictionaries support the verb. It is not a page. The rent split, a dwelling or a thing let for a price on wynajmować, is rent · Polish. 貸す covers lend and rent on one lemma. Polish does not.
Off this frame. PWN pożyczyć II, colloquial, is złożyć życzenia. Wikisłownik (1.3) is a euphemism for ukraść, and (2.1) is the rare wishes sense. They have no Recipient of a returnable Theme and no od-Source.

EN ⇄ PL valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with its Polish slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (a bare English object ↔ a Polish dative, or accusative ↔ genitive), or one lemma where English uses two. Dictionary lines come first. Every other Polish sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Polish valency alignment for lend / pożyczyć, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	PL form	Align	EN example	PL example
Lender as subject	SUBJ of lend	nominative subject of pożyczyć	= for this direction	Lend me a thousand zlotys. constructed gloss of the citation	Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych WSJP · Borowa
Borrower as subject	SUBJ of borrow · a different English lemma	nominative subject of the same pożyczyć	one lemma · the other human’s marker selects the direction · Russian and Italian use a second expression	Mother borrowed them from the neighbours. constructed gloss	matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów WSJP · Wojciechowski
Theme	OBJ	accusative direct object · Walenty np(part)	= in the positive lines · the partitive genitive is Walenty’s object category · genitive of negation is unprinted as a formula	a glass of sugar constructed gloss	szklankę cukru WSJP · Pożyczcie szklankę cukru
Recipient (dative)	bare object of the double-object gloss · to in the other English gloss	bare dative · no preposition	shift · one Polish dative · KOMU / C. / np(dat)	lend me the money · lend the car to Chris the two English clothes	mi WSJP · Chrisowi constructed · the dative of the named series
Source	from	od + genitive on the same verb	the preposition diverges in form · od is where English has from · it is not the Recipient’s dative · Russian у is on занять · Italian da is on prendere in prestito	borrow it from the neighbours gloss	od sąsiadów WSJP · od + D. Wikisłownik
Neither marker	I lent a car or I borrowed a car · two English verbs	Pożyczyłem samochód · one clause	the Polish clause does not show which English verb · PWN joins both directions · Bańko requires komuś or od kogoś	I lent / I borrowed a car. the two glosses	Pożyczyłem samochód. constructed · samochód is on both WSJP collocation lists
Genitive under nie	accusative stays	genitive of the thing · dative stays	shift of an accusative object · the formula is printed for wynajmować · it is unprinted for pożyczyć · distinct from Walenty np(part)	Pat did not lend Chris the car. constructed gloss	Pat nie pożyczył Chrisowi samochodu. constructed · not a dictionary line
użyczyć Theme	direct object of lend the use of	genitive · CZEGO · np(gen)	shift · genitive Theme against pożyczyć’s accusative or partitive Theme · an accusative Theme is the form the entries reject	lend me the use of a knife gloss of the citation	użyczyć mi noża WSJP · Sapkowski · * użyczyć komuś coś WSJP niepoprawne · Walenty zły
wypożyczyć from an institution	borrow from the museum · often for a fee in the Polish definition	z + genitive · object np(str)	a further verb · schema supported · not a page · the rent lemma is wynajmować	works of art were borrowed from the museum’s stores gloss	dzieła sztuki wypożyczono z magazynów Muzeum Narodowego WSJP
Aspect pair	unprinted as its own English slot	pożyczać / pożyczyć	imperfective and perfective forms · morphology	— English has no aspect pair here	odpowiednik aspektowy: pożyczać WSJP
Rent	rent · a different English lemma	wynajmować / wynająć	Polish splits the lemmas · Japanese 貸す does not	rent the flat not this page	wynajmować the rent page · not a sense of pożyczyć

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Polish under it. The subject chip is the lender when the other human is dative, and the borrower when the other human is od plus genitive. The bare card has neither marker. The użyczyć card is the genitive Theme.

EN · PL · Recipient dative

pożyczyć komuś coś

Pat lent Chris the car. / Lend me a thousand zlotys.

Pat pożyczył Chrisowi samochód.

PL constructed · WSJP prints KOMU + CO and Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych · Wikisłownik prints B. + C. · Chrisowi is the dative of the named series

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender Pat Recipient Chrisowi Theme samochód

Move bare dative inside Appl_HAVE · the give frame of one lemma

EN · PL · same verb · Source od

pożyczyć coś od kogoś

Mother borrowed them from the neighbours.

matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów

PL · WSJP · od + genitive is the Source · English from is the gloss · the dative is not this marker · Russian у and Italian da sit on another expression

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme

Borrower matka Source od sąsiadów Theme je

Move same lemma · od + genitive where English has from and a second verb

EN · PL · neither marker

Pożyczyłem samochód

I lent a car. / I borrowed a car.

Pożyczyłem samochód.

PL constructed · neither dative nor od · PWN’s definition joins dać and wziąć · Bańko’s Wynajmę mieszkanie is the printed gap · WSJP lists samochód on both senses

RolesHide roles SubjectTheme

Subject 1sg Theme samochód

Move the clause does not select lend or borrow · two English glosses

EN · PL · użyczyć · genitive Theme

użyczyć komuś czegoś

Be so kind as to lend me the use of a knife.

Bądź łaskawa użyczyć mi noża.

PL · WSJP · mi dative · noża genitive · accusative użyczyć komuś coś is niepoprawne · Walenty marks obj{np(str)} + dative zły

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme

Recipient mi Theme noża · GEN

Move genitive Theme · the marking difference from pożyczyć’s accusative

Examples

Argument difference. English lend does not mean borrow. Pat lent Chris the car and Pat borrowed the car from Chris are two verbs, and the second verb’s source preposition is from. Polish prints both on pożyczyć / pożyczać. The subject is nominative on either frame. The Theme is the direct object, accusative in the positive dictionary lines. The other human is a bare dative when the subject lends, and od plus genitive when the subject borrows. That is the whole lexical split: a case and an adposition, not a second lemma. одолжить versus занять, and prestare versus prendere in prestito, are the splits Polish does not make. A clause with neither the dative nor od does not show the direction. użyczyć keeps the dative Recipient and marks the Theme genitive. wypożyczyć is the hire-out verb, including z plus genitive of an institution. Rent is wynajmować, unlike 貸す.

Dictionary lines · quoted as printed

dać coś komuś albo wziąć od kogoś pod warunkiem zwrotu w określonym terminie SJP PWN · pożyczyć I

KOMU + CO + (na CO) · Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych, oddam po pierwszym. · Pożyczcie szklankę cukru · Może pożyczy mi na remont · czy nie pożyczyłabym im pieniędzy na elektryczną piłę WSJP · sense dać coś · Borowa · Piątkowska and Talko · Nurowska · na remont and na elektryczną piłę are purpose phrases in those citations

CO + (od KOGO) + (na CO) · matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów · które pożyczyły z budżetu państwa · Petrochemia pożyczy w bankach · Chciał pożyczyć pieniądze na powrót WSJP · sense wziąć coś · Wojciechowski · Dziennik Polski 1999 · Gazeta Wyborcza 1996 · Głowacki

pożyczyć + B. + C. · pożyczyć + B. + od + D. Wikisłownik · both under (1.1)

subj{np(str)} + obj{np(part)} + {np(dat)} · subj{np(str)} + obj{np(part)} + {prepnp(od,gen)} · also prepnp(u,gen) and prepnp(z,gen) Walenty text snapshot 12 July 2021 · pożyczyć and pożyczać · opinion pewny

CZEGO + (KOMU) · Bądź łaskawa użyczyć mi noża · Uznawane za niepoprawne: użyczyć komuś coś WSJP · użyczyć · Sapkowski · Walenty obj{np(gen)} + np(dat) pewny · obj{np(str)} + np(dat) zły

dzieła sztuki wypożyczono z magazynów Muzeum Narodowego WSJP · wypożyczyć · sense wziąć coś · z + genitive

Wynajmę mieszkanie is unclear until the line says komuś or od kogoś PWN Poradnia · Bańko · 24 September 2007 · the verb in the advertisement is wynająć · the note names pożyczanie in the same breath

Strings below that are not in the block above are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat / Chris continue the named-participant series on sprzedać. A name does not spell dative. Chrisowi does. od Chrisa is the genitive after od.

✓ Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych, oddam po pierwszym.

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender 2sg imperative Recipient mi Theme tysiąc złotych

WSJP · Borowa · dative Recipient · accusative Theme · oddam po pierwszym is the next clause

✓ Pat pożyczył Chrisowi samochód.

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender Pat Recipient Chrisowi Theme samochód

constructed · bare dative · modelled on KOMU + CO and on mi · samochód is a WSJP collocation of the give sense

✓ matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme

Borrower matka Source od sąsiadów Theme je

WSJP · Wojciechowski · od + genitive · the same lemma as the dative frame

✓ Pożyczyłem samochód.

RolesHide roles SubjectTheme

Subject 1sg Theme samochód

constructed · no dative · no od · the clause does not select the give frame or the take frame · two English glosses

✓ Pat nie pożyczył Chrisowi samochodu.

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender Pat Recipient Chrisowi Theme samochodu · GEN

constructed · genitive of the thing under nie · dative stays · the negative formula is Wikisłownik’s for wynajmować, not a line of pożyczyć · this genitive is not Walenty’s np(part)

✓ Bądź łaskawa użyczyć mi noża.

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme

Recipient mi Theme noża · GEN

WSJP · użyczyć · Sapkowski · genitive Theme · optional dative · not the accusative Theme of pożyczyć

* użyczyć komuś coś

RolesHide roles Theme

Accusative Theme coś

WSJP · uznawane za niepoprawne · Walenty · obj{np(str)} + np(dat) marked zły · the Theme of użyczyć is genitive

✓ dzieła sztuki wypożyczono z magazynów Muzeum Narodowego

RolesHide roles SourceTheme

Source z magazynów Theme dzieła sztuki

WSJP · wypożyczyć · impersonal wypożyczono · institution in z + genitive · not a page · rent is wynajmować

✓ KOMU + CO WSJP give sense · dative Recipient · accusative Theme
✓ od sąsiadów WSJP take sense · Source od + genitive · same lemma
✓ Pożyczyłem samochód constructed · neither marker
✓ np(part) Walenty · accusative or partitive genitive · not genitive of negation
✓ samochodu under nie constructed · formula unprinted for this lemma
✓ noża WSJP · użyczyć · genitive Theme
✓ z magazynów Muzeum Narodowego WSJP · wypożyczyć
✓ pożyczać WSJP · imperfective partner · morphology only

One lemma · the dative and od select the direction · the aspect pair is morphology

The case ending and the preposition are operations on places the clause already has. They do not add a second verb.

Bare dative. The indirect object of the give frame has no preposition. WSJP prints KOMU. Wikisłownik prints C. Walenty prints np(dat). mi and im are that dative in the citations. Chrisowi is the same dative, constructed.

od plus genitive. The Source of the take frame is a prepositional phrase. The verb does not change. Wikisłownik prints od + D. under the same number (1.1) as the dative government. Walenty’s matching frame is pewny. Russian puts the matching genitive preposition on занять, and marks одолжить у as the non-ordinary reading. Italian puts da on prendere in prestito. Polish leaves both on pożyczyć.

The aspect pair is pożyczać / pożyczyć. WSJP’s label is dokonany, partner pożyczać. The same label and the partner użyczać sit on użyczyć, and wypożyczać sits on wypożyczyć. The labels name the forms. The definitions’ return wording stays inside the definitions.

użyczyć changes the Theme’s case. The Recipient can still be dative. The Theme is genitive, and an accusative Theme is the shape WSJP calls niepoprawne and Walenty marks zły. wypożyczyć is a further verb, with a structural object in Walenty and with z plus genitive of an institution in the WSJP citation. Wishes and the euphemistic steal sense stay off the lend frame.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The point of the drawing is one direct-object Theme, a Recipient that is a bare dative, a Source that is od plus genitive, and both of those on one lemma. Open one sketch at a time. The low Appl_HAVE claim is the same working claim as on pay and płacić, and it stays revisable.

Voice · the external argument is the Lender or the Borrower

One verb · the subject’s role follows the other human’s marker

[VoiceP Pat Voice                     ← Lender, when the other human is dative
  … give frame of pożyczyć …
]
[VoiceP Pat Voice                     ← Borrower, when the other human is od + genitive
  … take frame of the same pożyczyć …
]

✓ Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych. WSJP · the addressee of the imperative is the Lender

✓ matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów WSJP · matka is the Borrower

English puts the two external arguments on lend and borrow. Russian puts them on одолжить and занять. Italian puts the borrower on prendere. pożyczyć has one external-argument position, and the frame of the other human fills it.

Low Appl_HAVE · dative Recipient, or od + genitive Source

Give frame · one Recipient · bare dative · inside the single verb domain

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [ApplP_LOW Chrisowi_DAT Appl_HAVE     ← Recipient · HAVE the theme
    [VP √pożycz-
       [Theme samochód ] ] ] ]           ← Theme · accusative in the positive line
                                         ← KOMU + CO · Wikisłownik B. + C.

The take frame is the same verb. The Source is a prepositional phrase. It is not a second numeration, and it is not a reflexive dative.

[VoiceP matka Voice                    ← Borrower · same lemma
  [VP √pożycz-
     [Theme je ]
     [PP od sąsiadów ] ] ]               ← Source · od + genitive
                                         ← not the dative of the give frame

With neither phrase, the drawing does not choose. Pożyczyłem samochód has a subject and a Theme. PWN’s definition covers both directions. Bańko’s advertisement is the printed case of a missing komuś or od kogoś.

[VoiceP 1sg Voice
  [VP √pożycz-
     [Theme samochód ] ] ]               ← no DAT · no od
                                         ← the clause does not select the frame

✓ KOMU + CO WSJP · give frame

✓ prepnp(od,gen) Walenty · pewny · take frame of the same verb

✓ obj{np(gen)} + np(dat) Walenty · użyczyć · the Theme’s case is the difference

* użyczyć komuś coś WSJP niepoprawne · Walenty zły

Case of the Theme · accusative, partitive, genitive under negation, genitive of użyczyć

One object · three genitive labels that the entries do not collapse

[Theme [ tysiąc złotych / samochód / szklankę cukru ] ]   ← accusative · WSJP CO · Wikisłownik B.
np(part)                    ← Walenty · accusative or partitive genitive
samochodu under nie        ← constructed · genitive of an accusative object
                             · formula printed for wynajmować · unprinted here
noża / terenów / sali      ← użyczyć · the Theme is genitive in the clear
użyczyć komuś coś          ← rejected accusative Theme

✓ tysiąc złotych WSJP · the sum is one object

✓ pieniędzy beside nie and im WSJP · Nurowska · the entry does not classify the genitive

tysiąc złotych = one object. A currency name inside a sum is not an extra argument. np(part) = Walenty’s object category. It is not the genitive of negation, and it is not the genitive Theme of użyczyć. The negative genitive is unprinted as a formula for this lemma. The constructed clause is marked constructed. (na CO) is optional in the schemas. The fillers read here are purpose phrases. They are not given a MeasureP, and they are not classified as arguments or as adjuncts. Nothing here is a claim about aspect.

English, Russian, Italian · where the second direction sits

Working · no English lend page is opened · Russian одолжить · Italian prestare · Japanese 貸す

[VoiceP Pat Voice                                  ← Lender
  [ApplP_LOW Chrisowi Appl_HAVE                    ← Recipient · bare dative
    [VP √POŻYCZ-
       [Theme samochód ] ] ] ]                     ← Polish pożyczyć · give frame
                                                     · English lend Chris the car

[VoiceP Pat Voice                                  ← Borrower · same verb
  [VP √POŻYCZ-
     [Theme samochód ]
     [PP od Chrisa ] ] ]                           ← od + genitive
                                                     · English borrow … from
                                                     · Russian занять … у
                                                     · Italian prendere in prestito … da

English keeps the two directions on two verbs. Russian keeps them on одолжить and занять. Italian keeps the lender on prestare and the borrower on prendere in prestito. Polish keeps them on pożyczyć and distinguishes them by the dative and by od. A clause with neither marker does not make the distinction. użyczyć is a genitive-Theme verb beside this one. Rent stays on wynajmować.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English lend, English borrow, Polish dative frame, Polish od frame
Layer	lend (EN) · no page	borrow (EN) · no page	pożyczyć + dative	pożyczyć + od	siblings
Spec,Voice	Lender	Borrower	Lender	Borrower, of the same verb	занять and prendere in prestito are separate expressions · leihen keeps both directions with a reflexive dative
other party	bare object, or to	from	bare dative Recipient	Source od + genitive · also z, w, Walenty u	Russian у + genitive on занять · Italian da · French à flips · Japanese に flips on 借りる
object	the theme	the theme	accusative, or Walenty partitive · genitive under nie unprinted as a formula	the same object category	użyczyć takes a genitive Theme · wypożyczyć is Walenty np(str)
neither marker	the verb still says which direction	the verb still says which direction	one clause · Pożyczyłem samochód is constructed · PWN and Bańko leave the direction to context		a bare English borrow is still borrow · a bare Russian одолжить stays the lend lemma on that page
rent	rent is another lemma	unasserted here	wynajmować is the rent pair · wypożyczyć is hire-out, often for a fee		Japanese rent is the same 貸す

On the give frame, the dative comes to HAVE the car, or the sum, for the stretch the definitions describe and this page does not label. On płacić, the direct object is the money and za is Consideration. On pożyczyć a money object is the Theme. On wynajmować the lemma is another verb, and both directions are again marked by a dative against od or u. On 貸す the paid reading stays on the lend verb.

No English page of lend. The borrow side is the same pożyczyć, with od + genitive, not a second page. użyczyć and wypożyczyć are not pages. German sibling: lend · German · leihen. Spanish sibling: lend · Spanish · prestar. French sibling: lend · French · prêter. Russian sibling: lend · Russian · одолжить. Japanese sibling: lend · Japanese · 貸す. Italian sibling: lend · Italian · prestare. Geometry neighbors: rent · Polish · wynajmować / wynająć · sell · Polish · sprzedać / sprzedawać · pay_GIVE · płacić / zapłacić.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Polish micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Temporary transfer in Polish: one lemma for both directions. Lender or Borrower (nominative subject of pożyczyć / pożyczać), Theme (direct object, accusative in the positive frames; Walenty np(part)), Recipient (bare dative), Source (od + genitive). The dative selects lend. od selects borrow. A clause with neither, constructed Pożyczyłem samochód, does not show the direction. użyczyć takes a genitive Theme. wypożyczyć is hire-out, including z + genitive of an institution. Rent is wynajmować. The aspect pair is morphology.

PL micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 Negative formula unprinted RU одолжить live IT prestare live

Sense × language: lend · Polish (pożyczyć). The returnable-theme sense is the page. PWN pożyczyć II and Wikisłownik’s steal euphemism stay off that frame. Not given a page here: użyczyć, wypożyczyć. No English lend hub. Geometry neighbors: lend · одолжить · lend · prestare · lend · 貸す · rent · wynajmować · sell · sprzedać · pay_GIVE · płacić. Index 2 Polish Transfer cites wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać — not pożyczyć.

Places
EN ⇄ PL strip
Examples
Voice
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Polish micro-entry. SJP PWN pożyczyć I and użyczyć were read. WSJP was read for pożyczyć (both senses), użyczyć, and wypożyczyć (both senses). Wikisłownik pożyczyć was read. Walenty’s 12 July 2021 text snapshot was read for pożyczać, pożyczyć, użyczać, użyczyć, wypożyczać, and wypożyczyć. PWN Poradnia (Bańko, 24 September 2007) was read. The Recipient is a low Appl_HAVE argument, a working claim shared with pay and give on this site, and it is revisable. Barron’s 301 Polish Verbs (Klara Janecki) is named as the conjugation manual. No page number and no sentence from that book is quoted.

Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Pat pożyczył Chrisowi samochód, Pożyczyłem samochód, and Pat nie pożyczył Chrisowi samochodu are marked constructed. The accusative Theme of użyczyć is starred because WSJP and Walenty reject it.

Arity. Index 2 does not list pożyczyć. Surface count can name a subject, a dative or an od-phrase, a theme, and a na-phrase. The lexicon does not list four co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the subject. On the give frame, low Appl_HAVE adds the Recipient. The root takes the Theme. od plus genitive is the Source of the take frame of the same verb. na CO is not filed as a further sister. użyczyć and wypożyczyć are not second numerations of pożyczyć.

What this page does not do. It does not open użyczyć or wypożyczyć as pages. It does not open an English page of lend. The wishes sense and the steal euphemism stop at the non-transfer senses. The rent frames stay on wynajmować. The Japanese frames stay on 貸す. The Russian and Italian splits stay on одолжить and prestare.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of four sisters, and not two lemmas. A flat grid would give the verb two bare objects, or a na-phrase that is a second object, or a borrow direction that needs another verb. pożyczyć shows one direct object, the Theme, and one marking of the other human: a bare dative, or od plus genitive.

tysiąc złotych = one object. See the case sketch. The genitive of użyczyć is that verb’s Theme. The partitive of Walenty’s np(part) is this verb’s object category. The genitive under nie is the negation rewrite of an accusative object, and these entries do not print it as a formula.

What Polish shows, against the English gloss, is where the direction lives. English uses lend or borrow, and borrow takes from. Polish uses pożyczyć for both, and the other human is dative or od plus genitive. od is the divergence from from, and it is a different marker from the Recipient’s dative. When the clause has neither, the direction is not in the clause. Russian uses у on занять. Italian uses da on prendere in prestito. French uses one à for both roles, on two verbs.

Geometry · pożyczyć beside the live roots

In Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych, the speaker’s addressee is asked to hand over the sum. In matka pożyczyła je od sąsiadów, the mother has taken them from the neighbours. The definitions name return. This page quotes that wording and does not add an aspect label.

English lend and borrow. Two verbs. Lend takes the lender as subject and a bare Recipient or to. Borrow takes the borrower as subject and from for the source. No English page is opened. The Polish match of both verbs is pożyczyć. The match of to / the bare Recipient is the dative. The match of from is od plus genitive.
одолжить / занять. A lexical split. The lend frame has a dative Recipient. The ordinary borrow frame is the other lemma, and the Source is у plus genitive. одолжить у is the marked reading on that page. Polish od plus genitive is an ordinary pewny frame of the lend lemma. Wikisłownik’s Russian glosses put одолжить on both Polish senses and занять on the take sense. The comparison used here is the split the Russian page records.
prestare. Lender-side only. The Recipient is a or a dative clitic. There is no single-verb converse. prendere in prestito marks the Source with da. farsi prestare is an analytic wrap. Polish does not need that wrap: the take frame is od on pożyczyć.
leihen. Both directions on one lemma. The borrow frame adds a reflexive dative co-indexed with the subject, and the source is von or bei. Polish keeps both directions without that reflexive. The marker is the bare dative or od.
prêter / emprunter and prestar. French has a converse lemma, and à is the Recipient of prêter and the Source of emprunter. Spanish is lender-side, and the borrow side is pedir prestado or tomar prestado. Polish uses neither a second lemma nor a shared preposition that flips.
貸す and wynajmować. Japanese prints lend and the paid reading on one lemma, and the converse is 借りる, with に flipping role. Polish prints lend on pożyczyć and rent on wynajmować / wynająć. wypożyczyć is the hire-out verb the dictionaries define, often for a fee, with z plus genitive of a library or a museum. It is not the rent page.
sprzedać. The buyer is a dative, the goods are the one accusative, and za is the Price. Genitive of negation on that page rewrites the goods. pożyczyć as read here is the temporary transfer. The dative ending Chrisowi is the one that page uses.
płacić. The direct object is the money. za is Consideration. The Recipient is a dative, and the low Appl_HAVE drawing is the one this page shares, as a working claim. On pożyczyć a money object is the Theme.

Open items

Genitive under negation. Wikisłownik prints nie wynajmować + D. for the rent pair and does not print a matching formula for pożyczyć. The constructed negative clause is marked constructed. An accusative kept under nie is not starred, because the entries do not print that judgment.
Nurowska’s pieniędzy. The citation has nie, dative im, and genitive pieniędzy. WSJP does not label the genitive. The collocations also list accusative pieniądze. Partitive and genitive of negation stay uncollapsed.
Parentheses in the WSJP schemas. KOMU is required in the give schema as printed. od KOGO is optional in the take schema as printed. A bare theme is filed under the take sense in Chciał pożyczyć pieniądze na powrót. PWN and Bańko still treat an unmarked clause as not showing the direction. Both descriptions are the sources’. They are not ranked against each other.
z, w, and u. Printed on the take side beside od. The snapshot does not rank them. No clause here stacks a Recipient dative with one of them.
Walenty frames left uninterpreted. A frame with a dative and a genitive and no object label; a dative plus żeby; a dative plus an oratio. Phraseological frames include na procent, na słowo honoru, and pod zastaw. They are not given seats as free arguments. The lexical dative siebie beside od or z is in the snapshot. No sentence of it is constructed.
użyczyć with dla. Walenty marks that frame wątpliwy. The ordinary frame used here is dative plus genitive object. PWN’s coś does not show the case the WSJP schema shows.
Passive of the Theme of pożyczyć. Unprinted in the entries read. No sentence is constructed. The impersonal wypożyczono is a citation of wypożyczyć.
Wikisłownik’s Russian glosses. (1.1) одолжить, дать в долг. (1.2) одолжить, взять в долг, занять. The Russian page is the comparison this entry uses, and it treats одолжить у as marked.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: SJP PWN pożyczyć I and użyczyć; WSJP pożyczyć (senses dać coś and wziąć coś), użyczyć (sense samochodu), and wypożyczyć (senses dać coś and wziąć coś); Wikisłownik pożyczyć; Walenty text snapshot of 12 July 2021 for the six lemmas named above. The direction note is PWN Poradnia, Mirosław Bańko, 24 September 2007. Barron’s 301 Polish Verbs (Klara Janecki) is the conjugation manual. No page number and no quotation from that book is given. Index 2 does not list pożyczyć. Polish Transfer in Index 2 is wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać.

SJP PWN · pożyczyć I sjp.pwn.pl · pozyczyc-I · dać coś komuś albo wziąć od kogoś · imperfective pożyczać · sense II złożyć życzenia stays off the frame
PWN Poradnia · Bańko sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia · pożyczyć i wynająć · 24 September 2007 · komuś versus od kogoś · Wynajmę mieszkanie unclear without one of those
WSJP · pożyczyć · dać coś wsjp.pl · dac-cos · KOMU + CO + (na CO) · Pożycz mi tysiąc złotych · aspekt: dokonany · partner pożyczać
WSJP · pożyczyć · wziąć coś wsjp.pl · wziac-cos · (od KOGO) · GDZIE · SKĄD · od sąsiadów · z budżetu · w bankach
WSJP · użyczyć wsjp.pl · samochodu · CZEGO + (KOMU) · użyczyć mi noża · accusative Theme niepoprawne
SJP PWN · użyczyć sjp.pwn.pl · uzyczyc · dać coś komuś bezpłatnie do użytku na pewien czas · the line does not show the case
WSJP · wypożyczyć · give wsjp.pl · dac-cos · (KOMU) + CO · najczęściej za opłatą · hyperonym pożyczyć
WSJP · wypożyczyć · take wsjp.pl · wziac-cos · z biblioteki · wypożyczono z magazynów Muzeum Narodowego · od znajomego leśniczego
Wikisłownik · pożyczyć pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/pożyczyć · (1.1) B. + C. and B. + od + D. · (1.2) take gloss · (1.3) and (2.1) off the frame · no negative formula
Walenty · text snapshot 12 July 2021 walenty.ipipan.waw.pl · download pobieranie słownika · text · file walenty_20210712 · np(dat) versus prepnp(od,gen) · object np(part) on pożyczyć · object np(gen) on użyczyć · np(str) + dative zły there · wypożyczyć object np(str) · category names as in the snapshot · np(str) structural, np(part) partitive, in the Walenty formalism
Barron’s 301 Polish Verbs · Klara Janecki conjugation manual for pożyczyć / pożyczać · no page number · no sentence quoted · forms cited are WSJP’s and Wikisłownik’s

Records one lemma for lend and borrow. Records the nominative subject, the direct-object Theme, the bare dative Recipient, and the od + genitive Source. Records a clause with neither marker as not showing the direction. Records użyczyć’s genitive Theme, wypożyczyć as hire-out, and rent as wynajmować. Records the aspect pair as morphology.

Arguments

Places · who wears which marking

EN ⇄ PL valency strip

pożyczyć komuś coś

pożyczyć coś od kogoś

Pożyczyłem samochód

użyczyć komuś czegoś

Examples

One lemma · the dative and od select the direction · the aspect pair is morphology

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Voice · the external argument is the Lender or the Borrower

Low ApplHAVE · dative Recipient, or od + genitive Source

Case of the Theme · accusative, partitive, genitive under negation, genitive of użyczyć

English, Russian, Italian · where the second direction sits

Hierarchy

Geometry · pożyczyć beside the live roots

Open items

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Low Appl_HAVE · dative Recipient, or od + genitive Source