Headword
Language Bulgarian · temporary transfer of a returnable theme · one lemma заемам / заема · Recipient a dative clitic or на · person-source от · full nouns have no case ending · rent stays on давам под наем
One lemma заемам / заема · the other party’s marker selects the direction · working claim, revisable
Lend · Voice[Lender] + ApplHAVE(RecipientDAT clitic / на+NP, ThemeOBJ) · imperfective заемам · perfective заема · the pair is the dictionaries’ morphological labels · РБЕ sense 1 на някого · citations ми, му · one-volume Ще ми заемеш ли сто лева
Borrow · the same заемам · Voice[Borrower] + Theme + Sourceот+NP · РБЕ sense 2 Заех от един другар · заела го бях от кръстницата · у is unprinted
Adverb beside the verb · назаем · РБЕ дай ми пари назаем · взимат назаем жито · orthography Даде ми колата си назаем · glosses also print на заем and в заем · the adverb is not a second case frame
A lending, on this reading, has a Lender, a Recipient, and a Theme. РБЕ’s sense 1 of заемам 1 is Давам пари, вещи и под. на някого за временно ползване при определени условия за връщане. The one-volume dictionary joins both directions in one sense: Какво. Давам или получавам в заем. The time wording and the return condition are the definitions’. This page quotes them and does not turn them into an aspect claim. The thing is the one object: патрон, желязото, ръж, смокинга, сто лева, десет наполеона. Full noun phrases show no case ending. A sum in that slot is one object. The other person, on the give reading, is a dative clitic in the citations, or на някого in the РБЕ definition. Voice adds the lender as the subject. Low ApplHAVE introduces the Recipient inside that one verb domain and relates the Recipient to the Theme. The drawing is the same working claim as the Recipient of продавам and of English give-geometry pay, and it is revisable. Which theta role is the object in this low ApplHAVE domain is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
Where the frame sits against the English gloss. English lend does not mean borrow. The lender is the subject. The recipient is a bare object (lend Chris the book) or a to-phrase (lend the book to Chris). The borrower is the subject of another verb, and the source is from. заемам / заема keeps both directions on one lemma. РБЕ numbers the give reading as sense 1 and the get reading as sense 2, with no normative mark on either. The one-volume article does not split them: the government label is Какво, and the one example is the give reading, with ми. A dative clitic, or на, is the give frame. от is the person on the get frame. The lemma stays заемам. Polish pożyczyć makes the same kind of cut, with a bare dative against od plus genitive. Russian одолжить does not: the ordinary borrow side is another lemma, занять, and the Source is у plus genitive. у is unprinted on заемам. German leihen keeps both directions and adds a reflexive dative on the borrow frame. No borrow citation of the returnable thing read here is reflexive.
The printed Recipient of the loan is a dative clitic. A full noun after на is the definition, and it is unfilled in the citations. РБЕ sense 1 prints му заеме, заеми ми, ми заемеш, and ми беше заел. The one-volume example is Ще ми заемеш ли сто лева за десет дни? The Infolex bibliography’s shorter article prints Вазов’s ми зае десет наполеона. Those forms are clitics. They are not case endings on a full noun. The definition’s на някого is the preposition. No citation of the loan sense prints на plus a full noun phrase beside the clitic or instead of it. A doubled clitic plus на plus a noun phrase is unprinted on this verb. On продавам the buyer is на plus a noun phrase, and a dative clitic му / ѝ / им can double that phrase. A doubled buyer is unprinted there too. The loan lines print ми and му. ѝ and им are not in those lines.
заемам 2 is a different homonym. The morphological header is the same pair. The senses are place, dwelling, bulk, thoughts, seizure, a post, a throne, rank, a pose, and a standpoint. Sense 2 of that homonym glosses inhabiting a dwelling as наемам, and prints заемаме същите квартири, зае една малка стаичка, and Заехме с бай Ганя две съседни стаички. The one-volume occupy article prints Квартирантката заема една стая. That dwelling reading is not the loan, and it is not давам под наем. Rent stays on that page.
РБЕ and the one-volume dictionary do not put a lender, a recipient, a thing, and a source in one clause. Sense 1 of РБЕ заемам 1 is the lend frame. Sense 2 is the borrow frame of that lemma. The one-volume sense covers both and prints only the lend example. Пат and Крис continue the named-participant series on продавам. A name does not spell case. на Крис and от Крис are the prepositions. The time wording in the citations is quoted and is not given an aspect label.
заемам · give · a dative clitic · the thing is the object · на някого is the definition
✓ Давам пари, вещи и под. на някого за временно ползване при определени условия за връщане. РБЕ · заемам 1 · sense 1 · на някого is the definition · no citation fills на plus a full noun
✓ никой не можеше да му заеме · заеми ми утре някой и друг патрон · заеми ми желязото си РБЕ · Караславов · Елин Пелин · Гуляшки · му with no theme in that clause · ми · утре is the citation’s
✓ ако ми заемеш три, четири крини ръж · ми беше заел смокинга си РБЕ · Петканов · Вежинов · the rye and the dinner jacket are the object
✓ Какво. Давам или получавам в заем. Ще ми заемеш ли сто лева за десет дни? one-volume · заемам 1 · sense 1 · government Какво · the dative is in the example · сто лева is one object · за десет дни is the period in that line
✓ Давам нещо на заем. · ми зае десет наполеона Infolex bibliography · shorter article · Вазов · spelling на заем is that article’s
to give money or things to someone for temporary use, on condition of return. Lend me your iron. Will you lend me a hundred leva for ten days?
The same заемам · get · от of the person · the thing may be an object clitic
✓ Получавам пари, вещи и под. за временно ползване при определени условия за връщане. · Заех от един другар РБЕ · sense 2 · Караславов · от един другар · no theme in that clause
✓ маршовете, които зае от директора на прогимназията · заела го бях от кръстницата РБЕ · Гуляшки · Йовков · the marches are the theme · го is the coffee cup · от is the person
✓ Вземам нещо на заем. · да ги заемем от ония, които имат Infolex bibliography · shorter article · Вазов · ги · от · spelling на заем
to receive money or things for temporary use, on condition of return. I borrowed from a friend. I had borrowed it from the godmother.
назаем · the adverb · give and get collocations · not a case ending
✓ За временно ползуване и с условие за връщане. · взимат назаем жито · принудени да заемат назаем · Я дай ми пари назаем РБЕ · adverb назаем · Спасов · 1860 · folk song · one word
✓ Назаем ли вземаш (взимаш) · Назаем брашно тъпкано се връща. РБЕ · idiom and proverb · вземаш and взимаш are the entry’s pair
✓ Назаем се пише слято в израза вземам назаем · Даде ми колата си назаем · право на заем Езикови справки · въпрос 1138 · Официален правописен речник (2012) · the car example is the note’s · two words when the noun inflects
for temporary use, on condition of return. They take grain on loan. Give me money on loan. He gave me his car on loan.
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Bulgarian marking | Case status | English and sibling marking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lender | Spec,Voice of the give frame | subject · no ending on a full noun | заемам imperfective · заема perfective · aorist заех in the РБЕ header · a заемам line with only a theme does not spell the direction · the one-volume government of the joined sense is Какво | subject of lend · subject of pożyczyć when the other human is a bare dative · subject of the lend frame of leihen · subject of одолжить |
| Recipient | low ApplHAVE inside the lend frame | a dative clitic · or на + NP in the definition | citations ми, му · definition на някого · a full noun has no dative ending · no loan citation fills на plus a full noun · a doubled clitic plus на is unprinted · ѝ and им are unprinted on this verb · the series that can double a на-phrase is the one on продавам | bare object of lend Chris the book, or to · Polish bare dative · German dative · Russian dative · Norwegian bare object pronoun or til · a Bulgarian full noun is not that bare object |
| Theme | complement of заемам | the one object · no case ending · object clitic го or ги where printed | патрон, желязото, ръж, смокинга, сто лева, десет наполеона · го on Йовков’s cup · ги in the shorter article’s Вазов line · a sum in the object slot is one object | direct object of lend and of borrow · accusative of pożyczyć and of одолжить · the one object of låne |
| Borrower | Spec,Voice of the get frame | subject of that frame · the same lemma | РБЕ sense 2 · the one-volume sense includes получавам and does not print a get example · English puts this subject on borrow · Russian puts it on занять | subject of borrow · subject of pożyczyć beside od · subject of the borrow frame of leihen · subject of låne beside av |
| Source | от on the get frame | от + NP | от един другар, от директора, от кръстницата, от ония, които имат · у is unprinted · a linguistic от is also printed, on senses 3 and 4, and that complement is a person, a body of laws, or a language | from of borrow · Polish od + genitive · Russian у + genitive on занять · German von or bei · Norwegian av |
| назаем | adverb of temporary use · not a place of the verb | one word in РБЕ and in the orthography note · two words на заем in the shorter gloss · в заем in the one-volume gloss | дай ми пари назаем · взимат назаем жито · Даде ми колата си назаем · the clitic and the object stay the Recipient and the Theme · the adverb does not replace на or от | no piece of English lend · Russian взаймы / в долг on the periphrasis · not a dative ending |
Marking map. One string на is the Recipient when the complement is the person in the definition. Read the complement, then the preposition. от is the person-source on the get frame, and it is also the source of a word or a custom. у is not printed.
Each row lines up one English slot with its Bulgarian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (a bare English object or to ↔ a dative clitic or на; from a person ↔ от), or one lemma where English uses two. Dictionary lines come first. The constructed Bulgarian sentences are modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.
| Slot | EN form | BG form | Align | EN example | BG example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lender as subject | SUBJ of lend | subject of the give frame | = for this direction · the lemma also has the borrower’s subject | Will you lend me a hundred leva? constructed gloss | Ще ми заемеш ли сто лева за десет дни? one-volume |
| Theme | OBJ | the one object · no case ending | = | the iron · a hundred leva glosses | желязото РБЕ · сто лева one-volume |
| Recipient | bare object, or to | dative clitic, or на + NP | shift · the citations are clitics · на plus a full noun is the definition and is unfilled · a full noun has no dative ending · a bare full noun is not a frame | lend me the iron · lend the book to Chris the two English clothes | заеми ми желязото РБЕ · на някого РБЕ · definition · на Крис constructed |
| Bare second object | the English double object has no case ending | a bare full noun beside the Theme | unprinted · the printed goal is a clitic or на | lend Chris the book English only | * Пат зае Крис книгата. constructed · not a dictionary line |
| Borrower as subject | SUBJ of borrow · a different English lemma | subject of the same заемам | one Bulgarian lemma for a direction English keeps on borrow · Russian keeps it on занять | I had borrowed it from the godmother. gloss | заела го бях от кръстницата РБЕ · Йовков |
| Source, person | from | от + NP | shift · the lemma does not change · у is unprinted · Russian у is the other sibling’s Source | borrow from a friend gloss | от един другар РБЕ · от Крис constructed |
| от of a word | from of borrow a word | от + the language | the linguistic source · the same preposition as the person of the returnable thing | We have borrowed many words from French. gloss | от френски език one-volume · от чешки език РБЕ |
| назаем | no separate piece of lend | adverb · one word, or the glosses’ на заем / в заем | the collocation is printed · the Recipient stays the clitic · the Theme stays the object | Give me money on loan. gloss | дай ми пари назаем РБЕ · adverb · Даде ми колата си назаем orthography note |
| Rent | rent · a different English lemma | давам под наем | Bulgarian splits the lemmas · Japanese 貸す does not | rent the room not this page | давам под наем the rent page · not a sense of заемам 1 |
The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Bulgarian under it. The subject chip is the lender when the other human is a dative clitic or на, and the borrower when the other phrase is от. On the adverb card the Recipient is still the clitic.
EN · BG · dative clitic
Lend me your iron.
заеми ми желязото си
BG · РБЕ · Гуляшки · ми · the iron is the object · English has a bare object or to · a full noun has no dative ending
Move dative clitic inside ApplHAVE · not a case ending on the noun
EN · BG · на of a named person
Pat lends the book to Chris.
Пат заема книгата на Крис.
BG · constructed · modelled on the definition на някого · no loan citation fills на plus a full noun · Крис has no dative ending
Move на inside ApplHAVE · unfilled in the citations
EN · BG · same заемам · Source от
I had borrowed it from the godmother.
заела го бях от кръстницата
BG · РБЕ · Йовков · от is the person-source · го is the theme · the lemma is the one that also takes ми · Polish od is the other one-lemma person-source with a case ending
Move same lemma · от where English has from and a second verb
EN · BG · adverb назаем
Give me money on loan.
Я дай ми пари назаем
BG · РБЕ · adverb · folk song · ми is still the Recipient · пари is still the Theme · the adverb is not a person-marker
Move назаем beside дам · not a second argument
Argument difference. English lend X to Y does not mean borrow. Pat lent Chris the book and Pat borrowed the book from Chris are two verbs. The recipient of lend is a bare object or to. The source of borrow is from. заемам / заема is one lemma. The give frame has the lender as subject, the thing as object, and the other person as a dative clitic, or as на in the definition. The get frame has the borrower as subject and the person as от. A full noun has no case ending. у is unprinted. Polish pożyczyć uses a bare dative against od plus genitive. Russian одолжить is lender-side, and the converse занять takes у plus genitive. German leihen uses a dative Recipient and a reflexive dative plus von or bei on the borrow frame. Norwegian låne uses a bare object pronoun or til against av. Bulgarian prints no dative ending and no reflexive on the returnable-thing lines. Rent is давам под наем, unlike 貸す.
Dictionary lines · quoted as printed
на някого · му заеме · заеми ми … патрон · заеми ми желязото си · Заех от един другар · заела го бях от кръстницата РБЕ · заемам 1 · senses 1 and 2
Ще ми заемеш ли сто лева за десет дни? · Заели сме много думи от френски език. one-volume · в заем · от френски език
ми зае десет наполеона · да ги заемем от ония, които имат Infolex bibliography · shorter article · на заем
взимат назаем жито · Я дай ми пари назаем · Даде ми колата си назаем РБЕ · adverb · orthography note
The strings below that are not in the block above are constructed, modelled on на някого, от един другар, and the one-volume government Какво. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Пат / Крис continue the named-participant series on продавам.
✓ заеми ми желязото си
РБЕ · Гуляшки · dative clitic · the iron is the object · the one-volume line is Ще ми заемеш ли сто лева
✓ Пат заема книгата на Крис.
constructed · на of the named series · modelled on на някого · not a dictionary line · no clitic doubling in this string
✓ заела го бях от кръстницата
РБЕ · Йовков · sense 2 · от person-source · same lemma as the clitic frame · Караславов prints Заех от един другар with no theme
✓ Пат зае книгата от Крис.
constructed · от of the named series · modelled on от един другар and от кръстницата · у Крис is unprinted and is not this string
✓ Пат зае книгата.
constructed · government Какво · no clitic and no от · the direction is not shown · not a cited line
✓ Я дай ми пари назаем
РБЕ · adverb назаем · the verb is дай · назаем is not the Recipient
* Пат зае Крис книгата.
constructed · bare full noun in the Recipient slot · the printed goal is a dative clitic or на · a full noun has no dative ending
The preposition is an operation on a place the clause already has. A dative clitic is an operation on the Recipient. Neither one adds a second English verb by itself. The lemma stays заемам / заема.
A dative clitic and на. The recipient of the give frame is a dative clitic in the citations, or на plus a noun phrase in the definition. РБЕ prints ми and му. The one-volume example prints ми. на Крис is the same на, constructed. English spells the same role as a bare object or as to. Full Bulgarian noun phrases show no case ending. The clitic is not an ending on Крис. The two clothes stay unranked, as the two buyer clothes stay unranked on продавам. Doubling is unprinted on the loan lines.
от on the same заемам. Sense 2 does not change the lemma. от един другар, от директора, от кръстницата, and от ония, които имат are the person. Polish leaves both directions on pożyczyć and uses od. German adds a reflexive dative and von or bei. No borrow line of the returnable thing read here has a reflexive. у is unprinted.
The aspect pair is a morphological label. РБЕ’s header is imperfective заемам, perfective заема, aorist заех, active participle заел, passive participle зает. The one-volume header is несв. и заема, св. The one-volume wordform tables are the imperfective paradigm, and the aorist cell there is заемах. That cell is not РБЕ’s perfective aorist заех. The citations use both stems: заеме, заеми, заемеш, заел, Заех, зае, and the one-volume ще … заемеш. утре and за десет дни are time phrases in the lines that print them. They are not given an aspect label. The passive label заемам се, заема се страд. is printed. No sense-1 or sense-2 citation is that passive. The older form заимам is named in the article and is not given a frame.
A заемам line with only a theme does not grow a direction out of the verb. РБЕ files the directions under two senses. The one-volume article files both under one sense whose government is Какво. от does not take over the Recipient that the clitic has. That preposition split is the cut od makes, and it is the cut av makes, with no case ending on the Bulgarian noun.
Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The point of the drawing is one object Theme, a Recipient that is a dative clitic or на, and a person-source on the same заемам that is от. Open one sketch at a time. The low ApplHAVE claim is the same working claim as on pay, and it stays revisable.
заемам has both subjects · the pair is заемам / заема
[VoiceP Пат Voice ← Lender · РБЕ sense 1 … ми / на … ] [VoiceP Пат Voice ← Borrower · РБЕ sense 2 … от … ]
✓ заеми ми желязото си РБЕ · the addressee is the Lender
✓ Заех от един другар РБЕ · the subject of sense 2 is the Borrower · same lemma
English puts the two external arguments of the returnable thing on lend and borrow. заемам has both, in two numbered senses of РБЕ, and in one joined sense of the one-volume article. The pair заемам / заема does not open a second lemma.
Lend frame · one Recipient · clitic or на · inside the single verb domain
[VoiceP 2sg Voice
[ApplP_LOW ми Appl_HAVE ← Recipient · HAVE the theme
[VP √заема-
[Theme желязото ] ] ] ] ← Theme · one object
← or на някого · unfilled in the citations
[VoiceP 1sg Voice ← Borrower · sense 2
[VP √заема-
[Theme го ]
[отP от кръстницата ] ] ] ← person-source · от
← у unprinted
The borrow sense is the same verb. The person-source is от. It is not a second numeration, and it is not a reflexive. назаем is the adverb. It is not drawn as a person beside the clitic.
✓ ми · на някого РБЕ · lend frames · the full noun is the definition
✓ от кръстницата · от един другар РБЕ · get frame
✓ от френски език one-volume · a language · not this person of the returnable thing
morphological labels · no aspect claim about the time phrases
заемам, несв. · заема, св. ← РБЕ header
заех · заел · зает ← aorist · participles · РБЕ
несв. и заема, св. ← one-volume header
заемах ← one-volume imperfective aorist cell
· not the perfective заех
утре · за десет дни ← printed · unranked
назаем ← adverb · not a verbal prefix
заимам ← older and dialect form · not a page
✓ мин. св. заех РБЕ · header of заемам 1 and of заемам 2
✓ заеми ми утре някой и друг патрон РБЕ · Елин Пелин · утре stays a time phrase
Nothing here is a claim about aspect. The return condition stays in the definitions that print it.
Working · no English lend page is opened · Polish pożyczyć · Russian одолжить · German leihen
[VoiceP Пат Voice ← Lender
[ApplP_LOW на Крис Appl_HAVE ← Recipient · на
[VP √ЗАЕМА-
[Theme книгата ] ] ] ] ← заемам
· English lend Chris the book
· or lend the book to Chris
· or ми · a clitic
[VoiceP Пат Voice ← Borrower · same заемам
[VP √ЗАЕМА-
[Theme книгата ]
[отP от Крис ] ] ] ← от
· English borrow … from
· Polish pożyczyć … od
· у of this person unprinted
[VoiceP 2sg Voice ← дай … назаем
[ApplP_LOW ми Appl_HAVE
[VP √дам-
[Theme пари ] ] ] ] ← adverb beside the verb
· not a second lemma of case
English keeps the two directions of the returnable thing on two verbs. заемам keeps both, and the marker selects. назаем keeps the temporary-use wording on дам or on вземам without changing the clitic or the object. German keeps both directions and adds a reflexive dative. Rent stays on давам под наем.
| Layer | lend (EN) · no page | borrow (EN) · no page | заемам | pożyczyć · одолжить · leihen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spec,Voice | Lender | Borrower | Lender in the give sense · Borrower in the get sense · one lemma | Polish and German keep both subjects on one lemma · Russian keeps the borrower on занять · German adds a reflexive dative on the borrow frame |
| other party | bare object, or to | from | dative clitic or на on the lend frame · от on the borrow frame · у unprinted · full nouns have no case ending | Polish bare dative, and od + genitive · Russian dative, and у + genitive on the other lemma · German dative, and von or bei |
| object | the theme | the theme | one object, including a sum · clitic го or ги where printed | one accusative on pożyczyć · accusative or partitive genitive on одолжить · one accusative on leihen |
| adverb | none | none | назаем beside дам or вземам · glosses на заем and в заем · not a person-marker | Russian дать взаймы is the money periphrasis · German leihen has no particle |
| rent | rent is another lemma | unasserted here | давам под наем is the rent phrase · заемам 2’s dwelling sense is glossed наемам and is not that phrase | Polish wynajmować · Japanese rent is the same 貸す |
On the lend frame, the recipient comes to HAVE the thing, or the sum, for the stretch the definitions describe and this page does not label. On плащам, the object can be the money. On заемам a money object is the Theme. On давам под наем the phrase is another verb plus под наем, and a person in на is unfilled in the rent example. On 貸す the paid reading stays on the lend verb.
Working paper · October 2026 · Bulgarian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2
Temporary transfer in Bulgarian. One lemma заемам / заема. Lender or borrower as subject. Theme the one object. Recipient a dative clitic or на. Person-source от. Full nouns have no case ending. у is unprinted. назаем is the adverb. Rent is давам под наем.
Not a flat grid of four sisters. A flat grid would give заемам a Recipient, a Source, a Theme, and a rate in one clause. The entries read here do not print that clause. заемам shows one object, the Theme, and one other party: a dative clitic or на when the subject lends, от when the subject borrows from a person.
сто лева = one object. The sum sits in the theme slot. за десет дни is the period in that one-volume example. Безлихвен заем and малки лихви are wording on the noun заем. They are not a second object beside the sum.
What Bulgarian shows, against the English gloss lend X to Y, is where the direction lives. English uses lend or borrow. Lend takes a bare recipient or to. Borrow takes from. заемам uses one lemma. The give marker is a dative clitic or на. The person on the get frame is от. A full noun has no case ending. Polish uses a bare dative against od plus genitive. Russian uses another lemma and у. German uses a reflexive and von or bei.
In заеми ми желязото си, the addressee hands over the iron. In заела го бях от кръстницата, the subject has taken the cup from the godmother. The definitions name a stretch of use and a condition of return. This page quotes that wording and does not add an aspect label.
Dictionary frames: Речник на българския език (БАН), online at ibl.bas.bg, under заемам, the adverb назаем, and the noun заем. The one-volume Речник на българския език at rechnik.chitanka.info, under заемам. The shorter article on the Infolex bibliography page at ibl.bas.bg; that page does not name the dictionary of the shorter block, and the block is quoted as printed there. Езикови справки, въпрос 1138, citing Официален правописен речник (2012). The constructed clauses are Пат заема книгата на Крис, Пат зае книгата от Крис, Пат зае книгата, and the rejected *Пат зае Крис книгата. Index 2 does not list заемам. Bulgarian Transfer in Index 2 is разменям / обменям, давам.
Records заемам / заема as one lemma: a dative clitic or на when the subject lends, от when the subject borrows from a person. Records full nouns with no case ending. Records у as unprinted. Records назаем as an adverb, not as a person-marker. Records rent as давам под наем. Records the occupy reading as заемам 2.