send · sende

Sender, Theme, Recipient or Goal · Norwegian Bokmål cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Sender] + low Appl(bare object pronoun) or a PP inside the verb’s domain (til of a person or a place, etter of the fetch) + complement of the root (Theme)

sende · Theme direct object · Recipient bare object pronoun before the Theme · full noun phrase in til after the Theme · place til, inn, ut, or hjem on hjemsende · summon sende bud på/etter · purpose for å

Compounds on this page · hjemsende = sende hjem · innsende = send a document in · ettersende = sende etter, videre of mail · avsende = sende av sted · tilsende = sende til · oversende = send a document over to someone

A sending, on this reading, has a Sender, a Theme, and a third participant that is not one marking. Voice adds the Sender. The root’s complement is the Theme, the direct object: the letter, the message, the goods, or the person who is sent. Full noun phrases show no case ending. An object pronoun does: meg, deg, henne, ham, dem. The third slot splits by what is printed. A bare object pronoun before the Theme is drawn as the Recipient, a low Appl inside the verb’s domain. til plus a person, after the Theme, is drawn as that Recipient in a prepositional phrase. til plus a place is drawn as a Goal. The preposition is the same. The noun tells them apart. That split is a working drawing. It is not a settled analysis. Bokmålsordboka and NAOB do not print the bare pronoun and til+person as two meanings. Norsk referansegrammatikk (Faarlund, Lie og Vannebo 1997: 727) treats the choice between a nominal indirect object and a prepositional phrase as generally governed by pragmatic and referential conditions.

What the dictionaries print for the thing. Bokmålsordboka’s sense 1 is “la noe bli tatt eller ført av andre til det stedet det skal; få av gårde; frakte, transportere.” The thing is et brev, varene, en krans, en melding, rapporten. NAOB’s sense 2 is “la noe transporteres eller overbringes (til noen),” with varer, gods, pakker, en e-post, blomster, krans. The inflection Bokmålsordboka prints is å sende, sender, sendte, har sendt, send!. The participle is sendt. NAOB’s moderat bokmål is the same preterite and participle, and the verbal noun is sending. The perfect auxiliary in the table is har. Nothing on this page turns that auxiliary into an aspect claim.

The bare indirect object is an object pronoun, and it stands before the Theme. Bokmålsordboka sense 1 prints kan du sende meg en melding når du er framme? and jeg sender deg rapporten innen fredag. Sense 3, “gi noe videre til noen,” prints send meg hammeren! Sense 5, “rette mot; henvende,” prints han sendte henne et langt øyekast and hun sendte dem et smil. NAOB sense 3 prints send meg saltet, brødet and kan du sende meg karrien? Sense 6.2 prints hun sendte ham et smil, et øyekast. In every one of those lines the pronoun precedes a full Theme. The pronouns are object forms. henne is not hun. ham is not han. A bare full noun phrase in that slot, the shape of sende moren et brev, is unprinted on the articles opened. Older citations spell the object pronoun mig: Kielland han sender mig til Bremen. There mig is the person who is sent, the Theme, and til Bremen is the place.

til+person and til+place are one preposition. NAOB sense 2 prints the person after the thing: sende varer til en kunde. Bokmålsordboka’s fixed expression prints hun sendte en vennlig tanke til naboen. The place after the thing is Bokmålsordboka de sendte en krans til begravelsen. The place of a person who is sent is Bokmålsordboka de sendte en delegasjon til Paris and han ble sendt til sjøs, and NAOB han sender mig til Bremen and gutten ble sendt til sjøs. til en kunde and til naboen are persons. til begravelsen, til Paris, til Bremen, and til sjøs are places. The dictionaries do not give those two nouns two prepositions. They also do not print the bare pronoun as possession transfer and til+person as direction. The page does not add that split. Norsk referansegrammatikk 1997: 727 keeps the choice of nominal indirect object and prepositional phrase under pragmatic and referential conditions.

Where the two frames stand. The printed bare pronoun is before the Theme, whether the Theme is a message (en melding, rapporten), a thing at the table (hammeren, saltet), or a look (et langt øyekast, et smil). The printed til-phrase is after the Theme: varer til en kunde, en krans til begravelsen, en vennlig tanke til naboen. A line with two pronouns, the shape of sende henne det, is unprinted. A heavy noun phrase in the bare slot is unprinted. The grammar citation does not rank a letter’s bare pronoun against til+person beyond those conditions.

Place particles, the summon, and the purpose. inn is NAOB’s adverb article: sende inn et forslag til Stortinget, and Lundbo sende inn et manus til skjønnlitterær avdeling. The compound innsende is “sende noe, f.eks. dokument, opplysning, til person, virksomhet eller instans,” with innsende et manuskript. ut is NAOB sende Alma ut for å plukke sopp and sende soldater ut i krigen, and Bokmålsordboka partikkelen sender ut stråling on the broadcast sense. hjem is the compound hjemsende, glossed “sende hjem,” literary and mostly in the participle and the passive: hjemsendte sparepenger, planen som hjemsendes, hjemsendt rundt 6000 flyktninger. A free clause sende henne hjem is unprinted. videre is NAOB’s adverb, sense 1, example sende fatet videre. Bokmålsordboka sense 3 is the gloss “gi noe videre til noen,” with sende rundt kakefatet. avsende is literary “sende av sted (et brev, en vare, en gjenstand).” Bokmålsordboka’s gloss of sende includes “få av gårde,” and the adverb av gårde is “av sted,” example komme seg av gårde. A clause sende brevet av gårde is unprinted. The summon the articles print is not a bare sende etter. NAOB’s expression on bud is sende bud på/etter noen, glossed “sende en person for å hente noen,” with Aanrud sendt bud paa doktoren. A second gloss is “sende skriftlig anmodning til noen om å komme.” etter on a shot is another frame: Bokmålsordboka han sendte en kule etter fienden, NAOB sende et skudd etter noen. ettersende is “sende etter, videre,” example få posten ettersendt til ny adresse. That is mail to a new address. It is not the summon. The purpose infinitive is printed: Hagerup sende Alma ut for å plukke sopp. Kielland’s older purpose is forat kjøbe skib on han sender mig til Bremen.

What is different from the English gloss. Cambridge prints the person of send as a double object, labeled [+ two objects], in I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. A place in to is send them to the phone recycling company. We're sending the kids to stay with my parents is labeled [+ to infinitive]. send for a doctor is the phrasal entry send for. English send X to Y uses one to for the person and for the place, and the double object can hold the person. Norwegian also uses one preposition, til, for til en kunde and for til Paris. The divergence is the bare slot and the summon. The printed bare Recipient is an object pronoun before the Theme. A full noun phrase is til after the Theme. The dictionaries do not call that alternation possession versus direction. Norsk referansegrammatikk 1997: 727 calls the choice pragmatic and referential. English send for is sende bud på/etter. A bare sende etter legen is unprinted. The English to-infinitive is for å, printed on for å plukke sopp.

What is different from Dutch sturen and from German schicken. On sturen the addressee is a bare indirect object or aan, and naar plus a person is directional. A full Dutch noun phrase can stand in the bare slot. Norwegian does not print that full noun phrase bare, and it does not split the person and the direction into two prepositions. til covers both. On schicken the Recipient is a bare dative or an plus accusative. A full Norwegian noun phrase has no case ending. The object pronoun is the bare slot the articles print.