Headword
Language Norwegian · Bokmål · stjele · three-place theft · bestjele, røve, rane, berøve, frarøve, and naske on this page, not separate pages · Nynorsk stele only as Nynorskordboka and Norwegian Wiktionary print it · only where Bokmålsordboka, Det Norske Akademis ordbok, or Norwegian Wiktionary prints a theft or deprive frame
Thief, Victim, Theme · marking by lemma · Bokmål cloth · working claim, revisable
Voice[Thief] + low Appl(Victim) + complement of the root (Theme)
stjele · Theme bare direct object · person or warehouse fra · NAOB penger fra ham · varer fra et lager · i beside goods left unranked
bestjele · person direct object · thing in for · Bokmålsordboka bli bestjålet for alt en eier · NAOB bestjålet ham
rane / røve · person or place as object · thing in for where a line fills it · theme plus fra also printed on røve
A theft, on this reading, has a Thief, a Victim, and a Theme. They are not three equal sisters of one Norwegian verb. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl introduces the Victim, as a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain: the person who had the thing and no longer has it. That is the same kind of added argument as the dative Victim on stehlen, the indirect Victim on robar, the dative Victim on voler, the у-phrase of украсть, the a-phrase of rubare, the の possessor of 盗む, the bare dative of kraść, the ablative of rabol, and the bare indirect of ontstelen. It is a working drawing. It is not a settled analysis. The root’s complement is the Theme, the thing taken. Full noun phrases show no case ending. A pronoun in the object form, ham, henne, meg, oss, or the older mig, is still a pronoun, not a dative case on a noun. Pat and Chris continue the named-participant series on låne.
What Bokmålsordboka prints for stjele. The origin line is norrønt stela. Sense 1 is ta noe som tilhører en annen; naske. The examples are stjele en bil, hun stjeler varer i butikken, han stjal en idé fra meg, and kunstverket har blitt stjålet. The car and the goods are bare objects. i butikken is a place beside the goods. fra meg is a person, and the theme of that line is an idea. har blitt stjålet promotes the work of art. Sense 2 is legge beslag på; ta: tillitsvervene stjeler mye tid, de store vindusflatene stjeler mye varme. Sense 3 is lure (seg til): stjele et kyss, de stjeler seg til å treffes nå og da, han stjal seg ut av huset. The inflection control Vis bøyning was not in the served text. The article prints no filled av plus a person and no bare second object beside a bicycle.
What NAOB and the Wiktionary pages print for stjele. NAOB’s headword is stjele, moderat bokmål stjal, stjålet, stjeling, pronunciation [stje:`lə]. The etymology is dansk form stjæle, from Old Danish, corresponding to norrønt stela, jf. dialektalt stele. Sense 1 is ta (noe som tilhører en annen) i hemmelighet, ubemerket, cross-referred to tjuve, rane, røve, naske, rapse. The editorial examples are stjele en sykkel and stjele varer fra et lager. The citations that fill a source are Hjorth hun lyver og jukser og stjeler penger fra ham and Sandmo hvem vil stjele fra en bruktbutikk? The money is the theme and fra ham is the person. The second-hand shop is fra with no theme in the clause. Stigen puts the chocolate in a cupboard: stjeler en halv plate kokesjokolade i kjøkkenskapet. Kinck is epler stal alle. Ibsen’s garment line is kejserens hellige dragt er stjålen. Sense 1.1, absolute, often of a habit, prints stjele som en ravn and du skal ikke stjele. Sense 2.1, figurative, is headed ofte med fra, ta fra; berøve. The citations are Ibsen han stjal mig styrken fra, and Egge hun stjal av hans mot. Sense 2.3 prints Egge stjal av hans tid. Those av-phrases are the courage and the time. They are not a person after av. Norwegian Wiktionary’s theft sense is Å ta noe fra noen andre uten lov; tilegne seg noe urettmessig. fra noen andre is in the definition. The served page has no filled example. The paradigm is å stjele, stjeler, stjal, har stjålet, stjel, stjelende, stjeles, and the related form is stele (nynorsk). English Wiktionary’s Bokmål entry prints Noen har stjålet bilen min! and the cells stjel, stjeler, stjeles, stjal, stjålet, stjelende. The consume example on that page, Dette arbeidet stjeler all fritiden min, stays with Bokmålsordboka sense 2.
What is different from the English gloss, from the Dutch uit, and from the German dative. English Wiktionary prints the source of steal in from (stolen from the gallery, stolen from us, They stole all my money (from me)). One English preposition covers the person and the place. stehlen prints a dative for the person, and berauben prints an accusative person and a genitive theme, marked gehoben. stelen prints uit for the container and the place of the goods, names a person as van iemand, and leaves that person unfilled beside a purse. The filled bare indirect beside a concrete theme is ontstelen. beroven puts the person in the object and the thing in van. Bokmål stjele prints fra for the warehouse and for the person on the same lemma: varer fra et lager, penger fra ham. It does not copy the split on låne, where a person-source is av and a place is på or i, and fra is a word, a domain, or an institution. On stjele, i butikken and i kjøkkenskapet are also printed beside goods. This page does not rank that i as a source against fra. The object-flip lemmas use another preposition for the thing. Bokmålsordboka’s bestjele is stjele fra, mest i passiv, and the thing is for: bli bestjålet for alt en eier. That for is not a genitive, and it is not Dutch van.
What bestjele, rane, and røve print. Bokmålsordboka bestjele, origin fra tysk, pronunciation bestjeˊle, sense 1 is stjele fra, mest i passiv: bli bestjålet for alt en eier, bli bestjålet mens en sover. Sense 2 is the adjective use, den bestjålne kunsthandleren. NAOB defines bestjele as stjele fra (noen), etymology av be- og stjele; etter tysk bestehlen, cells bestjal, bestjålet, bestjeling. Ibsen’s citation is ha bestjålet ham. The for in beskyldte … for at ha bestjålet ham is the charge of the accusation. It is not the thing taken. The thing-for is the Bokmålsordboka line. Bokmålsordboka rane, av ran, is begå et ran; røve, plyndre, stjele: rane en bank, de ranet til seg penger, rane til seg politisk makt. NAOB sense 2 is begå ran; utøve (volds)tyveri mot: rane en bank, rane en tilfeldig forbipasserende, Fossum ranet en gullsmedforretning, Sandmo rane oss, Liabø hun hadde blitt ranet på gata. The bank, the shop, the passer-by, and oss are objects. på gata is where the promoted person was robbed. Sense 1, mest litterært, prints de har ranet alt han eide and Carling et menneske ranet for alt. Hauger prints ranet til seg et og annet fra en unionssoldat. til seg is the taker. fra there is the soldier. Bokmålsordboka røve is ta eller føre bort med makt; rane, plyndre: røve en bank, skjæra røver egg og unger fra andre fugler, soldatene røvet og plyndret. The bank is the object. The eggs are the theme and fra andre fugler is the source. NAOB sense 2 prints Evjemo røve motstanderen for lagmateriell. The opponent is the object and the kit is for. Sense 4, litterært; berøve, prints Welhaven røve ham den stolte seir and Ibsen har mig røvet alt. Those are a bare pair. The themes are a victory and alt.
What berøve, frarøve, and naske print, and what Nynorsk adds. Bokmålsordboka berøve is frata: berøve noen livet, berøve noen friheten, berøve noen troen, han berøvet henne alle illusjoner. Two bare objects. NAOB’s definition is ta noe verdifullt (især uhåndgripelig, åndelig) fra noen mot vedkommendes vilje; frata. The fra noen is in the definition. The citations opened here are a bare pair, and the themes are freedom, faith, consciousness, a beloved person, and oysters. A bicycle in that pair is unprinted. Bokmålsordboka frarøve is ta noe fra noen med makt: ble frarøvet sine liv, bli frarøvet grunnleggende borgerrettigheter. NAOB marks it litterært and defines røve (noe) fra (noen). The citations are Ibsen frarøvet os, å frarøve et menneske friheten, and frarøvet ham nattesøvnen. The parentheses in the definition name fra. The clauses print a bare pair. The prefix fra- is written together in frarøvet. It is not the preposition of varer fra et lager. Bokmålsordboka naske is stjele noe av mindre verdi; småstjele: naske til seg, naske og stjele. The av in noe av mindre verdi is the definition’s “of lesser value.” It is not the person-source av of låne. Nynorskordboka stele, origin norrønt stela, sense 1 is ta noko som høyrer andre til; naske: stele ein bil, han stel varer i butikken, ho stal ein idé frå han, nokon har stole sykkelen min. frå is the Nynorsk twin of Bokmål fra. The split infinitive is labeled stela. NAOB’s dialektalt stele is not the Bokmål headword. Norwegian Wiktionary has no served article for bestjele, rane, or røve. Ordnett was not served.
The lines do not stack every marking in one clause. stjeler penger fra ham prints the theme and fra plus a person, and prints no i. stjele varer fra et lager prints the theme and fra plus a place, and prints no person. hun stjeler varer i butikken prints i and no fra. bli bestjålet for alt en eier prints the person as the promoted object and the thing in for, and prints no fra.
Printed stjele · bare Theme · fra of a person
✓ hun lyver og jukser og stjeler penger fra ham NAOB · Hjorth 2011 · Theme · fra ham
the money is the Theme · the person is fra · no i in the clause · not a dative ending
Printed stjele · bare Theme · fra of a place
✓ stjele varer fra et lager NAOB · sense 1 · Theme · fra et lager
the goods are the Theme · the warehouse is fra · the same preposition as fra ham · no person in the line
Printed bestjele · person promoted · thing in for
✓ bli bestjålet for alt en eier Bokmålsordboka · bestjele · for
the person is the object bli promotes · the possessions are for · no fra in the clause
Printed rane · person or place as object
✓ rane en bank · rane en tilfeldig forbipasserende Bokmålsordboka · NAOB sense 2 · place object · person object
the bank and the passer-by are the object · Sandmo’s rane oss is the same person-object · the thing is unfilled in these lines
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Norwegian marking | Status in the sources | English and the live siblings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thief | Spec,Voice | subject · full noun phrases show no case | hun stjeler · Noen har stjålet · de ranet · a passive line has no overt thief | subject of steal and of rob · subject of stehlen · subject of stelen · subject of voler · subject of robar · subject of украсть · subject of rubare · subject of 盗む · subject of kraść · subject of lop |
| Victim · person beside a Theme | low Appl · possessor-source · revisable | fra + person on stjele · fra ham · fra meg on an idea · not av · not a bare indirect on the bicycle lines | NAOB Hjorth penger fra ham · Bokmålsordboka en idé fra meg · Norwegian Wiktionary names fra noen andre and leaves it unfilled · a bare second object beside en sykkel is unprinted | English from + the person · German dative on stehlen · Dutch van iemand named and unfilled beside a purse · bare indirect on ontstelen · French dative lui · Spanish indirect le · Italian a · Russian у + genitive · Japanese の · Polish bare dative · Hungarian ablative |
| Theme · stjele | complement of the root | bare direct object · no case ending on a full noun phrase | en bil · en sykkel · varer · penger · bilen min · kokesjokolade | object of steal · accusative of stehlen · direct object of stelen, voler, robar, rubare · accusative of украсть · を of 盗む · accusative of kraść · accusative of lop |
| Place of the goods · stjele | not a fourth argument in this drawing · not ranked against i | fra + place · fra et lager · fra en bruktbutikk · the same fra as the person | NAOB sense 1 · no purse line stacks this fra with a person · i butikken and i kjøkkenskapet are printed beside goods and are not given a source gloss | English from covers the person and the place · Dutch uit for the container, not for the person · Polish z + genitive · Russian из + genitive · Italian da · Japanese から · Hungarian elative on kilop |
| bestjele / rane / røve · person or place | the object the examples fill | bare direct object · ham · oss · en bank · en tilfeldig forbipasserende · motstanderen | NAOB bestjålet ham · Bokmålsordboka rane en bank · NAOB rane en tilfeldig forbipasserende · røve en bank · Evjemo motstanderen | object of English rob · accusative of berauben · direct object of beroven and bestelen · accusative of обокрасть · accusative of okraść · accusative of meglop and kirabol |
| Theme beside a direct Victim | the for-phrase the entries print | for + the thing · for alt en eier · for lagmateriell · for alt | Bokmålsordboka bestjele · NAOB røve sense 2 · NAOB rane sense 1 · a bicycle specifically in for is unprinted · berøve prints a bare second object, not for | of of English rob · genitive of berauben · van of beroven · di of derubare · z + genitive of okraść · French de |
Marking map. On stjele the Theme is a bare direct object. fra is printed for a person and for a warehouse. i is printed beside goods and is not ranked as that source. On bestjele the person is the object and the thing, where the line fills one, is for. On rane and røve a person or a place can be the object. til seg is the taker, not a recipient of the goods.
Each row lines up one English slot with a Norwegian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a from-phrase ↔ fra, or of ↔ for). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Norwegian sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.
| Slot | EN form | NO form | Align | EN example | NO example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thief | SUBJ of steal | subject | = | They stole all my money English Wiktionary · steal | hun stjeler varer Bokmålsordboka |
| Victim · person beside a Theme | from + person on steal | fra + person on stjele | shift · the preposition is fra, not a dative and not av · German and Polish spell a dative · Dutch names van and leaves the purse empty · the filled bare indirect is ontstelen | stolen from us · (from me) English Wiktionary · steal | fra ham NAOB · Hjorth · penger |
| Theme · stjele | object of steal | bare direct object | = | They stole all my money English Wiktionary | en sykkel · penger · bilen min NAOB · English Wiktionary |
| Place of the goods | from + place | fra + noun phrase | shift · English uses from for the person and for the place · Norwegian prints the same fra for both · Dutch prints uit for the container | stolen from the gallery English Wiktionary | fra et lager · fra en bruktbutikk NAOB |
| Victim · English rob | object of rob | direct object of bestjele / rane / røve | shift · the person or the place is the object · on stjele that person is fra | He robbed three banks English Wiktionary · rob | rane en bank · bestjålet ham Bokmålsordboka · NAOB |
| Theme beside a direct Victim | of + the thing, where printed | for + the thing on bestjele, rane, and røve | shift · English spells of · German berauben spells a bare genitive · Dutch spells van · Norwegian spells for | of their pay English Wiktionary · rob | for alt en eier Bokmålsordboka · bestjele |
The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Norwegian under it. A card that quotes a dictionary line has no added name.
EN · NO · fra of a person
They stole all my money (from me)
hun lyver og jukser og stjeler penger fra ham
NO · NAOB · Hjorth · Theme · fra · person
Move the Theme is the bare object · English from of a person is fra · not av · not a dative
EN · NO · fra of a place
stolen from the gallery
stjele varer fra et lager
NO · NAOB · Theme · fra · warehouse
Move English from is one marker · Norwegian prints the same fra for the warehouse · Dutch prints uit for the container
EN · NO · bare Theme
They stole all my money (from me)
Noen har stjålet bilen min!
NO · English Wiktionary · Theme · person unfilled
Move the Theme is the object · the possessor sits on the noun · English from of a person is unfilled in this line
EN · NO · object flip
He robbed three banks
bli bestjålet for alt en eier
NO · Bokmålsordboka · bestjele · person promoted · for
Move berauben spells the thing as a bare genitive · Dutch spells van · Norwegian spells for
Argument difference. English steal X from Y puts the Theme in the object and the source in from, whether Y is a person or a place. Bokmål stjele puts the Theme in a bare direct object and prints fra both for the person, penger fra ham, and for the warehouse, varer fra et lager. i butikken and i kjøkkenskapet are also printed beside goods, and the articles do not gloss that i as the source. English rob Y of X puts the person or the place in the object and the thing in of. bestjele puts the person in the object, and Bokmålsordboka puts the thing in for: bli bestjålet for alt en eier. rane puts a bank or a passer-by in the object. røve puts a bank in the object, or a theme plus fra, or a person plus for. German stehlen matches a direct Theme and spells the person as a dative. German berauben matches the direct Victim and spells the Theme as a bare genitive. Dutch stelen matches the direct Theme and spells the container as uit, and the person the gloss names stays unfilled beside a purse. Dutch beroven matches the direct Victim and spells the thing with van. The low Appl of the Victim stays inside the verb’s domain on the working drawing. On stjele the printed marking of that possessor, when the line fills a person, is fra. On bestjele the printed object is the person.
Senses kept off the wallet frame, and quoted so their objects are not reread as a bicycle. Time, heat, a kiss, and the reflexive stay on senses 2 and 3. av hans mot is the courage. berøve noen livet is a bare pair of an intangible. røve kvinner takes the person as the theme.
Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed
ta noe som tilhører en annen · stjele en bil · varer i butikken · en idé fra meg · har blitt stjålet Bokmålsordboka · stjele sense 1 · ordbokene.no/bm/stjele
stjele en sykkel · varer fra et lager · penger fra ham · fra en bruktbutikk · i kjøkkenskapet NAOB · sense 1 · naob.no/ordbok/stjele · Hjorth · Sandmo · Stigen
ta noe fra noen andre uten lov · har stjålet · stele (nynorsk) Norwegian Wiktionary · no.wiktionary · stjele · fra named · example unfilled
Noen har stjålet bilen min! English Wiktionary · en.wiktionary · stjele · Theme · person unfilled
bli bestjålet for alt en eier · stjele fra, mest i passiv Bokmålsordboka · bestjele · person promoted · for
stjele fra (noen) · ha bestjålet ham NAOB · bestjele · Ibsen · the for at is the accusation
rane en bank · ranet til seg penger · rane en tilfeldig forbipasserende · ranet for alt Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · rane · naob · rane
røve en bank · egg og unger fra andre fugler · motstanderen for lagmateriell Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · røve · naob · røve
berøve noen livet · fra noen in the NAOB definition · citations a bare pair Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · berøve · naob · berøve · themes not a bicycle
stolen from the gallery · stolen from us · (from me) · He robbed three banks · of their pay English Wiktionary · steal · rob
Constructed · the printed function, on Pat and Chris · not a corpus line
✓ Pat stjeler en sykkel. constructed · NAOB stjele en sykkel · Theme · no person
✓ Pat stjeler penger fra Chris. constructed · Hjorth penger fra ham · Theme · fra
✓ Pat stjeler varer fra et lager. constructed · NAOB varer fra et lager · Theme · place
✓ Sykkelen har blitt stjålet. constructed · Bokmålsordboka har blitt stjålet · the promoted noun follows en sykkel
✓ Pat bestjeler Chris. constructed · NAOB bestjålet ham · person object · Theme unfilled
✓ Chris blir bestjålet for alt han eier. constructed · Bokmålsordboka bli bestjålet for alt en eier
✓ Pat raner en bank. · Pat raner Chris. constructed · rane en bank · rane en tilfeldig forbipasserende
A person after av, a til-recipient of the goods, a stack of fra and i, and a bicycle as the for-phrase or as the second bare object of berøve are unprinted and are not constructed.
bli promotes the Theme of stjele in Bokmålsordboka’s kunstverket har blitt stjålet. Ibsen’s dragt er stjålen promotes the garment, and the participle is the citation’s spelling. bli promotes the person of bestjele in bli bestjålet for alt en eier, and the for-phrase stays. Schøyen’s blev røvet fra sine hjem promotes the theme, and fra stays. Liabø’s blitt ranet på gata promotes the person. Norwegian Wiktionary and English Wiktionary list an s-passive cell stjeles. No clause with stjeles was in the served text. Nothing further is constructed. Which phrase is the structural object, once bestjele makes the person the object, is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
What the entries print of the verb. NAOB’s moderat bokmål cells for stjele are stjal, stjålet, stjeling. Norwegian Wiktionary prints stjeler, stjal, har stjålet, stjel, stjelende, stjeles. English Wiktionary prints the same cells and the clause har stjålet. Bokmålsordboka’s inflection table was behind Vis bøyning and was not in the served text. bestjele is bestjal, bestjålet. røve is røvet, røvet, røving. rane is ranet, ranet, raning. berøve is berøvet, berøvet, berøving. The served NAOB header for frarøve names the verbal noun frarøvelse and does not list a preterite cell. The citations print frarøvet and frarøve. Wiktionary prints no imperfective or perfective label on stjele. The cells are the morphology the entries print. They are not a telicity claim.
Prefixes. stjele has no particle that separates. be- on bestjele and on berøve, and fra- on frarøve, are written together in the forms the articles print. The treatment of a piece that does separate is the one on låne ut and låne bort, where the particle stands after the verb and negation can stand between them. Nothing on the theft articles read here splits that way. til seg is a preposition plus the reflexive. It is not a separable particle of rane. NAOB names tjuve and rapse beside stjele. Those articles were not opened. plyndre is a gloss word inside the rane and røve definitions. Its article was not opened. A prefix is part of the lemma’s shape. It is not a fourth argument.
Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Thief to Voice, the Victim to low Appl, and the Theme to the root. The Victim is a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, analogous to the dative Victim on stehlen, to the indirect Victim on robar, to the dative Victim on voler, to the у-phrase of украсть, to the a-phrase of rubare, to the の possessor of 盗む, to the bare dative of kraść, to the ablative of rabol, and to the bare indirect of ontstelen. On stjele the printed person beside the money is fra. The same string is printed for the warehouse. On bestjele the object the example fills is the person, and the thing is for. The i-phrase beside goods is not filed as that Victim head. Open one sketch at a time. Which phrase is the structural object, once bestjele makes the person the object, is not settled here. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
Constructed · one external argument
[CP Pat_1
[TP t_1
[VoiceP t_1 Voice ← Thief = Spec,Voice
… stjeler … ]]]
✓ Pat stjeler en sykkel. constructed
✓ hun stjeler varer i butikken Bokmålsordboka · the subject is the thief · i is not a second subject
The external argument is the Thief. English keeps that one subject on steal and on rob. Norwegian keeps one subject on stjele and on bestjele. fra ham is not a second subject. Kinck’s epler stal alle fronts the theme. The finite verb is still second. That order is not a fourth argument.
stjele · fra of a person · bare Theme · working, revisable
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[ApplP_LOW [PP fra Chris] Appl ← Victim · possessor-source · fra
[VP √stjel-
[Theme penger ]]]] ← NAOB penger fra ham
The warehouse fra is the same string. The drawing does not make that place the Victim head. The dictionaries do not print the head, and they do not spell the two fra-phrases apart.
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[VP √stjel-
[Theme varer ]
[PP fra [ et lager ]]]] ← place · NAOB · not a person
bestjele prints the person as the object and the thing in for.
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[VP √bestjel-
[Victim Chris ]
[PP for [ alt en eier ]]]] ← Bokmålsordboka for alt en eier
✓ stjeler penger fra ham NAOB · fra · Theme · no i
✓ stjele varer fra et lager NAOB · fra · Theme · no person
✓ bli bestjålet for alt en eier Bokmålsordboka · person promoted · for
✓ der Dieb hat ihm die Uhr gestohlen German · the person is a dative · the money line of stjele spells fra
✓ Mijn portemonnee is uit mijn zak gestolen Dutch · uit is the container · Norwegian prints fra for the warehouse
Working · no English steal page is opened · the German page is stehlen · the Dutch page is stelen · the French page is voler · the Spanish page is robar · the Russian page is украсть · the Italian page is rubare · the Japanese page is 盗む · the Polish page is kraść · the Hungarian page is lop
[VoiceP Pat Voice ← Thief
[VP √STEAL
[Theme a wallet ]
[PP from [ him ]]]] ← source in from
· stjele’s fra is the person and the warehouse
· bestjele’s object is the person
· for is the thing
· not German’s dative, not Dutch’s uit
English Wiktionary’s steal lines put the source in from. Norwegian fra ham and fra et lager are that one preposition, split by the complement and not by the spelling. German ihm and Polish mi are the person in the dative. Dutch uit mijn zak is the container, and the person beside a purse of stelen stays unfilled. French lui, Spanish le, and Italian gli are that person as well. Russian у вора is that person in the genitive after у, and a place is из. Japanese メアリーの is that person as の on the Theme, and a place is から. Hungarian bankártól is that person in the ablative, and istállójából is the container. bilen min puts a possessor on the noun, the nearer match to の than to the Polish dative. German berauben, Dutch beroven, Italian derubare, Russian обокрасть, Polish okraść, and Hungarian meglop flip the Victim to the direct object. Norwegian bestjele and rane print that object. bestjele spells the thing with for, where berauben spells a bare genitive and beroven spells van.
| Layer | steal / rob (EN) | stehlen · stelen | kraść · 盗む | stjele / bestjele |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spec,Voice | Thief | Thief | Thief | Thief |
| Victim | from-phrase on steal · object of rob | dative on stehlen · van iemand named on stelen, unfilled beside a purse · bare indirect on ontstelen · direct object on beroven | Polish bare dative · Japanese の on the Theme · direct object on okraść | fra + person on stjele · direct object on bestjele, rane, and røve · not av |
| Theme | object of steal · of-phrase on rob, where printed | accusative on stehlen · direct object of stelen · bare genitive on berauben · van on beroven | accusative of kraść · を of 盗む | bare object of stjele · for on bestjele · unfilled beside NAOB bestjålet ham and beside rane en bank |
| Place | from on steal · object of rob in three banks | Dutch uit on stelen · aus unprinted on the literal stehlen lines · a bank can be the object of beroven | Polish z + genitive · Japanese から | fra on stjele, the same spelling as the person · i unranked · a bank can be the object of rane and of røve |
On låne the give reading prints a bare object pronoun or til for the Recipient, and the get reading prints av for the person. fra on that page is not that person. On stjele the filled person beside the money is fra, and av is an abstract. On lære one frame puts the Learner and the Content in two bare objects. berøve noen livet has that bare shape, and the second noun is not a bicycle. A Learner and a Victim are not one role. The analogy is the added argument.
Working paper · October 2026 · Norwegian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2
Theft in Bokmål is not one function frame copied from English from. Thief (Voice, subject), Victim (low Appl, a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, working and revisable), Theme (complement of the root). On stjele the Theme is a bare direct object and fra is printed for a person and for a warehouse. On bestjele the person is the object and the thing is for. English steal takes the source in from. Dutch stelen takes the container in uit.
Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not one function frame copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl adds the Victim, as a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain. The root takes the Theme. The function of those two dependents is the lemma’s. The drawing is working and revisable.
What Bokmål changes, against English steal X from Y, is not a second preposition for the person. fra covers fra ham and fra et lager. What it changes against Dutch uit versus van, and against German dative versus the genitive of berauben, is where the split is spelled. Dutch spells the container as uit and the person-object lemma as beroven with van. German spells the person of stehlen as a dative and the theme of berauben as a genitive. Norwegian keeps fra for both complements on stjele, and spells the flipped thing as for on bestjele. The possessor on bilen min is the marking Japanese prints as の.
Dictionary frames: Bokmålsordboka, stjele, bestjele, røve, rane, berøve, frarøve, and naske, as served at ordbokene.no. NAOB, the same lemmas, as served at naob.no. Nynorskordboka, stele. Norwegian Wiktionary, stjele. The articles of bestjele, rane, and røve on that Wiktionary were not served. English Wiktionary, Bokmål stjele, steal, and rob. Ordnett was not served. The German, French, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Hungarian, and Dutch theft frames are the lines already on the live sibling pages. Constructed clauses put a printed function on Pat and Chris. Index 2 does not list this lemma. The articles of tjuve, rapse, and plyndre were not opened.
Records the bare Theme of stjele, the fra-phrase of a person and of a warehouse, and the person-object plus for of bestjele. Does not open an English page.