send · 寄 / 送

Sender, Theme, Recipient or Goal · Mandarin cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Sender] + 给 of a person (after the verb, or before it) or a bare second noun where that frame is printed + complement of the root (Theme) + 到 of a place

寄 · Theme the letter or the money · Recipient 给 after the verb or before the verb · place 到 · 把 fronts the Theme

送 · deliver or give · bare double object printed · 给 optional on that verb · see-off · the person is the moved figure · place 到 · 派 · person + verb phrase · no Theme

A sending, on this reading, has a Sender, a Theme, and a third participant that is not one marker. Voice adds the Sender. The root’s complement is the Theme: the letter, the goods, the gift, or, on the see-off line and on 派, the person who is moved. A full noun shows no case ending. The third slot splits by the marker the articles print. 给 plus a person, after the verb or before it, is drawn as the Recipient, inside the verb’s domain. 到 plus a place is drawn as a Goal. 把 fronts the Theme. It does not add a participant. The drawing is working. It is revisable. Which phrase is the structural object is the note Causative templates and argument selection.

What the seventh edition prints for 寄. The headword is 寄 jì. Sense 1 is 〈动〉原指托人递送，现在专指通过邮局递送, examples ～信, ～钱, and 包裹已经～走了. Read with the headword filled in, the lines are 寄信, 寄钱, and 包裹已经寄走了. The thing is the object, or, in the last line, the subject. No person is filled. No 给 is filled. 走 is the complement on 寄走了. That complement is morphology. Nothing on this page turns it into a further claim. Senses 2–4 are entrust, depend, and a foster kin term. They stay off the letter. CC-CEDICT, as MDBG serves it, glosses the send sense “to send by post; to mail,” beside entrust, depend, and foster.

给 after the verb, and 给 before the verb. Seventh-edition 给 gěi sense 3 is the preposition 用在动词后面，表示交与，付出, examples 送～他 and 贡献～祖国. The note on that sense says a verb that already has a giving meaning may take 给 or omit it, and a verb without that meaning must take 给. The filled pairs are 还（～）他一本书, 送（～）我一支笔, 捎～他一个包袱, and 留～你钥匙. 送 and 还 are the optional pair. 捎 and 留 are the required pair. 寄 is not named. The usage article of 给, preposition sense 1, is 引进交付、传递的接受者. Before the verb it prints 家里～小刘寄来了一个包裹 and 教师～每个同学发了一份复习提纲. After the verb it prints 厂里发～他一套工作服 and 通知已经寄～他了. Read filled, those lines are 家里给小刘寄来了一个包裹, 教师给每个同学发了一份复习提纲, 厂里发给他一套工作服, and 通知已经寄给他了. The person is 给. The thing follows. A separate sense of the same article, 引进动作的受益者, prints ～黑板报写稿 and ～病人治病. The 寄 line and the 发 line are filed under the recipient sense, not under that benefactive sense.

The bare double object is printed for 送. Seventh-edition 送 sòng sense 2 is 〈动〉赠送, example 老师～我两本书. Read filled, the line is 老师送我两本书. The person is bare. The books follow. The usage article of 送 sense 2 says 可带双宾语或其中之一 and prints 我～你一首诗, 钢笔我～小华了, and 舅舅把手表～我了. It then says the person object can also be introduced with 给: 我～给他一首诗, 钢笔我～给小华了, 舅舅把手表～给我了, and 我～了一套茶具给他. Sense 1 of that article, deliver, prints 给 on both sides of the verb: 把报表～给老陈汇总, 文件～给秘书室, and ～文件给秘书室. The seventh edition’s note that 给 is optional on 送 matches those two cloths. CC-CEDICT glosses 送 “to send; to deliver; to transmit / to give (as a present) / to see (sb) off / to accompany; to go along with.”

A bare person after 寄 is unprinted in those dictionaries, and it is unranked. The seventh-edition examples of 寄 name the thing and name no person. The 给 note names 送, 还, 捎, and 留. It does not name 寄, and it does not print a regional label for a bare person after 寄. The usage article prints 寄 with 给 before the verb and with 给 after the verb. It does not print a bare 寄他. A prose line on the page 再见倪匡：人生总有配额 is 每天寄他一封信. That line carries no dialect label. It is not a dictionary frame. The bare shape is unprinted in the dictionaries cited here, printed in that prose, and left unranked.

把 fronts the Theme. 到 is the place. 给 is the person. Seventh-edition 把 bǎ, preposition sense 11a, says the object is the patient of the following verb. Note (3) says the verb generally takes no further object, and sometimes does: 把衣服撕了个口子 and 把这两封信贴上邮票发出去. The letters are the object of 把. The verb is 发出. A clause 把信寄给他 is constructed on that disposal frame and on 通知已经寄给他了. Seventh-edition 到 dào sense 3 is the complement 用作动词的补语，表示动作有结果, examples 看～ and 办得～. The usage article of 到, directional sense 2, is verb + 到 + a place noun: 他一直把我送～村口 and 成绩单已经寄～学生家里去了. The place is 村口 and 学生家里. A line 寄到北京 is constructed on 寄到学生家里. The person in 寄给他 is 给. The place in 寄到学生家里 is 到. The two markers are not one preposition.

发 sends a message or goods. An email headword is unprinted. Seventh-edition 发 fā sense 1 is 〈动〉送出；交付, examples ～货, 分～, 印～, and ～了一封信. 发送 fāsòng sense 1 is 发出；送出, examples ～文件, ～无线电信号, and 这个火车站每天～旅客在五万人以上. 发出 sense 3 is 送出（货物、信件等）. The printed things are goods, a letter, a document, and a radio signal. The station line makes the passengers the object of 发送. CC-CEDICT glosses 发 fā “to send out,” among other senses, and does not print an email headword. 发, 发送, and 发出 stay on this page.

派 plus a person plus a verb phrase has no Theme. Seventh-edition 派 pài sense 6 is 〈动〉分配；派遣；委派；安排, examples 分～, 调～, ～人送去, and ～用场. Read filled, the clause is 派人送去. 人 is the object of 派 and the subject of 送去. No letter is filled. The usage article of 送 prints the same shape under 可带兼语: ～他上火车. That word 兼语 is printed on 送. It is not printed on the 派 article. A line 派他去上海 is constructed on 派人送去. CC-CEDICT glosses this sense of 派 “to send (a person or resource); to dispatch; to allocate; to appoint.”

On the see-off reading the person is the moved figure. Seventh-edition 送 sense 3 is 〈动〉陪着离去的人一起走, examples 把客人～到大门外 and ～小孩儿上学. The guest is the object of 把. The place is 到大门外. The child is the object of 送, and 上学 is the following verb. The usage article prints 他把我一直～到了家 and the 兼语 line ～他上火车. The directional article prints 他一直把我送～村口. No letter is the Theme. The person is the one who moves. A line 送他到车站 is constructed on 送到大门外, 送到了家, and 送到村口. English send does not cover this line.

What is different from the English gloss. Cambridge prints the person of send as a double object, labeled [+ two objects], in I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. A place in to is send them to the phone recycling company. English uses one to for the person and for the place, and the double object can hold the person. Mandarin 给 is the person. Mandarin 到 is the place. The two markers are not one preposition. 送 prints the bare double object. 寄 prints the person with 给, after the verb or before it, and does not print the bare person in the dictionaries cited here. 把 fronts the Theme. English has no matching disposal marker on send. 派他去上海 is a person plus a verb phrase, with no Theme. The see-off line makes the person the moved figure.