Arguments

Buyer, Goods, Seller, Beneficiary, Price, place · Hungarian cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Buyer] + complement of the root (Goods, accusative -t) + Seller in ablative -tól/-től where a line fills one, or at the adessive vendor where a line fills one + Beneficiary in dative -nak/-nek where a line fills one + Price in causal-final -ért where a line fills one + place in inessive -ban/-ben where a line fills one

A purchase, on this reading, has a Buyer, the Goods, a Seller when a line fills one, a Beneficiary when a line fills one, a Price when a line fills one, and a place when a line fills one. They are not six equal sisters of vesz. Voice adds the Buyer, the nominative subject. The root’s complement is the Goods, accusative -t. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (ÉrtSz), sense III.2 of vesz, is tárgyas and fills burgonyát, cukrot, lisztet, újságot, élelmet, ruhát, telket, bútort, cipőt, könyvet. The same article’s vásárol fills ruhát, húst, autót, házat and the rest of that list. English Wiktionary’s buy sense of vesz fills kenyeret. The Magyar értelmező kéziszótár (ÉKsz) fills Jegyet on vesz and Húst on vásárol. The Seller is not one marker across the entries. ÉrtSz prints the government Vkitől vásárol vmit vmiért on vásárol, and the example a barátomtól. Sense a of that article prints both a termelőnél and a termelőtől, and A sarki fűszeresnél. ÉrtSz megvesz sense 1 prints Megveszem tőled ezt a képet. ÉrtSz vesz III.2 prints the vendor as az utcai árusnál and the shop as a boltban, and that paragraph does not print vkitől. English Wiktionary names the ablative on vesz in the parenthesis “from someone: -tól/-től” and does not fill a clause with it. ÉKsz sense 10 of vesz and the vásárol article print no seller. The Beneficiary the entries print is dative -nak/-nek: Wiktionary nekem, Ady nekem as ÉrtSz prints it, Babits Nellinek, and ÉKsz magának in the definition of megvesz. The postposition számára is unprinted on the buy entries opened. The Price is the causal-final suffix -ért, the name on the Wiktionary case table: ruháért, mennyiért, the schema’s vmiért, and pénzért in the definitions. drágán, olcsón, hitelbe, and készpénzen are also printed, and they are not that suffix. The preverb meg- is an igekötő. It can stand on the verb or follow it. In the lines that print it, the goods stay accusative, and the seller, where one is printed, stays ablative. The drawing is working and revisable. It is not a settled analysis.

What is different from the English gloss. Cambridge prints buy with [+ two objects] in He bought his mother some flowers, and the same line offers He bought some flowers for his mother. The seller in the articles opened is from: I bought my camera from a friend of mine. The frame of buy her a gift is that double object. The person has no preposition and no case ending. English from is one marker. Hungarian splits the vendor. ÉrtSz prints ablative -tól/-től on vásárol (Vkitől vásárol vmit vmiért; a barátomtól) and on megvesz (tőled), and it prints the vendor of vesz III.2 as adessive az utcai árusnál. English for in those Cambridge lines is the person. The person the Hungarian entries print is dative nekem and Nellinek. A second bare accusative for that person is unprinted. The sum is -ért. On kupić the seller the schema prints is od+genitive and the beneficiary is a bare dative, with dla+genitive also printed. Hungarian számára is the postposition Wiktionary glosses as for, and the buy entries opened do not print it. On elad the dative is the buyer and -ért is the price. That dative is the other lemma.

Places · who wears which marking

No printed purchase line stacks a Seller, a Beneficiary, the goods, and a sum. Egy használt ruhát vásároltam a barátomtól has the goods and the ablative, and no dative and no -ért. Gyula ruhákat vásárolt Nellinek has the goods and the dative, and no seller and no price. Használt ruháért vett élelmet has the price and the goods, and no seller and no beneficiary. Megveszem tőled ezt a képet has the goods and the ablative, with meg- on the verb.

Printed seller · ablative -tól/-től on vásárol

✓ Egy használt ruhát vásároltam a barátomtól. ÉrtSz · vásárol

I bought a used piece of clothing from my friend · ruhát is accusative · a barátomtól is ablative · the schema line is Vkitől vásárol vmit vmiért

Printed vendor · adessive on vesz · inessive shop

✓ Veszek egy újságot az utcai árusnál. · Végy a boltban burgonyát, cukrot, lisztet. ÉrtSz · vesz III.2

I’ll buy a newspaper at the street vendor’s · buy potatoes, sugar, flour in the shop · újságot and burgonyát are accusative · árusnál is adessive · boltban is inessive · that paragraph does not print vkitől

Places of Hungarian buy: introducer, marking, status, English marking
PlaceIntroduced by (working)Hungarian markingStatusEnglish marking
BuyerSpec,Voicenominative subject (Veszek, vásároltam, Gyula)structural subject · the finite verb prints the person · Végy prints no separate nominative nounsubject of buy
Goodscomplement of the rootaccusative -t (kenyeret, újságot, ruhát, képet, húst, jegyet)structural object · ÉrtSz tárgyas · ÉKsz ts · Wiktionary transitiveobject of buy · second object of Cambridge’s [+ two objects]
Sellerablative -tól/-től where the line fills onevkitől · a barátomtól · a termelőtől · tőledÉrtSz schema of vásárol · ÉrtSz megvesz · Wiktionary names the suffix on vesz and fills no clause · ÉrtSz III.2 of vesz does not print it · ÉKsz purchase senses print no sellerfrom + person (from a friend of mine)
Vendor / shop as adessive or inessiveadessive -nál/-nél · inessive -ban/-benaz utcai árusnál · a termelőnél · a sarki fűszeresnél · a boltbanÉrtSz vesz III.2 prints the adessive vendor and the inessive shop · vásárol sense a prints adessive beside ablativethe Cambridge lines opened print from of a person · a shop phrase is unprinted there
Beneficiarydative -nak/-nek · no prepositionnekem · Nellinek · magánakWiktionary “for someone: -nak/-nek” · Ady · Babits · ÉKsz definition of megvesz · számára unprinted on the buy entries · a second bare accusative unprintedfirst object of [+ two objects] (his mother, the shape of buy her a gift) · or for + person
Pricecausal-final -ért · working MeasureP inside the phrase that fills oneruháért · mennyiért · vmiért · pénzért · készpénzért · száz forintértÉrtSz · the schema’s third slot · ÉKsz and Wikiszótár put pénzért in the definition · Czuczor–Fogarasi prints száz forintért · drágán, olcsón, hitelbe, készpénzen are also printedCambridge’s commercial lines opened here do not print a numeral for · the for they print is the beneficiary
Preverb meg-the igekötő · morphologyattached in Megveszem, megveszem · after the verb in veszi meg, Vedd meg · separated by van in meg van véve · nem vásárol meg, meg is vásárolthe printed lines keep accusative goods · the seller, where megvesz prints one, stays ablative · the purchase table of Wiktionary megvesz copies an eszik split string · no new argumentEnglish buy has no preverb in the lines opened

Marking map. One case can belong to several heads. Read the line, then the marker. Case names are the Wiktionary case table’s: accusative -t, dative -nak/-nek, ablative -tól/-től, adessive -nál/-nél, inessive -ban/-ben, causal-final -ért. Rounds, Hungarian: An Essential Grammar, was not opened. Kenesei and the other authors of Hungarian were not opened.

EN ⇄ HU valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Hungarian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (from / for ↔ the Hungarian marker the line prints). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Hungarian valency alignment for buy / vesz, one row per argument
SlotEN formHU formAlignEN exampleHU example
BuyerSUBJ of buynominative=I bought my camera from a friend of mine CambridgeVeszek ÉrtSz · Gyula ÉrtSz · Babits
GoodsOBJ of buyaccusative -t=buy a small car Cambridgekenyeret Wiktionary · újságot ÉrtSz · ruhát ÉrtSz
Seller as ablativefrom + person-tól/-tőlshift · from ↔ ablativeI bought my camera from a friend of mine Cambridgea barátomtól ÉrtSz · vásárol · tőled ÉrtSz · megvesz
Vendor as adessivefrom + person-nál/-nélthe vendor ÉrtSz prints on vesz III.2 · the schema ablative is the other articlethe same Cambridge fromaz utcai árusnál ÉrtSz · vesz III.2 · a termelőnél ÉrtSz · vásárol a
Beneficiaryfor + person, or the first object of [+ two objects]dative -nak/-nek= the person · the Hungarian form is a case ending · English her has no case endingHe bought some flowers for his mother Cambridge · the slash-mate of the double objectnekem Wiktionary · Ady · Nellinek ÉrtSz · Babits
Beneficiary as számárafor + personpostposition · unprinted on the buy entriesWiktionary lists it as a synonym of -nak/-nek · the examples are not buythe same Cambridge forkezdők számára Wiktionary · számára · not a buy clause
Price as -értunprinted as a numeral for in the Cambridge lines openedcausal-final -értthe price suffix is printed · English for in the lines opened is the person—mennyiért · ruháért ÉrtSz · száz forintért Czuczor–Fogarasi
Shopunprinted in the lines openedinessive a boltbanÉrtSz III.2 · the adessive vendor is the other phrase—a boltban ÉrtSz · vesz III.2

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Hungarian under it. The seller card stays inside the ablative. The vendor card stays inside the adessive. The person card stays inside the dative. The price card stays inside -ért.

EN · HU · printed ablative

a barátomtól

I bought my camera from a friend of mine.

Egy használt ruhát vásároltam a barátomtól.

HU · ÉrtSz · vásárol · EN · Cambridge · from · megvesz prints tőled

RolesHide roles BuyerSellerGoods
Buyer vásároltam Seller from my friend · a barátomtól Goods a used garment · ruhát

Move English from is ablative on this article · vesz III.2 prints the vendor as adessive árusnál · Polish seller od is not this suffix · the dative is not this seller

EN · HU · printed dative

Nellinek

He bought some flowers for his mother.

Gyula ruhákat vásárolt Nellinek.

HU · ÉrtSz · Babits · EN · Cambridge · for of a person · Wiktionary prints nekem · the double object is buy her a gift

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods
Buyer Gyula Beneficiary for Nelli · Nellinek Goods clothes · ruhákat

= the person matches · the Hungarian form is dative -nak/-nek · English needs for or the double object · számára is unprinted on the buy entries · Polish Michałkowi is the same bare dative

EN · HU · printed -ért

mennyiért

He bought the food for that sum.

Használt ruháért vett élelmet. Hogy v. mennyiért vetted?

HU · ÉrtSz · vesz III.2 · EN gloss constructed · Czuczor–Fogarasi prints száz forintért

RolesHide roles GoodsPrice
Goods food · élelmet Price ruháért · mennyiért

= -ért is the price · causal-final on the Wiktionary case table · Cambridge for in the lines opened is the person · drágán and készpénzen are other printed cloths

EN · HU · printed adessive and inessive

árusnál

I bought a newspaper from the street vendor.

Veszek egy újságot az utcai árusnál. Végy a boltban burgonyát.

HU · ÉrtSz · vesz III.2 · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles GoodsVendor
Goods a newspaper · újságot Vendor at the street vendor’s · árusnál · shop a boltban

Move ÉrtSz III.2 prints adessive -nál for the vendor and inessive -ban for the shop · the ablative schema is on vásárol · English from does not split them

Examples

Argument difference. English can package the beneficiary and the goods as two bare objects, He bought his mother some flowers, the shape of buy her a gift, or put that person in for, and it puts the seller in from. Hungarian prints one accusative, the goods. The person with a case ending and no postposition is dative -nak/-nek. The seller ÉrtSz prints on vásárol and on megvesz is ablative -tól/-től. The vendor ÉrtSz prints on vesz III.2 is adessive. The price is -ért. On elad the dative is the buyer, and the seller is the subject. That seller is not the ablative of vásárol.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

tárgyas <Megvehető, ill. eladható dolgot> vásárol. Hitelbe, készpénzen vesz; drágán, olcsón vesz vmit; bútort, cipőt, könyvet vesz. Használt ruháért vett élelmet. Hogy v. mennyiért vetted? Végy a boltban burgonyát, cukrot, lisztet. Hol veszitek a tejet? Veszek egy újságot az utcai árusnál. ÉrtSz · vesz III.2

De nekem új ruhát veszen. ÉrtSz · Ady · dative nekem · accusative ruhát

a földön telket vesz belőle. ÉrtSz · József Attila · accusative telket

Jegyet vesz az előadásra; villamosjegyet vesz. · Vesz és elad. ÉrtSz · III.2.a the ticket · III.2.b objectless, Kosztolányi vesznek · beside the goods frame

Vkitől vásárol vmit vmiért; autót, földet, gépet, gyümölcsöt, házat, húst, öröklakást, ruhát, tehenet vásárol. · Egy használt ruhát vásároltam a barátomtól. ÉrtSz · vásárol · kissé választékos · ablative seller · accusative goods · vmiért in the schema

Gyula ruhákat vásárolt Nellinek. · gépet vásárolt. ÉrtSz · Babits · Móricz · dative beneficiary · no seller in these lines

Vhol, vkinél vásárol vmit; a termelőnél v. a termelőtől vásárolja a tejet. A sarki fűszeresnél vásárolja a kenyeret. ÉrtSz · vásárol sense a · adessive and ablative both printed

hitelbe, készpénzért v. készpénzen, könyvre vásárol. Elment vásárolni. ÉrtSz · sense b · objectless · készpénzért is -ért

Pénzért megszerez, megvásárol (1) magának vmit. Megvettem az anyagot az új ruhához. Megveszem tőled ezt a képet. Megveszed a jegyet a cirkuszba? ÉrtSz · megvesz sense 1 · ablative tőled · dative magának in the definition

a Posztó meg van véve rég. · hát az ördög veszi meg. ÉrtSz · Petőfi · József Attila · meg- after van, and after the verb

Vedd meg ezt a lovat, oda adom száz forintért. Ha olcsón adod, megveszem. Czuczor–Fogarasi · megvesz · accusative lovat · -ért · preverb after the imperative, and attached in megveszem

(t. n. is) Pénzért szerez, vásárol. Jegyet ~. ÉKsz · vesz sense 10 · no seller · no dative

Pénzért tulajdonául (rendszeresen) megszerez vmit. Húst ~. · Hitelbe ~. ÉKsz · vásárol · accusative húst · objectless hitelbe

Pénzért megszerez magának, megvásárol vmit. · <Árut> vásárlással megszerez, megvesz. ÉKsz · megvesz 1 · megvásárol 1 · no seller frame on megvásárol

to buy (optionally: from someone: -tól/-től, for someone: -nak/-nek). · Vegyél nekem kenyeret, légy szíves. English Wiktionary · vesz sense 3 · synonyms vásárol, megvásárol, megvesz · antonym elad · the ablative is named and unfilled

Pénzért terméket keres. · synonyms megvesz, vesz Hungarian Wiktionary · vásárol · no case frame · megvásárol is in the igekötős list

The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem vásárol meg or meg is vásárol. English Wiktionary · megvásárol · the purchase table of megvesz prints nem esz meg, the eszik string

Ezt az embert is megvette. · Megveszteget. ÉrtSz · megvesz sense 2 · ÉKsz senses 2 · off the purchase frame

He bought his mother some flowers / He bought some flowers for his mother. · I bought my camera from a friend of mine. · buy a small car. Cambridge · buy · [+ two objects] is the entry’s label · the slash is the entry’s

A magyar nyelv nagyszótára was not quoted. No purchase frame is taken from a published elvásárol article. Rounds and Kenesei were not opened. not read

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat continues the named-participant series. A name does not spell a role.

✓ Pat vesz nekem kenyeret.

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods
Buyer Pat Beneficiary nekem Goods kenyeret

constructed · modelled on Vegyél nekem kenyeret · dative, the match of buy her a gift

✓ Pat vásárol ruhát a barátomtól.

RolesHide roles BuyerSellerGoods
Buyer Pat Seller a barátomtól Goods ruhát

constructed · modelled on Egy használt ruhát vásároltam a barátomtól · ablative seller · no -ért in that line

✓ Pat vesz újságot az árusnál.

RolesHide roles BuyerGoodsVendor
Buyer Pat Goods újságot Vendor az árusnál

constructed · modelled on Veszek egy újságot az utcai árusnál · adessive · the shop in the same paragraph is a boltban

* Pat vesz lányt kenyeret.

RolesHide roles PersonGoods
Person lányt Goods kenyeret

constructed · two bare accusatives · the printed person beside the goods is dative nekem / Nellinek · English her in buy her a gift has no case ending · lányt kenyeret is not a printed line

  1. ✓ kenyeret · újságot · ruhát Wiktionary · ÉrtSz · goods · accusative -t
  2. ✓ a barátomtól · tőled ÉrtSz · seller · ablative · vásárol and megvesz
  3. ✓ az utcai árusnál · a boltban ÉrtSz · vesz III.2 · adessive vendor · inessive shop
  4. ✓ nekem · Nellinek Wiktionary · Ady · Babits · beneficiary · dative
  5. ✓ mennyiért · ruháért · száz forintért ÉrtSz · Czuczor–Fogarasi · price · causal-final -ért
  6. ✓ veszi meg · Vedd meg · nem vásárol meg ÉrtSz · Czuczor–Fogarasi · Wiktionary · the preverb follows the verb · goods stay accusative
  7. ✓ drágán · hitelbe · készpénzen ÉrtSz · printed beside -ért · not that suffix

What the passive shows

A passive would be an operation on the same places. It would not add a participant. ÉrtSz prints a Posztó meg van véve rég. The goods are the subject of that phrase. meg and véve are separated by van. No buyer is in the clause. The paradigm cells print vett and megvett. A finite passive of the goods of vesz that names the buyer, and a passive that keeps a seller or a beneficiary, are unprinted. Nothing further is constructed. No telicity claim is made from the participle.

The other senses stay off the purchase frame. ÉrtSz I is taking and holding. II is removal, including vért vesz. III.1 is obtaining, Honnan vetted ezt a könyvet?, which Wiktionary files as the get sense, not the buy sense. III.3 is bérbe vesz and the other fixed phrases. III.4 is hiring and marrying. ÉKsz senses 1–9 and 11 stay with those articles. Wiktionary senses 1, 2, and 4–7 — take, get, lessons (tőle), consider, put on — stay off the purchase frame. The intransitive homonym is vész / veszik. megvesz sense 2 is the bribe. Sense 2 of megvásárol is the same. The objectless stock line, Kosztolányi vesznek, stays beside the goods frame and is not given a new clause. Cambridge’s She'll never buy that story is the English believe sense. It is not given a Hungarian clause here.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Buyer to Voice, the Goods to the root, a Seller to ablative -tól/-től where a line prints one, a vendor to adessive -nál/-nél where a line prints one, a Beneficiary to dative -nak/-nek where a line prints one, a Price to -ért where a line prints one, and a place to inessive -ban/-ben where a line prints one. The preverb meg- is drawn as morphology. It does not add a place. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note. The paradigm prints a causative cell, vetet and megvetet. No purchase clause is attached to it.

Voice · the Buyer is the external argument

Printed · the finite verb · one external argument

[TP Gyula
  [VoiceP Gyula Voice                 ← Buyer = Spec,Voice
    … vásárolt … ]]

✓ Gyula ruhákat vásárolt Nellinek. ÉrtSz · Babits

The external argument is the Buyer. English keeps that one subject on buy. A finite passive of the goods of vesz is unprinted. meg van véve has the goods as its subject and no buyer. On elad the external argument is the Seller, not this Buyer. The seller of vásárol, where the schema fills one, is ablative -tól/-től.

Seller ablative or adessive · Beneficiary dative · Price -ért · preverb meg-

One accusative · one seller suffix where the line prints one · one dative · working, revisable

[VoiceP vásároltam Voice
  [VP √vásárol-
     [Theme ruhát ]
     [Abl a barátomtól ]]]            ← ÉrtSz
                                          ← Vkitől … vmit vmiért
                                          ← vmiért unfilled here

[VoiceP Veszek Voice
  [VP √vesz-
     [Theme újságot ]
     [Ade az utcai árusnál ]]]        ← ÉrtSz III.2
                                          ← adessive, not vkitől
                                          ← a boltban is inessive

[VoiceP Gyula Voice
  [VP √vásárol-
     [Theme ruhákat ]
     [Dat Nellinek ]]]                ← ÉrtSz · Babits
                                          ← Wiktionary nekem
                                          ← English buy her a gift
                                          ← számára unprinted

[VoiceP vett Voice
  [VP √vesz-
     [Theme élelmet ]
     [ért ruháért ]]]                 ← ÉrtSz
                                          ← mennyiért
                                          ← száz forintért is Czuczor

[VoiceP Megveszem Voice
  [VP meg- √vesz-
     [Theme képet ]
     [Abl tőled ]]]                   ← ÉrtSz
                                          ← meg- adds no argument
                                          ← veszi meg keeps the goods

The Seller phrase and the Beneficiary phrase are not one marker. Ablative -tól/-től is the seller in the vásárol schema and in tőled. Adessive -nál/-nél is the vendor in az utcai árusnál. The dative is the beneficiary in Nellinek and nekem. -ért of ruháért is the price. meg- stands on Megveszem and follows the verb in veszi meg. The goods stay accusative in both lines.

✓ a barátomtól ÉrtSz · seller · ablative

✓ Nellinek ÉrtSz · beneficiary · dative

✓ ruháért ÉrtSz · price

* Pat vesz lányt kenyeret. constructed · two bare accusatives · unprinted

English counterpart · from, for, and the double object · Polish od and the dative

Working · no English buy page is opened · Polish is kupić · German is kaufen · the converse is elad

[VoiceP I Voice
  [VP √BUY
     [Theme my camera ]
     [PP from [ a friend of mine ]]]]     ← Cambridge
                                          · vásárol: -tól/-től
                                          · vesz III.2: -nál
                                          · not the dative
                                          · Polish od+GEN

[VoiceP he Voice
  [ApplP her Appl                         ← Beneficiary · bare object
    [VP √BUY
       [Theme a gift ]]]]                 ← buy her a gift
                                          · Cambridge his mother
                                          · Hungarian Nellinek
                                          · a second accusative is unprinted

[VoiceP he Voice
  [VP √BUY
     [Theme some flowers ]
     [PP for [ his mother ]]]]            ← the same Cambridge line
                                          · Hungarian dative
                                          · számára unprinted on buy
                                          · -ért is the price, not this person

Cambridge’s from is the seller. vásárol spells that person as ablative -tól/-től. vesz III.2 spells the vendor as adessive -nál/-nél. Polish spells the seller the schema prints as od plus genitive. Cambridge’s for of a person, and the first object of [+ two objects], are the beneficiary. Hungarian spells that person as dative -nak/-nek. The sum is -ért. The divergence from English buy her a gift is the dative: English needs for or the double object, and the Hungarian person in the dative line has a case ending and no postposition. The divergence from English from is the split between ablative and adessive. German kaufen spells the beneficiary as a bare dative. German abkaufen spells the seller as a bare dative. Hungarian keeps the printed seller of vásárol on the ablative.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English buy, Hungarian vesz, Polish kupić, and German kaufen
Layerbuy (EN) · no pagevesz / vásárolkupićkaufen
Spec,VoiceBuyerBuyer · on elad this layer is the SellerBuyer · on sprzedać this layer is the SellerBuyer · on verkaufen this layer is the Seller
Beneficiarybare first object, or for + persondative -nak/-nek · nekem · Nellinek · számára unprinted on the buy entries · a second accusative unprintedbare dative · Michałkowi · and dla+genitivebare dative on kaufen
Sellerfrom + personablative on vásárol and on megvesz · adessive vendor on vesz III.2 · not the dativeod+genitive · u+genitive is a collocationbare dative on abkaufen
Goodsobjectaccusative -taccusative · genitive under negationaccusative
Priceunprinted as a numeral for in the lines openedcausal-final -ért · mennyiért · száz forintértza+accusativefür + a sum
Shopunprinted in the lines openedinessive a boltban · adessive vendor is the other phrasew or na plus locativebei, unranked

On vesz the subject is the buyer. A seller phrase, where vásárol or megvesz prints one, is ablative. A vendor phrase, where vesz III.2 prints one, is adessive. A beneficiary phrase is a dative. The analogy with English from and for is the added person-phrase. It is not a claim that a beneficiary and a seller are one role.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Hungarian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Buying in Hungarian is not one ablative. Buyer (Voice, nominative), Goods (complement of the root, accusative -t), Seller in ablative -tól/-től on vásárol and on megvesz, vendor in adessive -nál/-nél on vesz III.2, Beneficiary in dative -nak/-nek. Price is causal-final -ért. The preverb meg- splits and adds no argument in the printed lines. English buy her a gift needs for or the double object. The Hungarian match of that person is the dative. English from is one marker. Hungarian prints ablative and adessive on different articles.

HU micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 ablative seller · dative beneficiary PL kupić live JA 買う live RU купить live PT comprar live IT comprare live ES comprar live FR acheter live DE kaufen live

Sense × language: buy · Hungarian (vesz / megvesz). vásárol / megvásárol stay on this page where a dictionary prints them. The purchase sense is the page. The bribe sense and the medical vért vesz stay off the frame. No English buy hub. Geometry neighbors: buy · kupić, buy · 買う, buy · kaufen. Converse: elad. No Index 2 Hungarian cell lists this verb. Index 2 Hungarian Payment is fizet, átutal.

Working paper. Hungarian micro-entry, the ninth language of buy. Dictionary frames were read on ÉrtSz (vesz, vásárol, megvesz), on ÉKsz (the same four headwords, including megvásárol), on English Wiktionary, on Hungarian Wiktionary vásárol, on the Wiktionary case table of -ért, and on Czuczor–Fogarasi megvesz, with Cambridge for English buy.
Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Every other full clause is marked constructed. The bare double accusative is starred because the filled person-marking beside the goods is a dative.
Arity: several places, not one flat verb. Index 2 does not list vesz. Surface count can name a buyer, the goods, a seller, a beneficiary, a price, and a place. The lexicon does not list those as co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Buyer. The root takes the Goods. Ablative -tól/-től adds a Seller where a line fills one. Adessive -nál/-nél adds the vendor where vesz III.2 fills one. A dative adds a Beneficiary where a line fills one. -ért adds a Price where a line prints one. Inessive -ban/-ben adds the shop where a boltban prints one. meg- is the preverb. No telicity claim is made from it.
What this page does not do. It does not open an English page of buy. It does not edit the other buy pages. The bribe sense stops at the citation. Rounds and Kenesei were not opened. A magyar nyelv nagyszótára was not quoted.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of six sisters, and not one case copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Buyer. The root takes the Goods. Ablative -tól/-től adds the Seller where the line is a barátomtól or tőled. Adessive -nál/-nél adds the vendor where the line is az utcai árusnál. A dative adds the Beneficiary where the line is nekem or Nellinek. -ért of a price adds a Price. Inessive a boltban adds the shop. meg- is morphology. The drawing is working and revisable.

What Hungarian changes, against English from, is that the seller suffix depends on the article. vásárol and megvesz print the ablative. vesz III.2 prints the adessive. What Hungarian changes, against English buy her a gift, is that the person is a morphological dative. English needs for or the double object. számára is a postposition in the Wiktionary entry of that word, and the buy articles do not print it. The price is -ért, and Cambridge’s for in the lines opened is the person. Against Polish, the seller is a case suffix rather than od, and dla has no printed Hungarian match on these entries. The preverb is the dictionaries’ igekötő. It is not a claim about an endpoint.

Geometry · buy beside kupić and kaufen

  • English buy. Beneficiary as the first object of [+ two objects], the shape of buy her a gift, or in for. Seller in from. A numeral for is unprinted in the lines opened. No English page is opened.
  • vesz / megvesz. Nominative buyer. Accusative goods. Beneficiary as a dative. Seller as ablative on vásárol and on megvesz. Vendor as adessive on vesz III.2. Price -ért. Shop a boltban. Preverb meg-, with no added argument in the printed lines. vásárol is the kissé választékos article, and it is the one that prints Vkitől vásárol vmit vmiért.
  • kupić / kupować. Nominative buyer. Accusative goods. Seller in od+genitive. Beneficiary as a bare dative and as dla+genitive. Price za+accusative. Hungarian seller is a case suffix. Hungarian prints no dla match on the buy entries. The dative beneficiary matches.
  • kaufen. Bare dative beneficiary, the Hungarian dative’s reading. On abkaufen the bare dative is the seller. Hungarian keeps the printed seller of vásárol on the ablative. On elad the dative is the buyer and -ért is the price.
  • купить and 買う. Russian seller, where a quotation prints one, is у+genitive, and the beneficiary is a bare dative. Japanese beneficiary is に and the seller Saito prints is から. Hungarian beneficiary dative has no particle. Hungarian ablative is not から.

Open items

  • Ablative vkitől inside ÉrtSz vesz III.2. Unprinted in that paragraph. The vendor there is az utcai árusnál. Wiktionary names -tól/-től on vesz and fills no clause. The filled ablatives are on vásárol and on megvesz.
  • A dative glossed as the seller. Unprinted. nekem and Nellinek are the beneficiary. The seller in the citations that print one is ablative, or the adessive vendor.
  • számára as the beneficiary of buy. Unprinted on the buy entries opened. Wiktionary glosses the postposition as for and lists -nak/-nek as a synonym. The examples are not buy.
  • Seller, beneficiary, goods, and a sum in one clause. Unprinted. The schema Vkitől vásárol vmit vmiért names three slots and the filled example has no -ért. The ruháért line has no seller. The Babits line has no seller and no price. Not constructed as a stack.
  • A finite passive of the goods of vesz that names the buyer. Unprinted. meg van véve has no agent. Not constructed. Not read as an endpoint.
  • The purchase split-string of Wiktionary megvesz. The table prints nem esz meg. That is the eszik template. nem vesz meg is on the intransitive megvész table. The verb-specific purchase split that is printed is nem vásárol meg.
  • Rounds, and Kenesei et al. Not opened. Case names on this page are the Wiktionary case table’s. No sentence from either grammar is quoted.
  • A magyar nyelv nagyszótára. Not quoted. No frame is taken from a published elvásárol article.
  • A numeral for on English buy. Unprinted in the Cambridge lines opened here. Not supplied from outside those lines.

Corpus filenames and sources

Dictionary frames: ÉrtSz, Bárczi, Országh, and others, 1959–1962, vesz, vásárol, and megvesz, on the Arcanum text; ÉKsz, HUN-REN, vesz, vásárol, megvesz, and megvásárol; English Wiktionary; Hungarian Wiktionary vásárol; the Wiktionary entry -ért for the case table, and számára; Czuczor–Fogarasi, megvesz; Cambridge buy. Literary lines are quoted only as those entries print them. Ady, Babits, Móricz, József Attila, Petőfi, Arany, Mikszáth, and Kosztolányi are ÉrtSz’s citations. Rounds was not opened. Kenesei et al. were not opened. A magyar nyelv nagyszótára was not quoted. Index 2 does not list this lemma.

Records the nominative Buyer and the accusative Goods of vesz. Records the Seller as ablative -tól/-től on vásárol and on megvesz, and the vendor as adessive on vesz III.2. Records the Beneficiary as dative -nak/-nek. Records -ért of a price, and the other cloths printed beside it. Records meg- as a preverb that splits, with no added argument in the printed lines. Records the divergence from English from and from English buy her a gift. Does not open an English page.