steal · Polish (kraść / ukraść) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Thief, Victim, Theme · marking by lemma · Polish cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Thief] + low Appl(Victim) + complement of the root (Theme)

kraść / ukraść / skraść · Theme accusative CO · person bare dative KOMU · place or container z + genitive SKĄD

okraść · person or place accusative KOGO/CO · Theme z + genitive (z CZEGO)

grabić / ograbić · person or place accusative KOGO/CO · Theme z + genitive, where the line fills it

A theft, on this reading, has a Thief, a Victim, and a Theme. They are not three equal sisters of one Polish verb. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl introduces the Victim, as a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain: the person who had the thing and no longer has it. That is the same kind of added argument as the dative Victim on stehlen, the indirect Victim on robar, the dative Victim on voler, the у-phrase of украсть, the a-phrase of rubare, and the の possessor of 盗む. It is a working drawing. It is not a settled analysis. The root’s complement is the Theme, the thing taken.

What WSJP prints for kraść, ukraść, and skraść. Sense 1 of kraść, jakąś rzecz, is zabierać bezprawnie, potajemnie i bez zamiaru oddania czyjąś własność. The aspect cell is niedokonany. The aspect partners the entry names are skraść and ukraść. The schema is tylko Rz osobowy + kraść + (KOMU) + CO + (SKĄD). CO is the accusative Theme. KOMU is a bare dative, in parentheses. SKĄD is in parentheses. The person collocations are dative: bogatym, koledze, pasażerom, przechodniom, sąsiadowi. The Theme collocations are accusative: biżuterię, drewno, bydło, mienie społeczne, oprogramowanie, pieniądze, and the sums ciężkie miliony, drobne sumy. The place and container collocations are z plus genitive: z bankomatu, z kasy, z parkingu, z samochodu, ze sklepu. The same z also lists reasons: z biedy, z głodu, z nędzy. w plus locative and na plus locative are printed for the place of the act: w czyimś domu, w sklepie, na dworcu, na ulicy. od jakiegoś czasu and od dziecka are time. A person after od is unprinted.

ukraść sense 1, jakąś rzecz, uses the same theft definition. The aspect cell is dokonany. The partners named are kraść and ukradać. The ukradać article was not opened. The schema is Rz osobowy + ukraść + (KOMU) + CO + (SKĄD). Dative collocations: turyście, przechodniowi, pasażerowi. z plus genitive: z bankomatu, z kasy, z kieszeni, z samochodu. Place of the act: w pociągu, w sklepie, na dworcu, na ulicy. skraść is dokonany, partners kraść and skradać. The skradać article was not opened. The definition adds zwykle małą rzecz. The schema is the same (KOMU) + CO + (SKĄD). Dative collocations include domownikom, pasażerowi, turyście. Accusative collocations include dokumenty, klucze, obraz, pieniądze, portfel, rower, torebkę, zegarek. z plus genitive includes z biurka, z kieszeni, z samochodu, z torebki.

What the citations fill. The schema allows a dative and a z-phrase in one clause. No citation opened here stacks KOMU and SKĄD together. WSJP kraść: kradną bagaże i portfele is accusative Theme, with no person in that fragment; Notorycznie kradła kolegom drobne sumy pieniędzy is dative kolegom plus accusative drobne sumy, with no z; Samochody są kradzione is a passive of the Theme. WSJP ukraść: Raz w meczecie ktoś ukradł mi buty is dative mi plus accusative buty, and the mosque is w plus locative, not z; trzech zamaskowanych bandytów ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych is z plus genitive plus accusative, with no dative; ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak is the same split. WSJP skraść: skradli z gabloty pięć zegarków is z plus genitive plus accusative; skradł mieszkance Gorlic portmonetkę is dative mieszkance plus accusative portmonetkę, with no z. A four-slot clause is not constructed.

What is different from the English gloss. English Wiktionary prints the source of steal in from (stolen from the gallery, stolen from us, They stole all my money (from me)). One English preposition covers the person and the place. Polish splits them. The person on kraść, ukraść, and skraść is a bare dative. The place or the container is z plus genitive. PWN’s definitions use the same split in the wording: kraść sense 1 is zabierać coś komuś po kryjomu, and ukraść sense 1 is wziąć coś komuś bez jego zgody, po kryjomu i bez zamiaru oddania. coś is the accusative. komuś is the dative. The corpus lines on the PWN ukraść page fill the accusative and leave the dative empty: ukradli Poloneza, ukradli odtwarzacz wideo. Wikisłownik’s składnia line for kraść is kraść + B., nie kraść + D. B. is the accusative. That nie rejects a lexical genitive object. It is not a printed negated clause, and it is not the genitive of negation. The example is Na osiedlu nieznana szajka kradnie rowery. Nie kradnij. has no object.

What okraść prints. WSJP sense 1, turystów, is zabrać bezprawnie, potajemnie i bez zamiaru oddania komuś lub z jakiegoś pomieszczenia wiele rzeczy. The aspect cell is dokonany. The partner named is okradać. That article was not opened. The schema is Rz osobowy + okraść + KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO). KOGO/CO is not in parentheses. The object is a person or a place, accusative. z CZEGO is optional. Person collocations: jubilera, klientów, kolekcjonera, pasażera, przechodnia, turystę. Place collocations: bank, dom, firmę, sklep, samochód, and the rest of that list. The thing, when the line fills it, is z plus genitive: z biżuterii, z dokumentów, z pieniędzy, ze sprzętu. Citations: okradł 71-letnią mieszkankę Piotrkowa Trybunalskiego is accusative of the person, with no z in that clause; okraść mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy is accusative of the place plus z plus genitive; został okradziony z dokumentów, telefonu komórkowego i pieniędzy is a passive of the person, and the things stay in z plus genitive. A bare genitive Theme, with no z, is unprinted. PWN’s definition of okraść is still zabrać coś komuś po kryjomu, the coś komuś wording of kraść. The examples on that page do not fill a dative and do not fill z: okradł pierwsze mieszkanie, Zostałem okradziony, okraść niedoświadczonego prawnika. Wikisłownik prints Złodziej okradł dom. Accusative of the place. The składnia cell is empty. Both the WSJP schema and the PWN wording are recorded. The filled clauses decide the object: a person or a place in the accusative.

grabić and ograbić. WSJP grabić sense 2.b, ludzi, is zabierać bezprawnie i z użyciem przemocy komuś lub z jakiegoś pomieszczenia albo terenu wiele rzeczy. The schema is KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO). The aspect cell is niedokonany. The partner named is ograbić. The hyperonym the entry prints is okradać. Citations: bolszewikom grabiącym cerkwie z ikon; grabili kościoły, klasztory i zamki z najcenniejszych zabytków; grabiły ludność; grabiono domy i sklepy. cerkwie and kościoły are accusative. z ikon and z najcenniejszych zabytków are genitive. The z-phrase of the perfective is printed on this imperfective page. PWN ograbić sense 1 is przemocą i bezprawnie zabrać cudzą własność. The corpus lines are ograbiło skrzynie z archiwaliami, ograbi wolnego człowieka, ograbi Rzymianina. skrzynie, człowieka, and Rzymianina are accusative. z archiwaliami is instrumental, the contents with the chest. It is not the genitive Theme of the WSJP schema. Sense 2 of PWN ograbić is the rake. It stays off the theft frame. Wikisłownik ograbić sense (1.1) is zabrać siłą cudze rzeczy; dokonać grabieży. No example and no syntax cell are filled there.

przywłaszczyć. WSJP lists przywłaszczać among the synonyms of kraść sense 1, and przywłaszczyć among the synonyms of ukraść sense 1. The WSJP headword was not opened. Wikisłownik sense (1.1) is włączyć cudzą własność do swojego majątku, and the example is Pracownik banku miał przywłaszczyć ponad 500 tysięcy złotych. The Theme is the object. No person and no place are in that line. The English gloss on that page is appropriate. No further frame is constructed.

Places · who wears which marking

The lines do not stack every marking in one clause. kradną bagaże i portfele prints the Theme and prints no person and no z. ukradł mi buty prints the dative and the Theme, and the place in that clause is w meczecie. ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych prints z plus genitive and the Theme, and prints no dative. okraść mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy prints the place as the accusative object and the things in z plus genitive.

Printed ukraść · dative person · accusative Theme

✓ ktoś ukradł mi buty WSJP · ukraść sense 1 · dative mi · accusative buty

the person is a bare dative · the shoes are the Theme · no z in the clause · w meczecie is the place of the act

Printed place · z + genitive · accusative Theme

✓ ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych WSJP · ukraść · z + genitive · accusative Theme

the bank is the place · the sum is the Theme · no dative in the clause

Printed okraść · accusative place · z + genitive Theme

✓ okraść mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy WSJP · okraść sense 1 · accusative place · z + genitive

the flat is the object · the things are z cennych rzeczy · not a bare genitive

Places of Polish steal: introducer, marking, status, and the English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Italian, and Japanese marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Polish marking	Status in the sources	English and the live siblings
Thief	Spec,Voice	nominative subject · Rz osobowy in the WSJP schema	WSJP also prints sroki kradną under the same sense · the schema says tylko Rz osobowy · both are recorded	subject of steal and of rob · subject of stehlen · subject of voler · subject of robar · subject of украсть · subject of rubare · subject of 盗む
Victim · person on kraść	low Appl · possessor-source · revisable	bare dative · KOMU · kolegom · mi · mieszkance	WSJP schema, in parentheses · PWN wording komuś · no preposition · od of a person is unprinted · od jakiegoś czasu and od dziecka are time	English from + the person · German dative on stehlen · French dative lui · Spanish indirect le · Italian a or a dative clitic · Russian у + genitive · Japanese の on the Theme noun
Theme · kraść / ukraść / skraść	complement of the root	accusative · CO · Wikisłownik B.	WSJP kradną bagaże i portfele · ukradł mi buty · skradł … portmonetkę · PWN ukradli Poloneza · passive są kradzione, zostaną ukradzione, zostały skradzione	object of steal · accusative of stehlen · direct object of voler, robar, rubare · accusative of украсть · を of 盗む
Place or container · z	not a fourth argument in this drawing · not the person	z + genitive · SKĄD · z banku · z samochodu · z gabloty · z kieszeni	WSJP collocations and citations · the same z also lists reasons z biedy, z głodu, z nędzy on kraść	English from covers the person and the place · Russian из + genitive is the place · Italian da is the container · Japanese から is the place or the container · German aus of a place is unprinted on the literal stehlen lines
Place of the act · w / na	not the Victim	w + locative · na + locative	WSJP w meczecie, w sklepie, w pociągu, na dworcu, na ulicy	Japanese で of the supermarket · English from in that gloss
okraść · person or place	the object the schema requires	accusative · KOGO/CO · mieszkankę · mieszkanie · dom	WSJP required object · PWN examples match that accusative and do not fill the definition’s komuś · Wikisłownik okradł dom	accusative Victim of berauben · direct object of derubare · accusative of обокрасть · object of English rob
Theme beside okraść / grabić	optional in the schema	z + genitive · z cennych rzeczy · z dokumentów · z ikon · z zabytków	WSJP · a bare genitive Theme is unprinted · PWN z archiwaliami on ograbić is instrumental	genitive Theme of berauben, with no preposition, marked gehoben · di of derubare · of of English rob · Russian обокрасть examples print no Theme · French Voler qqn de qqc.

Marking map. On kraść, ukraść, and skraść the Theme is accusative, the person is a bare dative, and a place or a container is z plus genitive. On okraść and on grabić the person or the place is the accusative object, and the thing, where a line fills it, is z plus genitive.

Accusative Theme on kraść. WSJP collocations biżuterię, pieniądze, drobne sumy. Citation fragment kradną bagaże i portfele. Wikisłownik kradnie rowery, kradną świeżo posadzone rośliny. PWN’s corpus lines on that page do not fill a dative: kradli duże ilości wartości, Furmani nie kradli. The second of those has no object.
Bare dative, the person. WSJP kradła kolegom drobne sumy pieniędzy. WSJP ukradł mi buty. WSJP skradł mieszkance Gorlic portmonetkę. Collocations koledze, turyście, pasażerowi. There is no preposition on that dative. No article opened here prints od kolegi or od turysty as the person stolen from.
z plus genitive, the place or the container. ukradło z banku, ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak, skradli z gabloty pięć zegarków, starodruków skradzionych z Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej. Collocations z kieszeni, z kasy, ze sklepu. German stehlen leaves aus and von of a place unprinted on the literal lines. Polish prints z.
w and na, the place of the act. w meczecie sits beside dative mi and accusative buty. w sklepie, w pociągu, na dworcu, na ulicy are collocations. na jedzenie on the kraść page is a purpose phrase in that collocation list. It is not a place.
od, time. od jakiegoś czasu and od dziecka are on the kraść collocation list. They are not a person-source. A person in the genitive after od is unprinted and is not constructed. On pożyczyć that od plus genitive selects borrow. The theft pages opened here do not print it.
Senses kept off the wallet frame. WSJP kraść sense 3, czas, sen, is pozbawiać kogoś lub coś jakiejś wartości, schema (KOMU/CZEMU) + CO. The partner ukraść on that sense, and the citations about sleep, time, beaches, and calcium, stay off the purse. The headword index of ukraść lists senses 2 pomysł, 3 marzenia / wolność, and 4 żonę. Those clause pages were not opened. Phraseologisms on the index: ktoś skradł / ukradł całusa, ukradł show. The proverb Kowal ukradł, (a) Cygana powiesili has no Theme in the first clause. Wikisłownik notes ukraść żonę and, beside it, zamiast *ukraść dziecko — porwać dziecko. A person as the Theme is that idiom. PWN kraść sense 2 is ograniczać coś, sprawiać, że czegoś jest mniej. PWN ukraść sense 2 is using something without the author’s consent and presenting it as one’s own. No clause is filled on that plagiarism sense.
okraść off the purse. Sense 2, państwo, is przynieść szkodę finansową. The schema is the same KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO). Collocations include okraść emerytów, naród, państwo, skarb państwa, and z dochodów, z emerytury, z oszczędności. The citation komuniści okradli sporą część społeczeństwa is that financial-harm sense. Sense 3 is pozbawić czegoś, co jest uważane za wartość: okraść kogoś z dobrego imienia, z nadziei. The schema line in the text read here stops at z C. A fuller schema is not filled in. Okradli! (Krzysztoń), on sense 1, has no object.
grabić collocations. Persons: mieszkańców, obywateli. Places: banki, domy, kościoły, sklepy, wioski, wsie, ziemie, kraj, okolicę. Synonyms the entry prints: obrabowywać, ograbiać, rabować. No separate page is opened for those names. PWN’s rake sense of ograbić stays off the theft frame. Wikisłownik sense (1.2) is the garden rake and stays off it too.
Genitive under nie. Unprinted as a theft clause. Wikisłownik’s nie kraść + D. rejects a lexical genitive object. Nie kradnij. and Furmani nie kradli have no Theme. eksponaty nie zostaną ukradzione is a negated passive, and the Theme is the subject. A genitive Theme under nie is not constructed.
zabrać and zebrać. The theft definitions use zabierać and zabrać as the defining verb. The zabrać article was not opened. zebrać was not opened. No theft government is quoted for either.

EN ⇄ PL valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Polish slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a from-phrase ↔ a bare dative, or z plus genitive). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Polish sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Polish valency alignment for steal, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	PL form	Align	EN example	PL example
Thief	SUBJ of steal	nominative subject	=	They stole all my money English Wiktionary · steal	ktoś ukradł mi buty WSJP
Victim · person on kraść	from + person on steal	bare dative · KOMU	shift · Polish spells a case ending · English spells from · Russian spells у + genitive · Japanese spells の	stolen from us · (from me) English Wiktionary · steal	mi · kolegom · mieszkance WSJP
Theme · kraść	object of steal	accusative · CO / B.	=	They stole all my money English Wiktionary	buty · bagaże i portfele · portmonetkę WSJP
Place	from + place	z + genitive · w / na + locative also printed	shift · English uses from for the person and for the place · Polish prints the dative for the person and z for the place or the container	stolen from the gallery English Wiktionary	z banku · z samochodu · z gabloty WSJP
Victim · English rob	object of rob	accusative of okraść / grabić · KOGO/CO	shift · the person or the place is the object · on kraść that person is the dative	He robbed three banks · robbed the soldiers of their pay English Wiktionary · rob	okradł … mieszkankę · okraść mieszkanie · Złodziej okradł dom WSJP · Wikisłownik
Theme beside a direct Victim	of + the thing, where printed	z + genitive	shift · English spells of · German berauben spells a bare genitive · Italian spells di · Polish spells z	of their pay English Wiktionary · rob	z cennych rzeczy · z dokumentów, telefonu komórkowego i pieniędzy WSJP

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Polish under it. A card that quotes a dictionary line has no added name.

EN · PL · dative + accusative

ukradł mi buty

They stole all my money (from me)

ktoś ukradł mi buty

PL · WSJP · ukraść · dative mi · accusative Theme

RolesHide roles VictimTheme

Victim me · mi Theme the shoes · buty

Move the person is a bare dative · English spells from · Japanese spells の · Russian spells у

EN · PL · z + genitive

z banku

stolen from the gallery

ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych

PL · WSJP · place z + genitive · accusative Theme · no dative

RolesHide roles PlaceTheme

Place the bank · z banku Theme the sum · accusative

Move English from is one marker · Polish prints z for the place and a bare dative for the person

EN · PL · okraść

mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy

robbed the soldiers of their pay

okraść mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy

PL · WSJP · accusative place · Theme z + genitive

RolesHide roles PlaceTheme

Place the flat · mieszkanie Theme the things · z cennych rzeczy

Move German berauben uses a bare genitive · Italian derubare uses di · Polish prints z

EN · PL · passive of okraść

okradziony z dokumentów

I was robbed of my money

został okradziony z dokumentów, telefonu komórkowego i pieniędzy

PL · WSJP · the person is promoted · z + genitive stays

RolesHide roles VictimTheme

Victim the tourist · passive subject Theme z dokumentów

Move the passive of kraść promotes the Theme · the passive of okraść promotes the person

Examples

Argument difference. English steal X from Y puts the Theme in the object and the source in from, whether Y is a person or a place. Polish kraść, ukraść, and skraść put the Theme in the accusative and the person in the bare dative. A place or a container is z plus genitive. w plus locative and na plus locative are the place of the act. od plus genitive of a person is unprinted. English rob Y of X puts the person or the place in the object and the thing in of. okraść and grabić put that person or that place in the accusative. The thing, where a line fills it, is z plus genitive, not a bare genitive and not a second direct object. German stehlen matches the dative person and the accusative Theme, and leaves a place preposition unprinted on the literal lines. German berauben matches the direct Victim and spells the Theme as a bare genitive, marked gehoben. Russian украсть spells the person with у plus genitive and a place with из plus genitive. Japanese 盗む spells the person with の and the place with から. The low Appl of the Victim stays inside the verb’s domain on the working drawing. On kraść the printed marking of that possessor is the dative. On okraść the printed object is the person or the place.

Senses kept off the wallet frame, and quoted so their objects are not reread as a purse. kraść sense 3 takes sleep or time. ukraść senses 2–4, named on the headword index and not opened as clause pages, are an idea, dreams or freedom, and a wife. ukraść żonę on Wikisłownik is that idiom, and the note sends dziecko to porwać. okraść sense 2 is financial harm to a public. Sense 3 is a good name or hope. PWN ograbić sense 2 is the rake.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

tylko Rz osobowy + kraść + (KOMU) + CO + (SKĄD) · kradną bagaże i portfele · Notorycznie kradła kolegom drobne sumy pieniędzy · Samochody są kradzione WSJP · kraść sense 1 · wsjp.pl · jakąś rzecz

(KOMU/CZEMU) + CO WSJP · kraść sense 3 · czas, sen · wsjp.pl · czas, sen · off the purse

Rz osobowy + ukraść + (KOMU) + CO + (SKĄD) · Raz w meczecie ktoś ukradł mi buty · ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych · ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak · eksponaty nie zostaną ukradzione WSJP · ukraść sense 1 · wsjp.pl · jakąś rzecz

Kowal ukradł, (a) Cygana powiesili WSJP · proverb on the ukraść index · wsjp.pl · ukraść · no Theme in the first clause

skradli z gabloty pięć zegarków · skradł mieszkance Gorlic portmonetkę · pieniądze zostały skradzione · starodruków skradzionych z Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej WSJP · skraść · wsjp.pl · skraść

Rz osobowy + okraść + KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO) · okradł 71-letnią mieszkankę Piotrkowa Trybunalskiego · okraść mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy · został okradziony z dokumentów, telefonu komórkowego i pieniędzy WSJP · okraść sense 1 · wsjp.pl · turystów

komuniści okradli sporą część społeczeństwa · okraść kogoś z dobrego imienia WSJP · senses 2 and 3 · państwo · z dobrego imienia · off the purse

KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO) · grabili kościoły, klasztory i zamki z najcenniejszych zabytków · grabiącym cerkwie z ikon WSJP · grabić sense 2.b · wsjp.pl · ludzi

zabierać coś komuś po kryjomu · wziąć coś komuś bez jego zgody · ukradli Poloneza · ukradli odtwarzacz wideo PWN · kraść · ukraść

zabrać coś komuś po kryjomu · okradł pierwsze mieszkanie · Zostałem okradziony · okraść niedoświadczonego prawnika PWN · okraść · sjp.pwn.pl · okraść · the definition wording is coś komuś · the examples are accusative

przemocą i bezprawnie zabrać cudzą własność · ograbiło skrzynie z archiwaliami · ograbi wolnego człowieka · ograbi Rzymianina PWN · ograbić · sjp.pwn.pl · ograbić · z archiwaliami is instrumental

kraść + B., nie kraść + D. · Na osiedlu nieznana szajka kradnie rowery. · Nie kradnij. Wikisłownik · kraść · secondary · B. is accusative · the nie rejects a lexical genitive

Złodziej okradł dom. · Pracownik banku miał przywłaszczyć ponad 500 tysięcy złotych. Wikisłownik · okraść · przywłaszczyć · secondary

Three irreplaceable paintings were stolen from the gallery. · The problem is the two bicycles stolen from us. · They stole all my money (from me). English Wiktionary · steal · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steal

He robbed three banks. · I never robbed the soldiers of their pay. English Wiktionary · rob · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rob · the Polish row on that page names grabić, ograbić, obrabować, obłupić · the row is not a Polish government

der Dieb hat ihm die Uhr gestohlen · geh. jmdn. einer Sache berauben German · quoted on stehlen · dative Victim, and the bare genitive Theme

On lui a volé son portefeuille French · quoted on voler · dative Victim · direct Theme

Le robaron la cartera Spanish · quoted on robar · indirect Victim · direct Theme

Вор у вора дубинку украл · меня обокрали Russian · quoted on украсть · у + genitive, and the accusative Victim

gli rubarono il portafoglio · lo derubarono del portafogli · dal tegame Italian · quoted on rubare · dative clitic, di, and da

金品を盗む · メアリーの財布を盗んだ · 果樹園からりんごを Japanese · quoted on 盗む · Theme を · person の · place から

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat and Chris continue the named-participant series on pożyczyć. A name does not spell the object. Chrisowi is the dative. Chrisa is the accusative. No constructed line adds od plus genitive of a person, stacks a dative and z on ukraść, or puts a Theme in the genitive under nie.

✓ Pat ukradł Chrisowi portfel.

RolesHide roles ThiefVictimTheme

Thief Pat Victim Chrisowi Theme portfel

constructed · modelled on WSJP ukradł mi buty and kradła kolegom drobne sumy · dative + accusative · no z added · portfel is a skraść collocation

✓ Pat ukradł portfel z samochodu.

RolesHide roles ThiefPlaceTheme

Thief Pat Place z samochodu Theme portfel

constructed · modelled on WSJP ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak · z + genitive · accusative Theme · no dative added

✓ Pat okradł Chrisa z portfela.

RolesHide roles ThiefVictimTheme

Thief Pat Victim Chrisa Theme z portfela

constructed · modelled on the WSJP schema KOGO + (z CZEGO), on okradł … mieszkankę, and on został okradziony z dokumentów · the active person-plus-z combination is not one printed clause

✓ kradną bagaże i portfele WSJP · accusative Theme · no person
✓ kradła kolegom drobne sumy pieniędzy WSJP · dative · accusative
✓ ukradł mi buty WSJP · dative mi · accusative · w meczecie
✓ ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych WSJP · z + genitive · no dative
✓ ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak WSJP · container z + genitive
✓ skradł mieszkance Gorlic portmonetkę · skradli z gabloty pięć zegarków WSJP · skraść · the two markings in two citations
✓ Samochody są kradzione · nie zostaną ukradzione · zostały skradzione WSJP · the Theme is promoted
✓ okradł … mieszkankę · okradł dom · okradł pierwsze mieszkanie WSJP · Wikisłownik · PWN · accusative person or place
✓ okraść mieszkanie z cennych rzeczy · został okradziony z dokumentów WSJP · z + genitive Theme
✓ grabili kościoły … z najcenniejszych zabytków · cerkwie z ikon WSJP · grabić

What the passive and the principal parts show

WSJP prints Samochody są kradzione and kradzionego obrazu. The Theme is the subject, or the participle modifies the Theme. eksponaty nie zostaną ukradzione promotes the Theme of ukraść. pieniądze zostały skradzione promotes the Theme of skraść, and starodruków skradzionych z Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej keeps z plus genitive beside that participle. został okradziony z dokumentów, telefonu komórkowego i pieniędzy promotes the person of okraść and keeps the things in z plus genitive. PWN prints Zostałem okradziony with no z. Nothing further is constructed. The note on promotion is Causative templates and argument selection.

What the entries print of the verb. The aspect cells are the morphology the dictionaries print. kraść is niedokonany. ukraść and skraść are dokonany. okraść and ograbić are dokonany. grabić is niedokonany. WSJP prints, for kraść, kradnę, kradniesz, kradną; kradnij, kradnijcie; kradł, kradła, kradło, kradli, kradły; the impersonal kradziono; the future będę kradł and będę kraść; the participle kradziony; the gerund kradzenie. PWN prints the same present, the imperative kradnijcie, kradł, kradli, and kradziony. For ukraść PWN prints ukradnę, ukradniesz, ukradną; ukradnijcie; ukradł; ukradłszy; ukradziony. Wikisłownik prints the impersonal ukradziono and both participles ukradziony and ukradnięty. For okraść it prints okradziono and, marked rare, okradnięto. PWN prints ograbić as o·grabić -abię, -abią; -ab, -ab·cie. Wikisłownik calls kraść conjugation Vc. The partners named and not opened are ukradać, skradać, and okradać. Doroszewski entry text was not on the pages read. No line from it is quoted. Walenty was not opened. No np(dat) frame is quoted.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Thief to Voice, the Victim to low Appl, and the Theme to the root. The Victim is a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, analogous to the dative Victim on stehlen, to the indirect Victim on robar, to the dative Victim on voler, to the у-phrase of украść, to the a-phrase of rubare, and to the の possessor of 盗む. On kraść the marking the articles print for that possessor is the bare dative. On okraść the object the schema requires is the person or the place, and the Theme is z plus genitive when a line fills it. z of a place beside ukraść is not that Victim head. Open one sketch at a time. Which phrase is the structural object, once okraść makes the person the accusative, is not settled here. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the Thief is the external argument

Constructed · one external argument

[CP Pat_1
  [TP t_1
    [VoiceP t_1 Voice                     ← Thief = Spec,Voice
      … ukraść … ]]]

✓ Pat ukradł Chrisowi portfel. constructed

✓ trzech zamaskowanych bandytów ukradło z banku około 150 tysięcy złotych WSJP · the bandits are the Thief · no dative

The external argument is the Thief. English keeps that one subject on steal and on rob. Polish keeps one nominative subject on ukraść and on okraść. The dative person is not a second subject.

Low Appl · the Victim as possessor-source · the root takes the Theme

ukraść · dative person · accusative Theme · working, revisable

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [ApplP_LOW Chrisowi Appl                 ← Victim · possessor-source · bare dative · od unprinted
    [VP √krad-
       [Theme portfel ]]]]                 ← Theme · accusative

z of a place is not that Victim head. The car is a container beside the Theme.

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √ukrad-
     [Theme portfel ]
     [PP z [ samochodu ]]]]                ← place · WSJP z samochodu · not a person

okraść prints the person or the place as the accusative object, and the Theme in z plus genitive.

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √okrad-
     [Victim/Place Chrisa ]
     [PP z [ portfela ]]]]                 ← constructed on KOGO + (z CZEGO) · z + genitive Theme

✓ ukradł mi buty WSJP · dative · accusative · no z

✓ ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak WSJP · z + genitive · accusative · no dative

✓ został okradziony z dokumentów, telefonu komórkowego i pieniędzy WSJP · person promoted · Theme stays z + genitive

✓ der Dieb hat ihm die Uhr gestohlen German · the person is a dative · Polish matches that dative

✓ Вор у вора дубинку украл Russian · the person is у + genitive · Polish prints the dative

English and the live siblings · from, the dative, у, a, and の

Working · no English steal page is opened · the German page is stehlen · the French page is voler · the Spanish page is robar · the Russian page is украсть · the Italian page is rubare · the Japanese page is 盗む

[VoiceP Pat Voice                                 ← Thief
  [VP √STEAL
     [Theme a wallet ]
     [PP from [ him ]]]]                        ← source in from
                                                · Polish dative is that person
                                                · z + genitive is the place
                                                · not one marker for both

English Wiktionary’s steal lines put the source in from. Polish mi in ukradł mi buty is the person, and z banku is the place. German ihm is that person in the dative. French lui, Spanish le, and Italian gli are that person as well. Russian у вора is that person in the genitive after у, and a place is из. Japanese メアリーの is that person as の on the Theme, and a place is から. German berauben flips the Victim to the accusative and prints a bare genitive Theme. Italian derubare flips the Victim to the direct object and prints di. Polish okraść flips the object to the person or the place and prints the Theme with z.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English steal and rob, German stehlen and berauben, Spanish robar, French voler, Russian украсть, Italian rubare, Japanese 盗む, Polish kraść and okraść
Layer	steal / rob (EN)	stehlen / berauben	украсть · rubare · 盗む	kraść / okraść
Spec,Voice	Thief	Thief	Thief	Thief
Victim	from-phrase on steal · object of rob	dative on stehlen · accusative on berauben	Russian у + genitive · Italian a or a dative clitic, and the direct object on derubare · Japanese の on the Theme	bare dative on kraść / ukraść / skraść · accusative person or place on okraść and grabić
Theme	object of steal · of-phrase on rob, where printed	accusative on stehlen · bare genitive on berauben, marked gehoben	accusative of украсть · direct object of rubare · di on derubare · を	accusative on kraść · z + genitive on okraść and grabić, where a line fills it
Place	from on steal · object of rob in three banks	aus is a place on one rauben line · unprinted on the literal stehlen lines	Russian из + genitive · Italian da · Japanese から · обокрасть and svaligiare can take the place as object	z + genitive beside the Theme of ukraść · w / na + locative for the place of the act · on okraść the place can be the accusative object

On pożyczyć the source of a borrowing is od plus genitive, and the recipient of a loan is the bare dative. On kraść the printed person is that dative, and the printed od is time. On uczyć the Learner is accusative and the Content is genitive. A Learner and a Victim are not one role. The analogy is the added argument.

skraść, okraść, grabić / ograbić, and przywłaszczyć are notes on this page, not further pages. Languages of steal: German · stehlen / rauben / berauben · Spanish · robar · French · voler · Russian · украсть / красть · Italian · rubare · Japanese · 盗む · Polish · kraść / ukraść · Hungarian · lop / ellop · Dutch · stelen · Norwegian · stjele · Bulgarian · крада / открадна · Chinese · 偷 (tōu). The same bare dative on a Recipient: lend · Polish · pożyczyć. No English steal page.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Polish micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Theft in Polish is not one function frame copied from English from. Thief (Voice, subject), Victim (low Appl, a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, working and revisable), Theme (complement of the root). On kraść, ukraść, and skraść the Theme is accusative and the person is a bare dative. A place or a container is z plus genitive. On okraść the person or the place is accusative, and the thing is z plus genitive where a line fills it. English steal takes the source in from.

PL micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 Low Appl of the Victim unranked DE stehlen live ES robar live FR voler live RU украсть live IT rubare live JA 盗む live PL pożyczyć live

Sense × language: steal · Polish (kraść / ukraść). The theft sense is the page. Sleep, time, a wife, a good name, and the rake stay off the wallet frame. skraść, okraść, grabić / ograbić, and przywłaszczyć stay notes. No English steal hub. German: steal · stehlen / rauben / berauben. Spanish: steal · robar. French: steal · voler. Russian: steal · украсть / красть. Italian: steal · rubare. Japanese: steal · 盗む. The dative of a Recipient is on lend · pożyczyć. Index 2 does not list Polish kraść. Index 2 Polish Payment is płacić / zapłacić, przelewać / przelać. Index 2 Polish Attitude is obwiniać / winić, przypisywać.

Places
EN ⇄ PL strip
Examples
Voice
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Polish micro-entry of steal, beside the German, Spanish, French, Russian, Italian, and Japanese pages. Dictionary frames were checked on WSJP (kraść senses 1 and 3, ukraść sense 1 and the headword index, skraść, okraść senses 1–3, grabić sense 2.b), on Słownik języka polskiego PWN (kraść, ukraść, okraść, ograbić), and on Wikisłownik (kraść, ukraść, okraść, ograbić, przywłaszczyć), secondary.

Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Every other full clause is marked constructed. Pat ukradł Chrisowi portfel follows ukradł mi buty and kradła kolegom drobne sumy. Pat ukradł portfel z samochodu follows ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak. Pat okradł Chrisa z portfela follows the schema KOGO + (z CZEGO) and the passive został okradziony z dokumentów. od of a person, a stacked dative plus z on ukraść, and a genitive Theme under nie are unprinted and are not constructed.

Arity. Index 2 does not list kraść. Surface count can name a thief, a victim, and a thing taken. The lexicon does not list three co-arguments of one flat V, and it does not list one function frame for every line. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl adds the Victim. The root takes the Theme. z, w, or na of a place is not a further sister of the wallet frame.

What this page does not do. It does not open a separate page for skraść, okraść, ograbić, or przywłaszczyć. It does not open an English page of steal. It does not give kraść a person in od plus genitive. That phrase is unprinted on the articles read here.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not one function frame copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl adds the Victim, as a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain. The root takes the Theme. The function of those two dependents is the lemma’s. The drawing is working and revisable.

What Polish changes, against English steal X from Y, is the split of person and place. The person is a bare dative, in ukradł mi buty, kradła kolegom drobne sumy pieniędzy, and skradł mieszkance Gorlic portmonetkę. The place or the container is z plus genitive, in ukradło z banku, ukraść z zaparkowanego samochodu plecak, and skradli z gabloty pięć zegarków. English spells both with from. The Theme stays accusative. What okraść changes, against that dative frame, is the object. The person or the place is accusative, and the thing is z plus genitive where a line fills it. German berauben makes the same object flip and spells the Theme as a bare genitive. Italian derubare spells it with di. Russian обокрасть prints the accusative Victim and leaves the Theme off the examples. Japanese keeps the Theme in を and the person in の.

Geometry · Polish theft beside the live dative, the live у, and the live の

English steal. Source in from, person or place. Theme as object. Polish matches the accusative Theme and splits the source: dative for the person, z plus genitive for the place. No English page is opened.
English rob. The person or place is the object. of is printed for the thing in the deprive citations. okraść matches that object and spells the thing with z. No English page is opened. The Polish translation row on the English rob page is not a government.
stehlen and rauben. Accusative Theme, dative Victim. Polish kraść matches both. Polish also prints z plus genitive of a place beside that Theme. aus and von of a place are unprinted on the literal stehlen lines.
berauben. Accusative Victim, bare genitive Theme, marked gehoben. okraść matches the accusative Victim or place. The Theme is z plus genitive. No gehoben label is printed on WSJP sense 1.
voler. Dative Victim, direct Theme, clitic lui. Polish matches that dative with a case ending and no preposition. TLFi prints Voler qqn de qqc. The nearer Polish line for that de is okraść with z.
robar. Indirect Victim, direct Theme, clitic le. Polish matches the indirect person with the bare dative. A de-Theme is unprinted on the Spanish page. Polish okraść prints z.
украсть / красть. Accusative Theme. Person in у plus genitive. Place in из plus genitive. A dative Victim is unprinted there. Polish prints the dative and z, and does not print у against из.
обокрасть. Accusative Victim or place. The Theme is absent in the examples. Polish okraść matches the accusative object and prints z CZEGO.
rubare. Direct Theme. Person in a or a dative clitic. Container in da. Polish matches the direct Theme. The person is a bare dative, with no preposition. The container is z plus genitive.
derubare. Direct Victim. Theme in di. okraść matches the direct Victim and spells the Theme with z. svaligiare takes a place as object. okraść and grabić can do the same, as KOGO/CO.
盗む. Theme を, which matches the Polish accusative. Person の on the Theme noun. Place or container から. Polish prints a bare dative for that person and z plus genitive for the place. No Japanese lemma on the articles read there flips the Victim to the object the way okraść does.
kraść / ukraść / skraść. Theme accusative. Person bare dative. Place or container z plus genitive. Place of the act w or na plus locative. od of a person unprinted. Aspect partners as the entries name them.
okraść. Accusative person or place. Theme z plus genitive when filled. PWN’s definition wording is still coś komuś. The examples on that page are accusative. The passive promotes the person and can keep z.
grabić / ograbić. The same KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO). The definition adds violence. PWN’s z archiwaliami is instrumental. The rake sense stays off the purse.
przywłaszczyć. Wikisłownik prints an accusative Theme and no person. The WSJP headword was not opened. A synonym listing is not a second frame.
pożyczyć. The bare dative is a Recipient. od plus genitive selects borrow. On kraść the dative is the Victim, and the printed od is time. Wikisłownik lists pożyczyć as an antonym of ukraść sense (1.1). The lend page stays separate.

Open items

Whether low Appl is the right head for the Victim. The drawing puts a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, on the analogy of the dative Victim of stehlen, of the indirect Victim of robar, of the dative Victim of voler, of the у-phrase of украść, of the a-phrase of rubare, and of the の possessor of 盗む. The dictionaries print a dative, or an accusative on okraść. They do not print that head. The ranking stays open.
od plus genitive of a person. Unprinted. od jakiegoś czasu and od dziecka are time. Not constructed as a person-source.
A citation that stacks KOMU and SKĄD on kraść or ukraść. The schema allows both. No citation opened here fills them in one clause. Not constructed.
PWN okraść wording coś komuś beside the WSJP schema KOGO/CO. Both are printed. The examples on the PWN page are accusative of a person or a place, with no dative and no z. The divergence stays on the page.
A genitive Theme under nie. Unprinted. Wikisłownik’s nie kraść + D. rejects a lexical genitive object. Not constructed.
ukraść senses 2–4. Named on the headword index. The clause pages were not opened. ukraść żonę on Wikisłownik stays off the purse.
zabrać and zebrać. Not opened. The defining verb zabrać is not given a theft government here.
Doroszewski. The entry text was not on the pages read. No line is quoted.
Walenty. Not opened. No frame code is quoted.
The WSJP headword of przywłaszczyć. Not opened. The Wikisłownik example is the line on this page.
ukradać, skradać, and okradać. Named as aspect partners. The articles were not opened.
The schema of okraść sense 3. The schema line in the text read here stops at z C. z dobrego imienia and z nadziei are the collocations quoted. A fuller schema is not filled in.
tylko Rz osobowy beside sroki kradną. WSJP prints both on sense 1. The conflict is recorded and not resolved.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: WSJP kraść sense 1 jakąś rzecz and sense 3 czas, sen; WSJP ukraść sense 1 and the headword index; WSJP skraść; WSJP okraść senses 1–3 and the headword index; WSJP grabić sense 2.b; PWN kraść, ukraść, okraść, and ograbić; Wikisłownik kraść, ukraść, okraść, ograbić, and przywłaszczyć, secondary; English Wiktionary steal and rob. The German, French, Spanish, Russian, Italian, and Japanese theft frames are the lines already on steal-de.html, steal-fr.html, steal-es.html, steal-ru.html, steal-it.html, and steal-ja.html. Constructed clauses put a printed function on Pat and Chris. Index 2 does not list this lemma. Doroszewski entry text was not on the pages read. Walenty was not opened. The articles of ukradać, skradać, okradać, zabrać, and zebrać were not opened.

WSJP · kraść · jakąś rzecz wsjp.pl · 4670324 · (KOMU) + CO + (SKĄD) · dative collocations · z + genitive
WSJP · kraść · czas, sen wsjp.pl · 4670326 · off the purse
WSJP · ukraść · jakąś rzecz wsjp.pl · 4911835 · ukradł mi buty · z banku · z samochodu
WSJP · ukraść index wsjp.pl · ukraść · senses 2–4 named · proverb Kowal ukradł
WSJP · skraść wsjp.pl · skraść · z gabloty · mieszkance
WSJP · okraść · turystów wsjp.pl · 811581 · KOGO/CO + (z CZEGO)
WSJP · okraść · państwo wsjp.pl · 811582 · financial harm · off the purse
WSJP · okraść · z dobrego imienia wsjp.pl · 811583 · off the purse
WSJP · okraść index wsjp.pl · okraść · senses 1–3
WSJP · grabić · ludzi wsjp.pl · 5168588 · z ikon · z zabytków
PWN · kraść sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/kraść · coś komuś
PWN · ukraść sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/ukraść · ukradli Poloneza
PWN · okraść sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/okraść · definition coś komuś · examples accusative
PWN · ograbić sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/ograbić · slowniki/ograbić · z archiwaliami instrumental
Wikisłownik · kraść pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/kraść · B. · secondary
Wikisłownik · ukraść pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukraść · ukraść żonę · secondary
Wikisłownik · okraść pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/okraść · okradł dom · secondary
Wikisłownik · ograbić pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ograbić · no example · secondary
Wikisłownik · przywłaszczyć pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/przywłaszczyć · accusative Theme · secondary
English Wiktionary · steal en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steal · from the gallery · from us · (from me)
English Wiktionary · rob en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rob · He robbed three banks · of their pay

Records the accusative Theme and the bare dative of kraść / ukraść / skraść, the place in z plus genitive, and the accusative person or place of okraść and grabić. Does not open an English page.