rent · Polish (wynajmować / wynająć) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Lessor, Lessee, Thing, Price · duration open · one aspect pair · working claim, revisable

Voice[Lessor ∨ Lessee] + Lessee_DAT on the let-out reading + Source_od/u+GEN on the take reading + Theme_{ACC · GEN under nie} + Price_za · numeral unprinted · Duration_na+ACC unranked

A commercial rental, on this reading, has a Lessor, a Lessee, the Thing, and a Price. A period may be named in the same clause. They are not four or five equal sisters of wynajmować / wynająć. Voice adds one party as subject. On the let-out reading the other party is a dative, the person who receives the use. On the take reading the other party is od or u plus a genitive, the person the use comes from. The root’s object is the Thing, accusative. Under nie Wikisłownik rewrites that accusative as a genitive and leaves the dative, and leaves od, in place. Where the definitions write the payment, za holds określone pieniądze. That phrase has no numeral. The Price is not a second accusative. Whether a period in na is an argument or only an adjunct is open: the perfective lists na miesiąc and na rok among połączenia, and one finite citation has na okres remontu.

What is different from the English gloss, from German, from French, from Spanish, and from Italian. English rent is direction-neutral. The subject can be either party, and the direction sits in the preposition: rent the flat to Chris (the subject lets it) and rent the flat from Chris (the subject takes it). English rent out and English let keep the lessor as subject. German splits the direction onto two lemmas. On vermieten the subject is the lessor. mieten has the lessee as subject and is not a page. Wikisłownik’s German glosses of this Polish pair are those two lemmas: vermieten for the let-out sense, mieten for the take sense. French keeps both directions on louer, and the ordinary marker of the other party is the same à on both. Spanish keeps both directions on alquilar, and the cited a-phrase does not choose the party. Italian keeps both directions on affittare and prints a for the taker; a source phrase on the prendere reading is unprinted there. Polish keeps both directions on one aspect pair and chooses the other party by the marker. WSJP sense mieszkanie komuś is dać coś komuś, schema CO + (KOMU). WSJP sense mieszkanie od kogoś is wziąć coś od kogoś, schemas CO + (od KOGO) and CO + (u KOGO). Wikisłownik prints the same cut as dative C. versus od + D. PWN enters both directions and does not print the case labels: sense 1 wziąć, sense 2 oddać. A dative and an od-phrase are not stacked in one citation. The hire-a-person sense stays off this frame.

Places · who wears which marking

WSJP, PWN, and Wikisłownik print the thing and, according to the direction, a dative or an od-phrase or a u-phrase. They do not print lessor, lessee, thing, and a numeral sum as four labeled sisters of one clause. The price wording in the WSJP definitions is za określone pieniądze. No citation read here puts a numeral under za beside the thing.

Printed let-out frame · dative lessee · accusative thing

✓ Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu. WSJP · wynajmować · sense mieszkanie komuś · CO + (KOMU)

I rent one premises out to a married couple.

Printed take frame · od + genitive lessor · accusative thing · na + accusative period

✓ Prokuratura wynajmowała od starostwa budynek na okres remontu. WSJP · wynajmować · sense mieszkanie od kogoś · the citation continues with the address of the building under repair

The prosecutor’s office was renting a building from the district office for the period of a renovation.

Places of wynajmować and wynająć: introducer, Polish marking, case status, English and sibling marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Polish marking	Case status	English and the live siblings
Lessor	Spec,Voice on the let-out reading · od or u on the take reading	subject of WSJP mieszkanie komuś and of Wikisłownik 1.1 · od + genitive or u + genitive when the subject takes the thing	the subject is structural on either reading · the printed source cloths are od and u, both with a genitive · they are not the dative	subject of rent … to, of rent out, and of let · vermieten subject · from of rent … from · à or subject of louer · Italian a is the taker, and a source phrase is unprinted on affittare
Lessee	low Appl on the let-out reading · Spec,Voice on the take reading	dative when the subject lets the thing · małżeństwu, jakimś studentom, studentom, lokatorowi · subject of the take reading	Wikisłownik’s C. on sense 1.1 · WSJP’s KOMU is optional in the schema · the take-reading schemas have no dative	to when the English subject is the lessor · subject of rent … from · dative or an+accusative of vermieten · subject of mieten · à or a, which do not choose the party
Thing	complement of √RENT- (Theme)	accusative · lokal, pokój, mieszkanie, budynek, garaż, and also samochód, łódź, helikopter in the collocations and citations · genitive of that object under nie	structural · Wikisłownik B., and D. in the negative formula · the advertisement can leave the noun unexpressed	direct object · accusative of vermieten, of louer, of alquilar, and of affittare · Italian usually puts a movable on noleggiare
Price	za in the definitions · a numeral MeasureP is unprinted	za określone pieniądze · adverbs tanio and drogo	the definition’s za takes the accusative of the money noun · no amount and no unit in that phrase · sto złotych zadatku is the object of dała in the next clause, not a za-phrase of the verb	for + MeasureP · für where a German source prints the sum · za + one MeasureP on sprzedać · Italian price wording is a caro prezzo, numeral unprinted
Duration	unranked	na miesiąc, na rok, na czas nieokreślony in the perfective połączenia · na okres remontu in one finite citation	printed as time wording · argument versus adjunct unprinted · na magazyn lub biura in another citation is a purpose, the use the rooms are let for · not given a seat as a fifth sister	for a period · German period unranked on vermieten · French par mois is printed there · Italian al mese is unprinted on the verb

Marking map. The direction chooses the marker of the other party. Read the head, then the case. na is not that marker.

Accusative of the thing, and genitive under nie. Wikisłownik: wynajmować + B. (nie wynajmować + D.) + C. on the let-out sense, and wynajmować + B. (nie wynajmować + D.) od + D. on the take sense. The object that changes case is the thing. The dative stays C. The od-phrase stays. WSJP’s CO is that object: a flat, a room, premises, a garage, and also a car, a boat, a helicopter. The usual Italian split, a dwelling on affittare and a movable on noleggiare, is not the split these Polish entries print. A full negative clause is unprinted. The constructed Ciotka nie wynajmuje pokoju studentom puts the Wikisłownik formula on the printed positive wynajmuje pokój jakimś studentom.
Dative of the lessee, on the let-out reading. WSJP: CO + (KOMU). The collocations name lokatorowi, małżeństwu, studentom, firmie. Wikisłownik: Moja ciotka wynajmuje pokój jakimś studentom, and the collocation wynajmować mieszkanie / samochód / pokój komuś. The finite citation Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu has the dative and the accusative and no od. The dative is the low Appl, the person who comes to have the use. The schema’s parentheses make KOMU optional. wielu gospodarzy wynajmuje pokoje prints the things and no person.
od + genitive, and u + genitive, on the take reading. WSJP gives both schemas. Finite: Prokuratura wynajmowała od starostwa budynek, and Kiedyś wynajmował u mnie mały pokoik. Wikisłownik prints od and does not print u: Studenci wynajmują pokój od mojej ciotki. The participle prints both: w pokoju wynajętym od miłej starszej pani, and w wynajętej u chłopów izbie. These phrases name the lessor. They are not a second dative. No citation stacks KOMU with od KOGO. od zaraz in the advertisement is “straight away”. It is not this od.
dla is a beneficiary, in one citation. Under the let-out sense WSJP prints kto chciałby tanio wynająć mieszkanko dla wdowy z dzieckiem. dla + genitive is in that line. A dative lessee is not. The sense label is the dictionary’s. dla is not entered as a third schema beside KOMU and od KOGO.
za określone pieniądze, tanio, and drogo. Both WSJP property definitions put the payment under za. The complement printed there is określone pieniądze, accusative, with no numeral and no unit. tanio is in the widow citation. Wikisłownik’s further example is wynajmować drogo. W Kazimierzu żona moja wynajęła pokój i dała sto złotych zadatku puts sto złotych under dała. That sum is a deposit in the next clause. It is not a MeasureP of wynajęła. A numeral under za beside the flat is unprinted. On sprzedać the printed price cloth is za plus a sum. The working seat here is the same preposition, and the inner MeasureP is the part the rental entries do not print.
Duration na + accusative, and a different na. The perfective połączenia include wynająć coś na czas nieokreślony, na miesiąc, na rok. The finite period in a citation is na okres remontu, beside od starostwa and the building. ktoś pomieszczenia wynajął na magazyn lub biura uses na for the use the rooms are let for. That na is not the month. No entry ranks the period as an argument or as an adjunct. It is not a fifth sister, and it is not a second price. miesięcznie is unprinted.
The advertisement and do wynajęcia. WSJP, let-out sense: DWUPOKOJOWE w pełni wyposażone wynajmę małżeństwu lub pracującemu od zaraz. wynajmę is the first person singular of the perfective future. The lessee is the dative małżeństwu, or pracującemu. The noun of the thing is unexpressed. The neuter adjective is what stands in the advertisement. This line is not się, and it is not the impersonal wynajęto. The collocation dom, lokal, mieszkanie do wynajęcia puts the thing as the head noun and wynajęcia in the genitive after do. The paradigm lists the impersonal wynajęto and wynajmowano. No rental sentence of those forms is in the citations read.
Aspect pair. WSJP labels wynająć dokonany and names wynajmować as odpowiednik aspektowy. It labels wynajmować niedokonany and names wynająć back. PWN’s headword line is wynająć — wynajmować. Wikisłownik: imperfective niedokonany (dk. wynająć), and the perfective as the perfective of wynajmować. The two property senses are entered on both members. The pair is the headword. The labels are the dictionaries’ aspect labels.
Participle of the thing. wynajętym agrees with pokoju, and od miłej starszej pani stays on it. wynajętej agrees with izbie, and u chłopów stays on it. The thing is the noun the participle modifies. A finite passive that makes the dative lessee the subject and leaves the thing accusative is unprinted. It is not starred.
najmować / nająć, one paragraph, not a page. WSJP’s lessor sense of najmować is marked książk., synonym wynajmować, schema CO + (KOMU): Ziemię najmował innemu rolnikowi. The aspect partner named there is nająć. PWN’s nająć — najmować prints przyjąć kogoś do pracy and the take reading wziąć w czasowe i płatne użytkowanie czyjąś własność. The legal noun in WSJP is najem, qualified urzęd., with czynsz za najem and najem i dzierżawa among the połączenia. No page is opened.
dzierżawić and wypożyczać, one paragraph each, not pages. PWN: dzierżawić is oddawać lub brać coś w dzierżawę. WSJP’s noun dzierżawa is use of an object or of land under a contract and for a payment. The collocations include działki, gruntów, gospodarstwa, and also budynku, lokalu. A citation on dzierżawca separates the tenant’s right to use the object of najem from the leaseholder’s right to take fruits as well. Wikisłownik files dzierżawić as a synonym of the take sense of wynajmować only. wypożyczać is giving or taking something for a time, most often for a fee and on condition of return. The collocations are books, films, a car, a kayak, bicycles, equipment. wypożyczyć adds skates, łyżwy. A car is also a collocation of wynająć. Skis are not in the collocations read. No page is opened. The hire-a-person sense, WSJP fachowca, PWN przyjąć kogoś do pracy, and wynająć się «take work with someone», is another event.

EN ⇄ PL valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with its Polish slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (structural ↔ oblique), or one lemma whose subject can be either party and whose other-party marker chooses the direction. Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Polish sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Polish valency alignment for rent / wynajmować, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	PL form	Align	EN example	PL example
Lessor as subject	SUBJ of rent … to · SUBJ of rent out and of let	subject of dać coś komuś · same lemma as the other direction	= for this direction · the lemma also has the other · German uses vermieten	I rent one premises out to a couple. constructed EN gloss	Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu. WSJP
Lessee as subject	SUBJ of rent … from	subject of wziąć / brać coś od kogoś · same aspect pair	one Polish verb · English rent matches · English let does not · German uses mieten	Students rent a room from my aunt. gloss	Studenci wynajmują pokój od mojej ciotki. Wikisłownik 1.2
Lessee (dative)	to + DP	dative · KOMU · C.	shift · English to → Polish dative · this dative is the let-out reading · it is not the source	to some students gloss	jakimś studentom Wikisłownik · małżeństwu WSJP
Source od	from + DP	od + genitive	shift · English from → od+GEN · French à does not make this cut · Italian da is unprinted	from the district office gloss	od starostwa WSJP · od mojej ciotki Wikisłownik
Source u	from + DP · no second English preposition in the gloss	u + genitive	a second printed source cloth · Wikisłownik’s syntax line does not include it	from me gloss of u mnie	u mnie WSJP · wynajmował u mnie mały pokoik · u chłopów WSJP · participle
Thing	OBJ	accusative · genitive under nie	= · the negative formula rewrites the case of this object	rent a room gloss	pokój Wikisłownik · nie wynajmować + D. Wikisłownik · syntax
Price	for + MeasureP	za określone pieniądze · numeral unprinted · tanio / drogo	definition prose under za · the inner MeasureP is unprinted · the adverbs are printed	for a stated sum of money gloss of the definition	za określone pieniądze WSJP · definition
Duration	time expression · status open	na + accusative	printed · argument vs adjunct open · purpose na magazyn is another na	for a month / for a year gloss of the collocation	na miesiąc, na rok WSJP · połączenia · na okres remontu WSJP · citation
Advertisement	the thing offered, lessor speaking	wynajmę · 1sg perfective future · dative lessee · noun of the thing unexpressed	the printed advert keeps the let-out dative · it is not się · do wynajęcia puts the thing as the head noun	Two-room, fully equipped, I will rent to a couple. gloss	wynajmę małżeństwu WSJP · classified advertisement

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Polish under it. The dative card is the let-out lessee. The od card is the take-reading lessor. The u card is the other source cloth. The advertisement card is first person singular, with the thing’s noun unexpressed.

EN · PL · dative = lessee

KOMU

My aunt rents a room out to some students.

Moja ciotka wynajmuje pokój jakimś studentom.

PL · Wikisłownik 1.1 · dative lessee · accusative thing · EN gloss is to · the take sense of the same entry uses od

RolesHide roles LessorThingLessee

Lessor my aunt · ciotka Thing a room · pokój Dative some students · lessee

Move English to → Polish dative on the let-out reading · English from is od or u

EN · PL · od = lessor

od KOGO

The office was renting a building from the district.

wynajmowała od starostwa budynek na okres remontu

PL · WSJP · take sense · od+genitive · accusative thing · na+accusative period · French à would not choose which party this is · German puts this direction on mieten

RolesHide roles SourceThing

od starostwa · lessor Thing budynek

Move English from → od+GEN when the subject takes the thing

EN · PL · u = lessor

u KOGO

He used to rent a small room from me.

wynajmował u mnie mały pokoik

PL · WSJP · second source schema CO + (u KOGO) · Wikisłownik’s syntax line prints od and does not print u · the participle citation is u chłopów

RolesHide roles SourceThing

u mnie · lessor Thing mały pokoik

Move a second printed source cloth · same direction as od · unranked against it

EN · PL · advertisement

wynajmę

Two-room, fully equipped — I will rent to a couple, or to someone in work, starting now.

DWUPOKOJOWE w pełni wyposażone wynajmę małżeństwu lub pracującemu od zaraz.

PL · WSJP · NKJP classified advertisement · 1sg perfective future · dative lessee · the noun of the thing is unexpressed · od zaraz is “straight away”

RolesHide roles LessorLesseeThing

Lessor 1sg · wynajmę Dative małżeństwu · pracującemu Thing neuter adjective · noun unexpressed

= let-out dative in an advertisement · do wynajęcia is the collocation that names the thing as the head noun

Examples

Argument difference. English rent the flat to Chris and rent the flat from Chris keep one verb and put the direction in to or from. English let and rent out have the lessor as subject, so they match the dative reading and miss the od reading. The best English match of the lemma is rent. The frames diverge at the other party. English writes two prepositions, to and from. Polish writes a dative for the lessee when the subject lets the thing, and od or u plus genitive for the lessor when the subject takes it. French writes one à for the taker and for the owner. Spanish writes one a in the sentences the grammar calls ambiguous. Italian writes a for the taker and does not print a source on the prendere reading. German does not keep the choice inside one lemma: Wikisłownik glosses the let-out sense as vermieten and the take sense as mieten. The thing stays one accusative on both Polish readings, and a car or a boat can be that accusative. wypożyczać is the neighbouring lemma of movables lent on condition of return. It is not required by the entries of wynająć.

Dictionary lines · checked · quoted as printed

dać coś komuś w używanie na określony czas i za określone pieniądze · CO + (KOMU) · Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu. · DWUPOKOJOWE w pełni wyposażone wynajmę małżeństwu lub pracującemu od zaraz. · wynająć coś na czas nieokreślony, na miesiąc, na rok · dom, lokal, mieszkanie do wynajęcia WSJP · let-out sense mieszkanie komuś · imperfective citation and perfective advertisement · za określone pieniądze is the definition

wziąć coś od kogoś w używanie na określony czas i za określone pieniądze · CO + (od KOGO) · CO + (u KOGO) · Prokuratura wynajmowała od starostwa budynek na okres remontu · wynajmował u mnie mały pokoik · w pokoju wynajętym od miłej starszej pani · w wynajętej u chłopów izbie WSJP · take sense mieszkanie od kogoś · both source prepositions · the period is in the prosecutor citation

Moja ciotka wynajmuje pokój jakimś studentom. · Studenci wynajmują pokój od mojej ciotki. · wynajmować + B. (nie wynajmować + D.) + C. · wynajmować + B. (nie wynajmować + D.) od + D. Wikisłownik · wynajmować · the negative formulas rewrite the accusative · English glosses rent, let and rent · German glosses vermieten and mieten

wynająć — wynajmować · wziąć w czasowe płatne użytkowanie czyjąś własność · oddać coś w czasowe, płatne użytkowanie · przyjąć kogoś do pracy, zwykle krótkoterminowej SJP PWN · both property directions · the third sense is hiring a person · no case labels on this entry

Ziemię najmował innemu rolnikowi. WSJP · najmować · książk. · dative · not the headword

Strings below that are not in the block above are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat / Chris / mieszkanie continue the named-participant series. dwa tysiące złotych is a constructed figure. No source read here prints that sum under za with this verb. The negative clause is the Wikisłownik formula on the aunt sentence. It is not a printed negative.

✓ Moja ciotka wynajmuje pokój jakimś studentom.

RolesHide roles LessorThingLessee

Lessor ciotka Thing pokój Dative studentom

Wikisłownik 1.1 · let-out · one dative · no od · no price in the line

✓ Studenci wynajmują pokój od mojej ciotki.

RolesHide roles LesseeThingSource

Lessee studenci Thing pokój od ciotki · lessor

Wikisłownik 1.2 · same thing, other direction · od+genitive · the aunt is the lessor here and the subject in the line above

✓ Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu.

RolesHide roles LessorThingLessee

Lessor 1sg Thing lokal Dative małżeństwu

WSJP · imperfective · dative + accusative · no price · no na

✓ wynajmowała od starostwa budynek na okres remontu

RolesHide roles SourceThing

od starostwa Thing budynek na okres remontu · period

WSJP · od+genitive and na+accusative in one citation · the period is not ranked as a sister of the thing

✓ DWUPOKOJOWE w pełni wyposażone wynajmę małżeństwu lub pracującemu od zaraz.

RolesHide roles LessorLesseeThing

Lessor wynajmę · 1sg Dative małżeństwu · pracującemu Thing adjective · noun unexpressed

WSJP · advertisement · perfective future · od zaraz is not a lessor

✓ Pat wynajął Chrisowi mieszkanie.

RolesHide roles LessorLesseeThing

Lessor Pat Dative Chrisowi Thing mieszkanie

constructed · the shape of wynajmuję małżeństwu and of wynajmuje pokój studentom · the names are not a dictionary line

✓ Chris wynajął mieszkanie od Pata.

RolesHide roles LesseeThingSource

Lessee Chris Thing mieszkanie od Pata

constructed · the shape of od mojej ciotki and of od starostwa · u Pata would be the other printed source cloth · neither name-string is a dictionary line

✓ Ciotka nie wynajmuje pokoju studentom.

RolesHide roles ThingLessee

Genitive pokoju · under nie Dative studentom · stays

constructed · Wikisłownik’s nie wynajmować + D. on the accusative pokój, with the dative kept · no negative sentence is in the entries read · the genitive is the thing, not the lessee

✓ Pat wynajął Chrisowi mieszkanie za dwa tysiące złotych.

RolesHide roles LesseeThingPrice

Dative Chrisowi Thing mieszkanie za dwa tysiące złotych

constructed · za is the definition’s preposition · the numeral is not a source figure · za określone pieniądze has no amount and no unit · the dative and the price are not one printed line

* Pat wynajął Chris mieszkanie.

RolesHide roles Other partyThing

Other party Chris · no dative Thing mieszkanie

constructed · two bare objects · the printed other party on this direction is a dative

✓ CO + (KOMU) WSJP · let-out · dative optional in the schema
✓ CO + (od KOGO) · CO + (u KOGO) WSJP · take · two source cloths
✓ nie wynajmować + D. Wikisłownik · the thing · the dative and od stay in the formulas
✓ za określone pieniądze WSJP · definition · no numeral
✓ na miesiąc, na rok · na okres remontu WSJP · collocation and one finite period
✓ wynajmę małżeństwu WSJP · 1sg advertisement · dative
✓ do wynajęcia WSJP · the thing is the head noun
✓ najmować WSJP · książk. · not a page

Dative, od, u, and nie

The case of the other party and the genitive under nie are operations on the places already named. They do not add a participant.

The dative is the lessee of the let-out reading. małżeństwu, jakimś studentom, innemu rolnikowi on najmować. The subject of those clauses lets the thing. Wikisłownik’s C. is that dative. WSJP writes it KOMU and puts it in parentheses. A clause with the dative and no thing is the advertisement, where the noun is unexpressed and the adjective remains. A dative that the entries file as the owner, beside a lessee subject, is not in the lines read.

od and u are the lessor of the take reading. od starostwa, od mojej ciotki, od miłej starszej pani, u mnie, u chłopów. The subject of the finite clauses takes the thing. The two prepositions are both in the WSJP schema. Wikisłownik’s syntax line prints od + D. and does not print u. Nothing read here ranks them. od zaraz is an adverbial of the advertisement. The genitive after that od is not a person.

nie rewrites the thing. The positive object is accusative B. The negative formula is genitive D. The dative lessee stays. The od-phrase stays, so a take-reading clause can contain two genitives of different jobs: the thing, and the object of od. The constructed Ciotka nie wynajmuje pokoju studentom is the let-out formula. A negative of the take reading is unprinted and is not given a second filled example. The genitive does not, in the formula, move onto the dative, and it does not replace za.

The advertisement is first person, and do wynajęcia names the thing. wynajmę agrees with a speaker who is offering the use, and the dative is who may take it. się is absent from that line. PWN’s wynająć się is przyjąć u kogoś jakąś pracę. That is the work sense. The impersonal forms wynajęto and wynajmowano are in the WSJP paradigm. They have no rental sentence in the citations. do wynajęcia is the collocation in which the flat, the premises, or the house is the noun, and the letting is wynajęcia.

A question for the price. It is not in the dictionary entries read. The printed price wording is already inside za określone pieniądze, or it is the adverb tanio or drogo. No za ile is added.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The point of the drawing is one accusative object, the thing, a dative that the entries print as the lessee on the let-out reading, and an od-phrase or a u-phrase that the entries print as the lessor on the take reading. The price preposition in the definitions is za. A numeral inside it is not in the drawing as a printed object, because the entries do not print one. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object in this low domain is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the subject is either party

Two external arguments of one aspect pair · the other party is not in Voice

[VoiceP właściciel Voice          ← Lessor, WSJP mieszkanie komuś
  … małżeństwu … lokal …]

[VoiceP najemca Voice              ← Lessee, WSJP mieszkanie od kogoś
  … budynek … od starostwa …]

✓ Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu. · Studenci wynajmują pokój od mojej ciotki. WSJP · Wikisłownik · one aspect pair · both external arguments

On vermieten the external argument is the lessor only. On mieten it is the lessee only. English rent allows either external argument and puts the direction in to or from. Polish wynajmować / wynająć allows either external argument. The dative is printed when the subject lets the thing. od or u is printed when the subject takes it.

Dative on the let-out reading · od / u on the take reading

Low Appl is the dative lessee · the source phrase is not that dative · working

[VoiceP Pat Voice                         ← Lessor, let-out
  [ApplP [Chrisowi]_DAT Appl               ← Lessee
    [VP √wynaj-
       [Theme mieszkanie ]_ACC ]]]         ← Thing

[VoiceP Chris Voice                        ← Lessee, take
  [VP √wynaj-
     [Theme mieszkanie ]_ACC
     [PP od [Pata]_GEN ]]]                 ← Lessor · u is the other printed P

Chrisowi and Pata are constructed. małżeństwu and od starostwa are the printed shapes. The two trees are the two senses. A single clause with both a dative lessee and an od-lessor is unprinted. Adding that stack would put both parties in one Appl domain the schemas keep apart.

✓ CO + (KOMU) · CO + (od KOGO) WSJP · separate schemas

* Pat wynajął Chris mieszkanie. constructed · the lessee is not a second accusative

Price · za in the definition · genitive under nie · na unranked

The definition prints za plus the money noun · a numeral MeasureP is unprinted · nie rewrites the thing

za [ określone pieniądze ]_ACC           ← WSJP definition · no numeral
tanio · drogo                            ← adverbs in the citations and the Wikisłownik example
za [ MeasureP dwa tysiące złotych ]      ← unprinted · constructed if it is filled in
na [ okres remontu ]_ACC                 ← one finite period · na miesiąc, na rok are połączenia
na [ magazyn lub biura ]_ACC             ← purpose in another citation · not the period

✓ za określone pieniądze WSJP · both property definitions

nie [ Theme pokoju ]_GEN                 ← Wikisłownik D. replaces B.
   [ Appl studentom ]_DAT                 ← C. stays
od [ starostwa ]_GEN                     ← the other genitive, object of od

✓ nie wynajmować + D. · + C. · od + D. Wikisłownik · syntax · the full negative clause on this page is constructed

The printed price is not yet a numeral MeasureP. określone pieniądze does not separate an amount from a unit. A constructed dwa tysiące złotych would be that inner pair, and no source prints it with this verb. Composition of the printed cloth is za(money noun), the same letter as the MeasureP of sprzedać. na rok is a collocation of time. It is not given a second price phrase.

English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian · where the direction is written

Direction in the preposition, in the case, or in the lemma · working · no English rent page

[VoiceP Pat Voice                         ← Lessor
  [ApplP Chris Appl                        ← Lessee · to
    [VP √RENT [Theme the flat ]
       [PP for [ MeasureP … ]]]]]          ← rent the flat to Chris
                                           · Polish: wynająć … Chrisowi
                                           · German: vermieten

[VoiceP Chris Voice                        ← Lessee
  [VP √RENT [Theme the flat ]
     [PP from Pat ]]]                      ← rent the flat from Pat
                                           · Polish: wynająć … od Pata
                                           · or u Pata
                                           · French: louer … à
                                           · German: mieten

English rent keeps both directions and writes them as to and from. Polish keeps both directions and writes them as a dative and as od or u plus genitive. That is where the frame diverges from the English gloss: the lemma matches, and the other-party marker is a case contrast rather than two prepositions of the same kind. French à is ordinary for the owner and for the taker. The Polish dative is printed for the taker, and the Polish source preposition is printed for the owner. German prints the direction as vermieten and mieten. Italian prints the taker as a and leaves the source unprinted. Spanish prints one a that the cited sentences do not use to choose the party.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English rent, Polish wynajmować, German vermieten, German mieten, French louer, Italian affittare
Layer	rent (EN) · no page	wynajmować / wynająć	vermieten	mieten · no page	louer	affittare
Spec,Voice	lessor or lessee	Lessor or Lessee · both printed	Lessor	Lessee	Lessor or Lessee	Lessor or Lessee
other party	to or from	dative lessee · or od/u+GEN lessor	dative, or an+ACC	von+DAT expected · unprinted	à · Goal or Source	a on the dare reading · Source unprinted
object	the thing	accusative · genitive under nie · a dwelling or a vehicle	dwelling or vehicle	the property	dwelling or movable · one lemma	usually a dwelling · a movable is the usual object of noleggiare
Price	for · MeasureP	za określone pieniądze · numeral unprinted	für · MeasureP where a sum is printed	unprinted as a sum on that page	pour + MeasureP where a sum is written	a caro prezzo · numeral unprinted
Passive / advert	the thing can be the subject	wynajmę keeps a 1sg lessor and a dative · do wynajęcia names the thing · participle agrees with the thing	werden promotes the property	unopened	se promotes the thing	affittasi agrees with the thing

On the let-out reading, the dative comes to have the use of the flat, and za określone pieniądze is the price wording of the definition. On the take reading, the subject is the one who takes the use, and od or u names the lessor. On płacić, the accusative is the money and za is the Consideration hunch. On sprzedać, the accusative is the goods, the dative is the buyer, and za is a printed MeasureP. Same dative letter and the same za, different Theme: here the Theme is the thing let for a time.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Polish micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Commercial temporary transfer in Polish: one aspect pair, both directions. Lessor or Lessee (Voice). On the let-out reading the lessee is a dative. On the take reading the lessor is od or u plus genitive. Thing (accusative Theme; genitive of that object under nie). Price (za określone pieniądze in the definitions; a numeral unprinted). Duration na plus accusative is printed and unranked. The advertisement wynajmę is first person singular, with a dative lessee. najmować / nająć, dzierżawić, and wypożyczać / wypożyczyć are noted and are not pages.

PL micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 Numeral under za unprinted na unranked IT affittare live FR louer live ES alquilar live DE vermieten live

Sense × language: rent · Polish (wynajmować / wynająć). One rental sense on this page, so no subscript. Not given a page here: najmować / nająć, dzierżawić, wypożyczać / wypożyczyć, rentować. No English rent hub. Geometry neighbors: sell · sprzedać · pay_GIVE · płacić · rent · affittare · rent · louer · rent · alquilar · rent · vermieten. Index 2 Polish Transfer cites wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać — not wynająć.

Places
EN ⇄ PL strip
Examples
Dative, od, and nie
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Polish micro-entry. The frames were read in WSJP (wynająć, wynajmować, and the neighbouring entries named below), in Słownik języka polskiego PWN, and in Wikisłownik. Those sources print an accusative of the thing, a dative of the lessee on the let-out reading, od or u plus genitive of the lessor on the take reading, za określone pieniądze in the definitions, and na plus accusative for a period.

Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Pat wynajął Chrisowi mieszkanie, Chris wynajął mieszkanie od Pata, the negative pokoju, and za dwa tysiące złotych are constructed on those lines. The numeral is not a figure from the sources.

Arity. Index 2 does not list wynająć. Surface count can name a lessor, a lessee, a thing, and a price. The lexicon does not list four co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds one party. The dative, on the let-out reading, adds the lessee. The od-phrase or the u-phrase, on the take reading, adds the lessor. The root takes the thing. The printed price is za określone pieniądze, not a numeral MeasureP. A period in na is not filed as a fifth sister.

What this page does not do. najmować stays the bookish and legal neighbour. dzierżawić stays the lease neighbour. wypożyczać stays the movable-loan neighbour. The hire-a-person sense stays off this frame. No English page of rent is opened. No second Polish lemma is opened for the other direction.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of four sisters. A flat grid would give the verb two accusatives, or a price that is a second object, or a dative and an od-phrase in one clause. wynajmować shows one accusative, the thing, a dative on the let-out reading, and a source phrase on the take reading. The two directions are two readings. The price wording sits under za in the definitions.

The printed price is definition prose, not a numeral MeasureP. See the price sketch. za określone pieniądze has no amount and no unit. tanio and drogo are adverbs. na miesiąc and na rok are time collocations. They are not a second price.

What Polish changes, against the English gloss, is the shape of the direction: to is a dative, and from is od or u plus genitive. What Polish changes against French is the same point: French à is ordinary for the owner and for the taker, and the Polish marker of the other party is different in the two readings. What Polish changes against German is the lemma: vermieten and mieten are one aspect pair here, and Wikisłownik uses those two German verbs as the glosses of the two senses. What the printed cloth shares with sprzedać is one accusative Theme, a dative of the person who receives it, genitive of that Theme under nie, and za for the price. The Theme here is the thing let for a time. The Theme there is the goods. The numeral under za is printed there and unprinted here.

Geometry · wynajmować beside the live roots

In the constructed Pat wynajął Chrisowi mieszkanie, Chris comes to have the use of the flat, on the model of małżeństwu and studentom. In the constructed Chris wynajął mieszkanie od Pata, Pat is where the use comes from, on the model of od starostwa. The price wording is za where the definitions write it. A clause with only the flat does not, by a preposition, say whether Pat lets it or takes it. The dative says the first. od or u says the second.

English rent. One verb. The subject is the lessor with to, or the lessee with from. The lemma is the translation that keeps both directions. The other-party marker is where the frame diverges. No English page is opened.
English rent out and let. Lessor as subject. Wikisłownik glosses the let-out sense as rent, let and the take sense as rent. They match the dative reading. No page is opened.
vermieten. The lessor is the subject. The lessee is a dative or an. The other direction is mieten. Wikisłownik assigns those two German verbs to the two senses of this one Polish pair. von of the lessor on mieten is unprinted on the German page. Polish prints od and u.
louer. Both directions on one lemma. The ordinary other party is à on both readings. Polish does not give the owner and the taker that one marker.
alquilar. Both directions on one lemma. The cited a-phrase does not choose the party. arrendar is the formal near-synonym and is not a page.
affittare. Both directions on one lemma. a is the taker on the dare reading. A source phrase on the prendere reading is unprinted. The usual theme split with noleggiare is not matched by a ban on vehicles under wynająć.
sprzedać. The buyer is dative, the goods are accusative, genitive of that accusative under nie, and za is the Price. This page uses that dative on the let-out reading and does not give wynająć a buyer of a permanent transfer.
płacić. The accusative is the money. za is the Consideration hunch. On wynająć the accusative is the thing, and the definition’s za is the payment for the use.
Neighbouring material. najmować, dzierżawić, and wypożyczać are noted above. rentować is WSJP’s synonym label on the take sense of wynajmować. No frame is taken from it beyond that label. The hire-a-person sense is another event.

Open items

od beside u. Both are in the WSJP schema and in citations. Wikisłownik prints od in the syntax line and in the example, and does not print u. They are unranked.
A dative and od in one clause. Unprinted. The schemas belong to two senses. Not constructed as a stack.
dla. One citation under the let-out sense has dla wdowy z dzieckiem, and no dative. Not entered as a schema.
Genitive of negation as a full clause. The formula is printed. Ciotka nie wynajmuje pokoju studentom is constructed. A negative of od is not filled in. Whether the genitive can rewrite a theme that is only an adjective, as in the advertisement, is unprinted.
A numeral MeasureP. Unprinted. za określone pieniądze has no amount and no unit. sto złotych zadatku is the object of dała. The constructed dwa tysiące złotych is not a source figure. miesięcznie is unprinted.
na. na miesiąc and na rok are połączenia. na okres remontu is one finite period. na magazyn lub biura is a purpose. Argument versus adjunct is not ranked here.
wynajęto / wynajmowano. In the paradigm. No rental sentence in the citations read. Not constructed.
wynająć się. PWN’s work sense. Not the advertisement. The advertisement has no się.
How far najmować matches the headword. WSJP marks the lessor sense książk. and prints a dative. PWN’s nająć prints a take reading of property and a hire-a-person reading. The overlap is noted. It is not given a second page.
How far the theme overlaps wypożyczać. A car, a boat, and a helicopter are printed under wynająć. Books, a kayak, bicycles, equipment, and skates are printed under wypożyczyć / wypożyczać. The return condition is in the wypożyczać definition. A grammar that moved every movable off wynająć would go past these entries.
Barron’s 501 Polish Verbs. No chart was opened. No frame is taken from it.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN at wsjp.pl, wynająć and wynajmować, senses mieszkanie komuś and mieszkanie od kogoś, and the headword lists that name fachowca as the third sense. Neighbouring WSJP entries: najmować (lessor sense), najem, dzierżawa, dzierżawca, wypożyczać (both directions), wypożyczyć. Słownik języka polskiego PWN at sjp.pwn.pl, wynająć, nająć, dzierżawić, wypożyczyć. Wikisłownik, wynajmować and wynająć. Citations inside WSJP are marked there as NKJP. Constructed clauses fill the dative frame and the od frame with Pat and Chris, put the Wikisłownik negative formula on the aunt sentence, or put a numeral under za. Index 2 does not list wynająć. Polish Transfer in Index 2 is wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać. No chart in Barron’s 501 Polish Verbs was opened.

Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · wynająć, sense mieszkanie komuś wsjp.pl · wynająć · mieszkanie komuś · CO + (KOMU) · za określone pieniądze · na miesiąc, na rok · wynajmę małżeństwu · do wynajęcia · dokonany
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · wynająć, sense mieszkanie od kogoś wsjp.pl · wynająć · mieszkanie od kogoś · od KOGO · u KOGO · wynajętym od · u chłopów
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · wynajmować, sense mieszkanie komuś wsjp.pl · wynajmować · mieszkanie komuś · Jeden lokal wynajmuję małżeństwu · niedokonany
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · wynajmować, sense mieszkanie od kogoś wsjp.pl · wynajmować · mieszkanie od kogoś · od starostwa · na okres remontu · u mnie · synonym rentować
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · najmować wsjp.pl · najmować · mieszkanie komuś · książk. · Ziemię najmował innemu rolnikowi · synonym wynajmować
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · najem · dzierżawa · dzierżawca najem · dzierżawa · dzierżawca · czynsz za najem · najem i dzierżawa · use versus fruits
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN · wypożyczać · wypożyczyć wypożyczać · dawać · wypożyczać · brać · wypożyczyć · books, a car, a kayak, equipment, skates · return condition
Słownik języka polskiego PWN · wynająć sjp.pwn.pl · wynająć · wynająć — wynajmować · wziąć · oddać · hire-a-person sense · wynająć się
Słownik języka polskiego PWN · nająć · dzierżawić · wypożyczyć nająć · dzierżawić · wypożyczyć · wziąć w czasowe i płatne użytkowanie · oddawać lub brać w dzierżawę
Wikisłownik · wynajmować pl.wiktionary.org · wynajmować · dative example · od example · nie wynajmować + D. · vermieten / mieten
Wikisłownik · wynająć pl.wiktionary.org · wynająć · perfective partner · paradigm · glosses point back to wynajmować
Barron’s 501 Polish Verbs not opened · no frame cited

Records both directions on wynajmować / wynająć, the accusative of the thing, the dative of the lessee on the let-out reading, and od or u plus genitive of the lessor on the take reading. Records za określone pieniądze as the definitions’ price wording, with no numeral. Records the genitive formula under nie. Records wynajmę as a first-person advertisement with a dative. Does not open najmować, dzierżawić, or wypożyczać.