send · изпращам / пращам

Sender, Theme, Recipient or Goal · Bulgarian cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Sender] + dative clitic or на of a person + complement of the root (Theme) + a place phrase that is not that person

пращам / изпращам · Theme the bare direct object · government Какво or Кого · a full noun shows no case ending

Recipient · short dative му, ми, им, ти · or на+NP · not a bare second noun · accusative я, го, ни, ги, ма is the person sent

Place · до, към, на, в, зад · за is the errand thing · a да-clause stands where English has a to-infinitive · see-off is a separate line

A sending, on this reading, has a Sender, a Theme, and a third participant that is not one marker. Voice adds the Sender. The root’s complement is the Theme: the letter, the money, the parcel, or the person who is sent. A full noun phrase shows no case ending. The definite article is the article. It is not an accusative ending. A clitic is a clitic, not a case ending on a noun. The third slot splits. A short dative, or на plus a person, is drawn as the Recipient, inside the verb’s domain. A place phrase is drawn as a Goal. The drawing is working. It is revisable. Which phrase is the structural object is the note Causative templates and argument selection. Пат and Крис continue the named-participant series on заемам and крада.

What the one-volume dictionary prints for изпращам. The headword is imperfective and perfective изпратя, type 186ti. The изпратя page is the cross-reference вж. изпращам. Its header prints изпратиш, aorist изпратих, participle изпратил. Sense 1 is Кого. Карам да отиде някъде. The example is Изпратих я да купи хляб. я is the accusative clitic. The person is the one sent. да купи хляб is a finite clause. Sense 2 is Кого, accompanying someone part of the way: Изпращам съседката половин час. Изпращам я на гарата. The neighbor and я are the person who is seen off. на гарата is the station. Sense 3 is Кого, the funeral line Вчера изпратихме баба. Sense 4 is Какво. Отправям за някъде по пощата, по човек и др. No example fills that Какво.

What РБЕ prints for изпращам. The header is ИЗПРА̀ЩАМ, -аш, несв.; изпрàтя, -иш, мин. св. -их, св., прех. Sense 1 dispatches a person. Йовков prints го изпращаха. Михайлов prints ни изпращаше за сол и пипер до бакалницата. ни is the accusative of the people sent. за сол и пипер is the errand goods. до бакалницата is the shop. Дичев prints ги изпращаше към дунавската граница. ги is the people sent. към is the border. Sense 2 is see-off, the opposite of посрещам: Йовков изпраща ги донейде, Вазов никой не изпраща, Петканов изпраща и посреща гостите. гостите is the object. донейде is some distance. Sense 5 transfers a thing. Гуляшки prints по десет вагона жито зад граница. Грубешлиева prints да му изпраща от село по стотина-двеста лева на месец. The money is the Theme. му is the dative clitic. от село is the source. на месец is time. Вазов prints да му изпращат of the editorial offices. Sense 9 is greetings. Йовков prints те изпращали на богатия чорбаджия своето „много здраве“. The dictionary’s own line is Изпращам много поздрави на всички приятели! Белев prints им изпращаше целувки. A further line is изпращаше на всички мила усмивка. The passive lines promote the Theme: се изпраща вкъщи, се изпращат героите, се изпращат сума материали. вкъщи is the place. A dialect form изпрàтам is named. The verbal noun изпращане prints Изпращане на писма и телеграми. That на is the thing sent.

What the one-volume dictionary and РБЕ print for пращам. The one-volume headword is imperfective and perfective пратя. The пратя page is вж. пращам. Sense 1 is Кого. Пращам детето за хляб. The child is the object. за хляб is the thing to be fetched. Sense 2 is Какво. Пращам писмо. Пращам колет. Пращам пари. Пращам поздрави. The letter, the parcel, the money, and the greetings are bare objects. No person and no place are in those four lines. Sense 3, marked colloquial, is throwing: Пращам камък по птицата. РБЕ’s header names perfective пратя, aorist -их. Sense 1: Йовков я прати … да иде чак на Бакаджиците, and никого не пращам. Страшимиров да им пращаме учител. The teacher is the Theme. им is the dative of the people the teacher is sent to. A further line is пратили … един човек, да им каже, and та ма праща на Дунав за вода. ма is the person sent. на Дунав is the place. за вода is the errand thing. Sense 2: Елин Пелин му пращаше храна по момчето. The food is the Theme. му is the Recipient. по момчето is the intermediary. Каменова е пратила писмото leaves the Recipient unfilled. Загорчинов да ми праща … ту пари, ту накити. A further line is им пращат писма … за да им пратят пари. Sense 3, throwing or directing, prints в лицето and ще я пратя чак в дерето. Sense 5, news: ни вест пращаше, Славейков прати известие и на мене, и на по-влиятелните граждани, and Бай Веселин ти праща хабер. на мене and ти are the Recipient. ти is the second-person short dative. Sense 6, greetings: Много здраве ти пращат, да му праща псувни, На мама здраве да пратя, не пращай поздрави. Sense 7, dialect see-off: леля го е пратила до синьо тевно йезеро. го is the person accompanied. до is the lake. The passive не може да се прати гладно на училище names the school. ще се пратят на момата names the girl with на. In писмата ми ся пращат the ми follows the noun. It is not the dative of the verb.

A letter’s до is printed on адресирам, not on these citations. РБЕ адресирам sense 1 is putting an address on a letter or a parcel до някого, and a subsense is sending a letter or a parcel to a stated address. Димов prints писма, които адресираше до майка си. A further line is Писмата си адресирай на същия адрес. On изпращам and пращам the printed до is a place: the shop, some distance, the lake. It is not the addressee of a letter.

What the grammar prints, and what is different from the English gloss. Влахова-Руйкова, morf1, says the seven-case noun system is lost. Relations are prepositions and word order. Pronouns kept case. The short-dative table in morf16 is ми, ти, му, й, ни, ви, им. The feminine cell is й. Full datives such as нему and ней are obsolete. A clitic cannot stand first: the grammar stars *Им изпратиха покани. synt7 says the short dative is always an indirect object, and a full non-nominative pronoun takes a preposition, на мене. Doubling is characteristic of the direct object and of the indirect object. The printed line with this verb is На тях им изпратиха покани по пощата. по пощата is the means. morf32 says the infinitive is lost. The dictionary citation form is the first person singular of the present. A shortened infinitive remains only in недей ходи and недей плака. Cambridge prints the person of send as a double object, labeled [+ two objects], in I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. Bulgarian does not print a bare second noun. *Пат праща Крис писмо is constructed on that English frame and is not a dictionary line. The Recipient is the dative clitic or на plus a noun phrase. English to is one marker for the person and for the place. Bulgarian на is printed for a person and for some places. Other places are до, към, в, or зад. English for of an errand is за plus the thing, за хляб. A city after за is unprinted. English We're sending the kids to stay with my parents is a to-infinitive. The Bulgarian line is да plus a finite verb. The see-off line, Изпращам я на гарата, is a separate sense. English send does not cover it.