Headword
Language Japanese · three-place sending · おくる · ［動ラ五（四）］ · 届ける, 出す, 送り届ける, and 送り出す stay on this page · not separate pages
Sender, Theme, Recipient or Goal · Japanese cloth · working claim, revisable
Voice[Sender が] + low Appl(Recipient に) or a PP Goal (へ / に / まで) inside the verb’s domain + complement of the root (Theme を)
送る · Theme を · person who receives the thing に, and also へ where that particle is printed on a person · place へ or に · escort is a separate line: person Theme を, Goal まで, Sender accompanies
A sending, on this reading, has a Sender, a Theme, and a third participant that is not one particle. Voice adds the Sender. The root’s complement is the Theme, を: the parcel, the letter, or, on the escort line, the person who is accompanied. The third slot splits. に on a person who receives the thing is drawn as a Recipient, a low Appl inside the verb’s domain. へ and に on a place, and まで on the escort line, are drawn as a Goal inside the verb’s domain. に and へ are unranked. The drawing is working. It is revisable.
What デジタル大辞泉 prints for the thing. The headword is ［動ラ五（四）］. Sense 1㋐ is 物や情報などを、先方に届くようにする. The lines are written with the dictionary’s dash. Read as full words, they are 荷物を送る, 信号を送る, and 視線を送る. The Theme is を. No person and no place is filled in those three lines. The ［可能］ cell names おくれる. That cell is morphology. The 類語 of 1㋐ name 届ける, 送り届ける, and （便りを）出す among others. Those lemmas stay on this page.
What the learner dictionaries print for the person and the place. プログレッシブ和英中辞典 第4版 prints 人に小包を送る, glossed “send a parcel to a person.” The person is に. The parcel is を. The same article prints a place in に: 我が社は世界各地に製品を送ります. 研究社 新和英中辞典 prints a place in へ: カンボジアの前線へ部隊を送る. The troops are を. デジタル大辞泉 on the particle へ, sense 3, prints へ on a person: 父へ送った手紙. The letter is the head of that noun phrase. The clause is a relative clause. 斎藤和英大辞典 heads the send sense 何をどこへ送る、誰へ送る. The heading uses へ for the place and for the person. The filled へ clauses on that page are places: 出先へ, 刑務所へ. A filled 誰へ clause is unprinted there.
The escort line is separate. デジタル大辞泉 sense 2㋐ is 行く人・去る人に付き従ってある所まで一緒に行く. The line is 駅まで車で送る. The station is まで. The means is で. The short example leaves the person unfilled. The definition names the person who goes, and it names the accompanying. 研究社 新和英中辞典 prints (人を)家まで送る, glossed “see somebody home.” The parentheses are the entry’s. 斎藤和英大辞典 fills the person in を: 彼は僕を馬車で家まで送ってくれた. The person is the Theme. The house is まで. English send does not cover this line. The glosses are see, take, escort, drive. Sense 2㋑, 見送る, is a further line: 遠征する選手を駅で送る. で is where the farewell happens. It is a separate marking from まで.
What is different from the English gloss. Cambridge prints the person of send as a double object, labeled [+ two objects], in I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. A place in to is send them to the phone recycling company. A place as the first object, send Paris a letter, is unprinted. 送る keeps the moving thing in を. It marks a person who receives the thing with に, and the particle article also prints へ on a person. English to covers the person and the place with one marker. On the escort line the accompanied person is the Theme, を, and the station is まで, and the Sender goes along. That line is outside English send.
The lines do not stack every particle in one clause. 人に小包を送る prints the person in に and the Theme in を. 父へ送った手紙 prints the person in へ. 世界各地に製品を送ります prints the place in に. 前線へ部隊を送る prints the place in へ. 駅まで車で送る prints まで and leaves the person out of the short example. 僕を家まで prints the person in を beside まで.
Printed Recipient · に · Theme を
✓ 人に小包を送る プログレッシブ和英中辞典 第4版 · person に · Theme を · “send a parcel to a person”
the person who receives the thing is に · the parcel is the Theme · no へ in that clause
Printed へ on a person
✓ 父へ送った手紙 デジタル大辞泉 · particle へ sense 3 · relative clause · person へ
a letter sent to father · へ marks the person · the dictionaries do not rank に and へ
Printed escort · person Theme · Goal まで
✓ 駅まで車で送る · (人を)家まで送る · 彼は僕を馬車で家まで送ってくれた デジタル大辞泉 sense 2㋐ · 研究社 · 斎藤和英大辞典
the station or the house is まで · the person, where the line fills one, is を · the Sender accompanies · English send does not cover the line
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Japanese marking | Status in the sources | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sender | Spec,Voice | が where the case is filled · は where the citation topicalizes it | 伯（叔）父が学資を送ってくれます fills が · 我が社は世界各地に製品を送ります fills は · many lines omit the subject | subject of send |
| Recipient · person に | low Appl · the person who receives the thing · revisable | に · 人に · 両親に on 出す | 人に小包を送る · 週に一度両親に手紙を出す · a city in this slot beside a letter is unprinted · に and へ are unranked | first object of Cambridge’s [+ two objects] (her) · or to + person |
| Person in へ | PP inside the verb’s domain · revisable · unranked against に | へ · 父へ · the heading’s 誰へ | 父へ送った手紙 is printed on the particle へ · お母さんへよろしくお伝えください is the same sense, on 伝える · a finite 父へ手紙を送った is constructed on the relative clause | English to + person · the same to also covers a place |
| Goal · place へ / に | PP inside the verb’s domain · direction or arrival · revisable | へ · に · 前線へ · 世界各地に · 企業に · 検察庁に · 見本市に · 高校へ · 刑務所へ | both particles are printed on places · the 補説 of へ says に indicates the arrival point and へ indicates the direction, and that the boundary has blurred · the articles do not rank the two particles | English to + place |
| Theme | complement of the root | を · 荷物を · 小包を · 手紙を · 製品を · 部隊を · 僕を on the escort line | the moving thing is を · a dispatched person is also を: 企業に人材を送る, 身柄を検察庁に送る · the accompanied person is を where the escort line fills one | object of send · the accompanied person is outside that English verb |
| Escort · Goal まで | PP inside the verb’s domain · separate line · the Sender accompanies | まで · 駅まで · 家まで · 戸口まで · 玄関まで · means で | sense 2㋐ · 家［駅］までお送りしましょう is glossed “I will see you home [to the station]” · the string 人を駅まで送る is constructed from 駅まで車で送る and from (人を)家まで送る | see, take, escort, drive · Cambridge send does not print this frame |
| See-off · で | the place of the farewell · revisable · separate from まで | で · 選手を駅で送る · 卒業生を送る | デジタル大辞泉 sense 2㋑ 見送る · the person is を · で is where the farewell happens · 送り出す is in the 類語 of this sense | see off · a further English verb |
| Person as a place · のところ | PP inside the verb’s domain · revisable | のところへ · のところに | unprinted on the 送る articles opened · 父も母も留守のところへ訪ねてきた is printed on the particle へ, and the verb is 訪ねる · a 送る clause with のところ is constructed | English to + person, or to someone’s place |
| Benefactive auxiliaries | outer auxiliary · the case frame of 送る stays | 送ってくれる · 送って貰う · 送ってあげる | くれる and 貰う are printed on 送る · あげる is unprinted on the articles opened · 送って下さい is a request, a further form | English has no auxiliary in the frame · “send me” is the gloss of some lines that print no に |
| Means · で | not a fourth argument | 車で · 馬車で · 郵便で · 速達で | optional · it stacks with まで in 駅まで車で送る and in 僕を馬車で家まで | English by post, by car |
Particle map. One letter can belong to several heads. Read the lemma, then the particle.
Each row lines up one English slot with a Japanese slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a bare English object or to ↔ に, へ, を, or まで). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Japanese sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. German schicken and Polish wysłać are the live siblings for a bare dative, not an extra column.
| Slot | EN form | JA form | Align | EN example | JA example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sender | SUBJ of send | が · or は | = | I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week Cambridge · [+ two objects] | 伯（叔）父が学資を送ってくれます 斎藤 · が |
| Recipient · person | first object of [+ two objects], or to | に · also へ where printed | shift · Japanese spells a particle · English spells a bare object or to | I'll send her a letter Cambridge | 人に小包を送る · 父へ送った手紙 プログレッシブ · デジタル大辞泉 |
| Theme | object of send | を | = | I'll send her a letter Cambridge | 荷物を送る · 小包を デジタル大辞泉 · プログレッシブ |
| Goal · place | to + place | へ or に | shift · English to also covers a person · the two Japanese particles are unranked | send them to the phone recycling company Cambridge Business · send sth to sth | 前線へ部隊を送る · 世界各地に製品を送ります 研究社 · プログレッシブ |
| Escort | outside send | person を · Goal まで · Sender accompanies | a separate Japanese line | I will see you home [to the station] プログレッシブ gloss · see, not send | 駅まで車で送る · 僕を家まで デジタル大辞泉 · 斎藤 |
| Person as a place | to + person | のところへ / のところに | unprinted on 送る · printed on へ with 訪ねる | send a reply to them Cambridge | 弟のところへ constructed · on のところへ訪ねてきた |
| Two bare objects | send her a letter | two nouns in を | unprinted · the Japanese person is a particle | I'll send her a letter Cambridge · bare objects | * 弟を手紙を送る constructed · double を |
The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Japanese under it. A card that quotes a dictionary line has no added name.
EN · JA · に
I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week
人に小包を送る
EN · Cambridge · [+ two objects] · JA · プログレッシブ · person に · Theme を
Move に is the person · English spells a bare object · Polish spells a bare dative · German spells a dative or an+accusative
EN · JA · へ · person
send a reply to them
父へ送った手紙
JA · デジタル大辞泉 · particle へ sense 3 · へ on a person is printed
Move へ on a person is a printed line · に is the other printed particle · they are unranked
EN · JA · place
send them to the phone recycling company
カンボジアの前線へ部隊を送る
JA · 研究社 · place へ · Theme を · 世界各地に is the other particle
Move a place takes へ or に · the articles do not rank them
EN · JA · escort
I will see you home [to the station]
駅まで車で送る · (人を)家まで送る
JA · デジタル大辞泉 sense 2㋐ · プログレッシブ · 研究社 · the person is the Theme where filled · English gloss is see
Move the Sender accompanies · English send does not cover this line
EN · JA · くれる
Remit the money at once
至急金を送ってくれ
JA · プログレッシブ · くれる · Theme 金 · no に · 斎藤 学資を送ってくれます fills が
Move the auxiliary is outside the case frame · the speaker is the beneficiary · no recipient に in the line
EN · JA · double を
* send Paris a letter
* 彼は弟を手紙を送った
constructed · double を · the printed person is に or へ · a place is へ or に
Move English can spell two bare objects · Japanese spells a particle on the person
Argument difference. English send her a letter puts the person in a bare object. English send them to a place puts the third slot in to. The same to also covers a person. 送る puts the Theme in を. A person who receives the thing is に, and 父へ送った手紙 also prints へ on a person. A place is へ or に. The escort line puts the person in を and the station in まで, and the Sender accompanies. English send does not cover that line. 送ってくれる and 送って貰う are outer auxiliaries. 届ける and 出す are competing lemmas.
Senses kept off this frame. Time, okurigana, a funeral, a bucket passed hand to hand, a runner sent to the next base, a glance, applause, and the 贈 kanji of giving.
Dictionary frames and lines · quoted as printed
物や情報などを、先方に届くようにする · 荷物を送る · 信号を送る · ［可能］おくれる デジタル大辞泉 · 送る sense 1㋐ · the dash is expanded
派遣する · 刺客を送る · 企業に人材を送る · 身柄を検察庁に送る デジタル大辞泉 · senses 1㋑ and 1㋒
付き従ってある所まで一緒に行く · 駅まで車で送る · 遠征する選手を駅で送る · 卒業生を送る デジタル大辞泉 · senses 2㋐ and 2㋑
人に小包を送る · 我が社は世界各地に製品を送ります · 車でお送りします · 至急金を送ってくれ · 家［駅］までお送りしましょう · あとでメールを送ります · 新聞社には多くの投書が送られてきた プログレッシブ和英中辞典 第4版
商品を送る · カンボジアの前線へ部隊を送る · (人を)家まで送る · 玄関まで送る · 月々の仕送り分をすぐに送って下さい · 使者を送る 研究社 新和英中辞典
何をどこへ送る、誰へ送る · 伯（叔）父が学資を送ってくれます · 手紙が来たら出先へ送って貰いたい · 品物を日英社宛に送れ · 刑務所へ送られる · 彼は僕を馬車で家まで送ってくれた · 主人が玄関まで送ってくれた · 君の家まで送ろう 斎藤和英大辞典
父へ送った手紙 · 父も母も留守のところへ訪ねてきた デジタル大辞泉 · particle へ · the second verb is 訪ねる
友人の子供を自宅へ送り届ける · 子供を学校へ送り出す · 各方面に卒業生を送り出している · 製品を送り出す デジタル大辞泉 · compounds
お歳暮を届ける · 小包を出す · 願書を出す · 見本市に出す · 週に一度両親に手紙を出す · 高校へ願書を出した デジタル大辞泉 · プログレッシブ · 届ける and 出す
メールを送る · 家まで送ってくれてありがとう English Wiktionary · 送る · conjugation lists 送らせる / 送らす
自分は位置を変えないで、手もとから遠くへ移しやる · [二] 人に与える 精選版日本国語大辞典 · [一] is 送 · [二] is 贈 · off this page
I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. · send them to the phone recycling company. Cambridge · send
Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not dictionary lines. 彼 continues the named-participant series on the Japanese pages. A name does not spell function. 弟に follows 人に. 父へ follows the relative clause, here in a finite clause. 弟を駅まで follows 駅まで and (人を)…まで. のところ follows the particle article’s noun, on 送る.
✓ 彼は弟に手紙を送った。
constructed · に modelled on 人に小包を送る · を modelled on 荷物を送る and on 手紙を出す
✓ 彼は父へ手紙を送った。
constructed · finite clause modelled on the noun phrase 父へ送った手紙 · へ on a person is printed · unranked against に
✓ 彼は弟を駅まで送った。
constructed · escort · 駅まで車で送る and (人を)家まで送る and 僕を家まで are the printed pieces · the full string is constructed · the Sender accompanies · English send does not cover the line
✓ 彼は弟に手紙を送ってあげる。
constructed · 送ってあげる is unprinted on the articles opened · に stays the letter’s recipient · 送ってくれ and 送って貰い are the printed auxiliaries
✓ 弟が手紙を送ってくれた。
constructed · が and くれる modelled on 伯（叔）父が学資を送ってくれます and on 金を送ってくれ · no recipient に · the beneficiary is the speaker
✓ 彼は兄に手紙を送ってもらった。
constructed · 送って貰いたい is printed, and that line has no に · the に here is the person who sends, the favor-source · working, on 友だちに貸してもらった · the opposite role from 人に小包を送る
✓ 彼は手紙を弟のところへ送った。 彼は手紙を弟のところに送った。
constructed · のところへ is printed on へ with 訪ねる · unprinted on the 送る articles opened · に and へ stay unranked
* 彼は弟を手紙を送った。
constructed · double を · the printed person who receives the thing is に or へ · on the escort line the person in を stands with まで, and the Theme is that person
The particle is an operation on the same places. It does not add a participant the dictionaries have not named. 人に is the person who receives the thing. 父へ is that person on the other particle. 前線へ and 世界各地に are places. 僕を beside 家まで is the person who is accompanied. が on 伯（叔）父 is the Sender. は on 我が社 topicalizes the Sender.
A passive is printed. 刑務所へ送られる makes the person who is sent the subject and keeps the place in へ. 新聞社には多くの投書が送られてきた makes the letters the subject and keeps には. The pages opened do not construct a further passive.
The benefactive is outer. てくれる and てもらう attach to the ren’yōkei. The favor is the auxiliary’s contribution. On くれる the printed transfer lines leave the recipient に out, and the speaker is the beneficiary. On もらう the printed line leaves the sender out. A constructed に on もらう names the person who sends. 送ってあげる is constructed, and its に stays the letter’s recipient.
送らせる is a second event. English Wiktionary lists 送らせる and 送らす in the conjugation table, beside the passive 送られる and the potential 送れる. That causative is an outer wrap. It is a second event, someone having someone send. It is not a sense of the lexical entry, and it is not developed on this page. デジタル大辞泉 prints ［可能］おくれる. That cell is morphology. The frame is the particles above.
で does not add a co-argument. 車で, 馬車で, and 郵便で are the means. They stand beside まで or beside the Theme. The Recipient remains に or へ where the letter line prints one.
Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Sender to Voice, the に Recipient to low Appl, the へ, place-に, and まで Goals to phrases inside the verb’s domain, and the Theme to the root. The dictionaries print the particles. They do not print that head. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note. 送らせる stays off the sketches. It is an outer wrap, a second event.
Constructed · the finite verb in C · one external argument
[CP 彼_1
[C' 送った
[TP t_1
[VoiceP t_1 Voice ← Sender = Spec,Voice
… 送る … ]
T ]]]
✓ 彼は弟に手紙を送った。 constructed
✓ 伯（叔）父が学資を送ってくれます 斎藤 · が
The external argument is the Sender. English keeps that one subject on send. A passive of the person is the printed 刑務所へ送られる. A passive of the letters is the printed 投書が送られてきた.
Recipient に · へ and まで are PPs · Theme を · working, revisable
[VoiceP 彼 Voice
[ApplP_LOW [弟に] Appl ← Recipient · に
[VP √送-
[Theme 手紙を ]]]] ← Theme · を
[VoiceP 彼 Voice
[VP √送-
[Theme 手紙を ]
[PP へ [ 父 ]]]] ← へ on a person · printed · unranked
[VoiceP 彼 Voice
[VP √送-
[Theme 部隊を ]
[PP へ [ 前線 ]]]] ← place · へ
[VoiceP 彼 Voice
[VP √送-
[Theme 弟を ]
[PP まで [ 駅 ]]]] ← escort · person = Theme · Sender accompanies
に and へ on a place are the same kind of Goal phrase. The 補説 records a blurred boundary. The drawing does not rank them. The escort line does not put the person in the Appl. The person is the Theme, and まで is the Goal.
[VoiceP 伯（叔）父 Voice
[VP √送-
[Theme 学資を ]
くれる ]] ← outer auxiliary · no に in the line
[VoiceP 彼 Voice
[VP √送-
[Theme 手紙を ]
[PP へ [ 弟のところ ]]]] ← constructed · のところ
✓ 人に小包を送る プログレッシブ · に Recipient
✓ 父へ送った手紙 デジタル大辞泉 · へ on a person
✓ 駅まで車で送る デジタル大辞泉 · escort · まで
* 彼は弟を手紙を送った。 constructed · double を
Working · no English send page is opened · German is schicken · Polish is wysłać · French is envoyer · Spanish is enviar · Italian is mandare · Portuguese is enviar
[VoiceP Pat Voice ← Sender
[ApplP_LOW her Appl ← Recipient · bare object
[VP √SEND
[Theme a letter ]]]] ← I'll send her a letter
· Cambridge [+ two objects]
· Japanese 人に + を
· へ on a person is also printed
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[VP √SEND
[Theme them ]
[PP to [ the company ]]]] ← send them to the company
· Japanese へ or に
· unranked
[VoiceP 彼 Voice
[VP √送-
[Theme 弟を ]
[PP まで [ 駅 ]]]] ← escort
· English see / escort
· outside send
Cambridge’s [+ two objects] line puts a person in the first object. The to line puts a place, or a person, in the PP. Japanese 人に is the Recipient as a particle. Japanese 父へ is the same person on へ. Japanese 前線へ and 世界各地に are places. Japanese 弟を駅まで is the escort line: the person is the Theme, and the Sender accompanies. A Japanese full noun in the recipient slot has a particle. It is not a bare accusative beside a second accusative.
| Layer | send (EN) · no page | 送る | wysłać · live |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spec,Voice | Sender | Sender · が or は | Sender · nominative |
| Recipient | bare first object, where the entry prints [+ two objects] · or to | に on a person · へ on a person is also printed · unranked | bare dative · KOMU · separate from do+genitive |
| Theme | object | を · the thing, or the accompanied person | accusative · genitive under nie |
| Direction | to · person or place | place へ or に · unranked | do+genitive · na+accusative |
| Escort | outside send · see, take, escort | person を · まで · Sender accompanies | the person who is sent is accusative · the grandfather is do dziadka |
| Outer layer | unasserted | てくれる / てもらう printed · てあげる constructed · 送らせる is a second event, undeveloped | aspect pair is morphology only |
On 送る the thing stays を, and the person who receives it is a particle. The analogy with the added dative on wysłać and on schicken is the extra marking of the person. It is not a claim that Japanese に is a dative ending, and it is not a claim that へ is Polish do.
Working paper · October 2026 · Japanese micro-entry · Beyond Index 2
Sending in Japanese is not one particle of the third slot. Sender (Voice, が or は), Theme (complement of the root, を), and either a Recipient (low Appl, person に, working and revisable; へ on a person is also printed) or a Goal (a PP inside the verb’s domain: place へ or に, unranked). The escort line is separate: the person is the Theme, the station is まで, and the Sender accompanies. English send does not cover that line. てくれる and てもらう are outer auxiliaries. 送らせる is a second event. send her a letter is a double object.
Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not one case frame copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Sender. Low Appl adds the Recipient where the cloth is に on a person who receives the thing. A PP adds the Goal, inside the verb’s domain: へ, place に, or まで. The root takes the Theme. The drawing is working and revisable. に and へ stay unranked.
What Japanese changes, against English send her a letter, is that the person is a particle, に or へ, and the thing stays を. What Japanese changes, against English to, is that the articles print both に and へ on persons and on places, and they do not rank them. What Japanese adds, against English send, is the escort line: the person is the Theme, the station is まで, and the Sender accompanies. 届ける is the verb whose subject carries the thing. 出す is the competing verb that prints 両親に手紙を出す.
Dictionary frames: デジタル大辞泉 送る, the particle へ, 届ける, 出す, 送り届ける, and 送り出す, via Kotobank. 精選版日本国語大辞典 on the same 送る page, and on 送り届ける and on 出す. プログレッシブ和英中辞典 第4版 for 送る and for 出す. 研究社 新和英中辞典 and 斎藤和英大辞典 via Weblio. English Wiktionary 送る. JMdict via Jisho, senses only, particles unfilled. English lines: Cambridge send. Constructed clauses put a printed particle on a named sender. 大辞林 and 明鏡 were not opened. Index 2 does not list this lemma. Polish send is wysłać.
Records the を Theme of 送る. Records に as the person who receives the thing, and へ as a second printed marking of a person. Records place へ and place に as unranked. Records the escort line as a separate frame: person Theme, Goal まで, Sender accompanies. Records てくれる and てもらう as outer auxiliaries, and 送らせる as conjugation only. Records 届ける and 出す as competing lemmas. Does not open an English page.