buy · Polish (kupić / kupować) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Buyer, Goods, Seller, Beneficiary, Price, place · Polish cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Buyer] + complement of the root (Goods, accusative; genitive under negation; partitive genitive where a line prints one) + Seller in od+genitive where a line fills one + Beneficiary as a bare dative where a line fills one, or in dla+genitive where a line fills one + Price in za+accusative where a line fills one + place in w or na plus locative where a line fills one

A purchase, on this reading, has a Buyer, the Goods, a Seller when a line fills one, a Beneficiary when a line fills one, a Price when a line fills one, and a place when a line fills one. They are not six equal sisters of kupić. Voice adds the Buyer, the nominative subject. WSJP’s purchase schema, sense labeled mieszkanie, opens with Rz osobowy. The citations fill Myśmy kupili and miasto wolałoby kupić. The root’s complement is the Goods. The same schema writes that complement as CO. The collocation list fills accusatives: chleb, mieszkanie, samochód, nieruchomość. Wikisłownik’s syntax line on imperfective kupować is kupować + B., and the parenthesis is nie kupować + D. SJP PWN’s headword is the pair kupić — kupować, and the purchase definition is nabyć coś za pewną sumę pieniędzy. The word page lists kupić + biernik among the syntax notes. A genitive under negation is the Wikisłownik parenthesis and Wolański’s pair Kupię chleb, ale: Nie kupię chleba. It is not a second line of the WSJP schema. A partitive genitive in an affirmative clause is printed in the PWN advice column: Wolański’s Musimy kupić na jutro chleba, glossed trochę, and Kłosińska’s kupiła cukierków beside kupiła cukierki. WSJP’s goods collocation prints accusative chleb, not chleba. The Beneficiary WSJP’s schema prints twice: bare KOMU, and dla KOGO. The dative citation is samochodzik Michałkowi. The dla citation is kwiaty dla Grace. The Seller in that schema is od KOGO. The citations fill od WSK and od brata Mikołaja. A collocation u sąsiada is also printed, and so is sprzęt kupiony u nas. u is not the schema’s seller slot. The Price is za CO: za symboliczną cenę, za 230 grzywien, and Wikisłownik’s za 100 złotych. The place Wikisłownik writes into the syntax line is w + Ms. WSJP’s schema box does not name a place. The collocations do: w sklepie, and na rynku, na targu. Those nouns are locative. The aspect pair is the dictionaries’ label, dokonany with odpowiednik aspektowy: kupować, and Wikisłownik’s dokonany (ndk. kupować). The drawing is working and revisable. It is not a settled analysis.

What is different from the English gloss. Cambridge prints buy with [+ two objects] in He bought his mother some flowers, and the same line offers He bought some flowers for his mother. The seller in the articles opened is from: I bought my camera from a friend of mine. The frame of buy her a gift is that double object. The person has no preposition and no case ending. Polish does not print a second accusative for that person. The schema slot is KOMU, a bare dative, and the citation fills Michałkowi beside samochodzik. English needs for, or the double object. The bare dative is the Polish match of that person, and it is the point where the frame diverges: the person has a dative ending and no preposition. dla+genitive is also printed, dla Grace, so the preposition is not missing. It is the other schema line, not a substitute invented for English for. On купить the beneficiary is a bare dative, ребёнку, and для+genitive is unprinted. Polish prints both. The seller those Russian quotations print is у+genitive. The seller WSJP’s schema prints is od+genitive. Polish u+genitive is a collocation and a participle line, and it is not that schema slot. On 買う the beneficiary IPAL prints is に, 娘に, and the seller Saito prints is から. The Polish dative has no particle. から is not od. The price name Polish and Russian print is za / за plus accusative. The Japanese price in the articles opened is で or に of a sum. Cambridge’s for in the lines opened here is the person, not a numeral.

Places · who wears which marking

No printed line stacks a Seller, a Beneficiary, the goods, and a sum. The 1460 citation has od brata Mikołaja, części, w Dobrej, and za 230 grzywien, and no dative. The Michałek citation has Michałkowi and samochodzik, and no od and no za. Kupił kwiaty dla Grace has dla and the flowers, and no seller and no price.

Printed seller · od plus genitive

✓ miasto wolałoby kupić nieruchomość od WSK za symboliczną cenę WSJP · sense mieszkanie · NKJP: Łukasz Sikora, Dziennik Polski, 2003

the city would rather buy the property from WSK for a symbolic price · od WSK is the seller · nieruchomość is accusative · za symboliczną cenę is the price

Printed beneficiary · bare dative, no preposition

✓ Myśmy kupili samochodzik Michałkowi na jego pierwsze urodziny. WSJP · NKJP: Usenet, 1999

we bought Michałek a little car for his first birthday · Michałkowi is dative · samochodzik is accusative · na urodziny is not the shop

Places of Polish buy: introducer, marking, status, English marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Polish marking	Status	English marking
Buyer	Spec,Voice	nominative subject (Myśmy, miasto, matka, rodzice)	structural subject · the schema opens with Rz osobowy · Kupił kwiaty prints no separate nominative noun	subject of buy
Goods	complement of the root	accusative (chleb, nieruchomość, samochodzik, kwiaty, mleko, talerze)	structural object · schema CO · Wikisłownik B. · SJP PWN coś and the note kupić + biernik	object of buy · second object of Cambridge’s [+ two objects]
Goods under negation	the same complement, genitive	chleba in Nie kupię chleba	Wikisłownik nie kupować + D. · Wolański’s pair · unprinted in the WSJP schema box	the object stays in the Cambridge lines opened
Goods as partitive genitive	the same complement, where the advice column fills one	chleba · cukierków · sera · kartofli	PWN Poradnia · WSJP’s goods list prints accusative chleb · not a second government in the schema	unprinted as a partitive object
Seller	od+genitive	od WSK · od brata · od sąsiada	schema od KOGO · Wikisłownik od + D. · a bare dative is not this seller	from + person (from a friend of mine)
Beneficiary	bare dative · no preposition · or dla+genitive	Michałkowi · córce · synowi · dla Grace · dla syna	schema KOMU and schema dla KOGO · both printed · a second bare accusative is unprinted	first object of [+ two objects] (his mother, the shape of buy her a gift) · or for + person
Price	za+accusative · working MeasureP inside the phrase that fills one	za symboliczną cenę · za 230 grzywien · za 100 złotych · za pieniądze · za gotówkę	schema za CO · Wikisłownik za + B. · w cenie is a different phrase · za granicą is a place	Cambridge’s commercial lines opened here do not print a numeral for · the for they print is the beneficiary
Shop / place	w or na plus locative · revisable	w sklepie · w aptece · na rynku · na targu · w Dobrej	Wikisłownik writes w + Ms. into the syntax line · na+locative is a WSJP collocation, not that syntax line · the schema box names no place · pod sklepem is instrumental	a shop phrase is unprinted in the Cambridge lines opened

Marking map. One case can belong to several heads. Read the line, then the marker.

Nominative of the Buyer. WSJP’s schema is Rz osobowy + kupić. The collocations name chłopak, klient, matka, ojciec and rodzice kupią coś. The citation Myśmy kupili samochodzik Michałkowi has nominative My with the clitic śmy. miasto wolałoby kupić has nominative miasto. Wikisłownik’s Zbiegł do pobliskiego sklepu, by kupić mleko puts the buyer on Zbiegł, and the infinitive fills no second nominative. Tu kupowano talerze is the impersonal. The buyer is the subject where a line prints one. It is not the od-phrase and not the dative.
Accusative of the goods. Genitive under negation, and a partitive genitive where the advice column prints one. WSJP’s definition is otrzymać coś za określoną sumę pieniędzy. The schema complement is CO. The collocations include chleb, cukier, książkę, mieszkanie, samochód, nieruchomość. The citations fill nieruchomość, samochodzik, kwiaty, and części. Wikisłownik on kupić prints kupić mleko i płatki owsiane and kupione kredki. On kupować the syntax is kupować + B. (nie kupować + D.), and the examples fill talerze, szklanki and bilety. SJP PWN defines the pair as nabyć coś za pewną sumę pieniędzy and lists kupić + biernik. Wolański, Poradnia, 10.10.2022: the verb ma zasadniczo rząd biernikowy, and the pair is Kupię chleb, ale: Nie kupię chleba, with Nie powinieneś kupować chleba and Chleba nie kupiłem. The same answer prints the affirmative partitive: Musimy kupić na jutro chleba, in the sense trochę. Kłosińska, 19.01.2018: kupiła cukierki is the accusative, and kupiła cukierków is the partitive, glossed as a quantity; the same answer pairs Kupił ser with Kupiła sera. Bańko, 29.03.2008: kupić kartofli means trochę, beside kupić kartofle. WSJP does not print chleba on the purchase sense. The collocation is accusative chleb. The partitive is the advice column’s, not a second schema line.
The Seller is od plus genitive. u is a collocation, not that slot. The schema line is CO + (od KOGO) + (za CO). Collocations: kupić od brata, od sąsiada, od handlarza, od producentów. Citations: kupić nieruchomość od WSK, and kupił od brata Mikołaja części w Dobrej za 230 grzywien. Mikołaja is genitive on the noun brata, the brother Mikołaj, not a second object of kupił. Wikisłownik’s syntax includes od + D., and the collocation is od kogoś. A further collocation is kupić u sąsiada, u handlarza, u kwiaciarek, and the participle citation is sprzęt kupiony u nas. The schema does not write u KOGO into the seller slot. On купить the seller quotations print is у+genitive. Polish u is not given that schema reading. The dative Michałkowi is the beneficiary of the other citation. It is not the seller.
The Beneficiary is a bare dative, and dla is a second printed line. One schema line is CO + (KOMU). The collocations are dative: córce, synowi, dziecku, rodzicom, 5-latkowi. The citation is samochodzik Michałkowi. The other schema line is CO + (dla KOGO). The collocations are dla chłopca, dla syna, dla mamy. The citation is Kupił kwiaty dla Grace. English for his mother has for. Polish dla is that preposition, and it is printed. English buy her a gift, and Cambridge’s his mother, have no preposition. The Polish match of that person is the dative, not a second accusative. A string kupić córkę samochodzik is not a printed line. The printed person beside the goods, when it has no preposition, is Michałkowi.
Price is za plus accusative. The schema writes (za CO). Collocations: za jakąś cenę, kwotę; za bony, za dolary, za gotówkę, za pieniądze własne. The WSK citation has za symboliczną cenę. The 1460 citation has za 230 grzywien. Wikisłownik’s collocation is za pieniądze / 100 złotych, and za gotówkę. SJP PWN’s definition already has za pewną sumę pieniędzy. w cenie 4-5 zł is a w-phrase in the same collocation list. It is not the schema’s za. za granicą is locative and is a place, not a sum. A spelled za sto złotych is the same za+accusative shape as za 100 złotych and is not the printed string. It is not constructed here as a second price.
w and na plus locative are the place. The schema box does not name them. Wikisłownik writes w + Ms. into the syntax line, and the collocation is w sklepie / supermarkecie / barze. WSJP’s collocations fill w aptece, w kiosku, w księgarni, w sklepie, w supermarkecie, and na aukcji, na bazarze, na rynku, na targowisku, na targu. sklepie, rynku, and targu are locative. The 1460 citation has w Dobrej, locative of a place name. na jego pierwsze urodziny and the collocation na urodziny are na plus accusative of an occasion. They are not the shop. do pobliskiego sklepu in the Wikisłownik milk line is the goal of Zbiegł, do+genitive, not a place of kupić. pod blokiem, pod sklepem is pod plus instrumental. It is printed, and it is not w or na.
What Russian assigns to у, and what Japanese assigns to に and から, Polish splits differently. On купить the seller, where a quotation prints one, is у+genitive, the beneficiary is a bare dative, для is unprinted, and the price is за+accusative. Polish price za matches that за. Polish beneficiary dative matches ребёнку, and Polish also prints dla, which the Russian articles do not. Polish seller in the schema is od, not у. On 買う the beneficiary is に and the seller is から. Neither particle is a Polish case ending. On comprar the selected indirect object is the seller and the beneficiary is para. Polish dla is the beneficiary preposition, and the dative is not the seller. On sprzedać the dative is the buyer. That dative is the other lemma.

EN ⇄ PL valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Polish slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (from / for ↔ the Polish marker the line prints). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Polish valency alignment for buy / kupić, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	PL form	Align	EN example	PL example
Buyer	SUBJ of buy	nominative	=	I bought my camera from a friend of mine Cambridge	Myśmy kupili WSJP · miasto wolałoby kupić WSJP
Goods	OBJ of buy	accusative	=	buy a small car Cambridge	chleb · nieruchomość WSJP · mleko Wikisłownik
Goods under negation	the object stays	genitive	shift · accusative → genitive	—	Nie kupię chleba PWN Poradnia · Wolański · nie kupować + D. Wikisłownik
Goods as partitive genitive	unprinted as a partitive object	genitive in the advice column · accusative in the WSJP goods list	the column and the collocation do not match	—	kupić na jutro chleba Wolański · chleb WSJP · accusative
Seller	from + person	od+genitive	shift · from ↔ od	I bought my camera from a friend of mine Cambridge	od WSK WSJP · od brata WSJP · 1460
Seller as u	from + person	u+genitive in a collocation	not the schema seller · not Russian у as that slot	the same Cambridge from	u sąsiada WSJP · collocation · kupiony u nas WSJP
Beneficiary	for + person, or the first object of [+ two objects]	bare dative	= the person · the Polish form has no preposition · English her has no case ending	He bought some flowers for his mother Cambridge · the slash-mate of the double object	Michałkowi WSJP
Beneficiary as dla	for + person	dla+genitive	= the person · the preposition is printed · Russian для is unprinted	the same Cambridge for	dla Grace WSJP
Price as za	unprinted as a numeral for in the Cambridge lines opened	za+accusative	the price name is printed · Russian за matches · Japanese で / に do not	—	za 230 grzywien WSJP · za 100 złotych Wikisłownik
Shop	unprinted in the lines opened	w or na plus locative	the place is printed in the collocations · the schema box does not name it	—	w sklepie Wikisłownik · WSJP · na rynku WSJP

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Polish under it. The seller card stays inside od. The person card stays inside the bare dative. The price card stays inside za. The place card stays inside w and na plus locative.

EN · PL · printed od+genitive

od WSK

I bought my camera from a friend of mine.

kupić nieruchomość od WSK za symboliczną cenę

PL · WSJP · EN · Cambridge · from

RolesHide roles BuyerSellerGoodsPrice

Buyer miasto Seller from WSK · od WSK Goods the property · nieruchomość Price za symboliczną cenę

Move English from is od+genitive · Russian seller у is not this schema slot · Japanese seller から is not od · the dative is not this seller

EN · PL · printed bare dative

Michałkowi

He bought some flowers for his mother.

Myśmy kupili samochodzik Michałkowi na jego pierwsze urodziny.

PL · WSJP · EN · Cambridge · for of a person · the double object is buy her a gift

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods

Buyer Myśmy Beneficiary for Michałek · Michałkowi Goods a little car · samochodzik

= the person matches · the Polish form is a bare dative · English needs for or the double object · dla Grace is the other printed line · Japanese 娘に has a particle · Russian ребёнку is the same bare dative

EN · PL · printed za

za 230 grzywien

He bought the parts for that sum.

kupił od brata Mikołaja części w Dobrej za 230 grzywien

PL · WSJP · the 1460 citation · EN gloss constructed · Wikisłownik prints za 100 złotych

RolesHide roles GoodsPriceSeller

Goods the parts · części Price za 230 grzywien Seller od brata

= za is the price · Russian за matches · not a person · dla of a person is the other schema line · a spelled za sto złotych is not the printed string

EN · PL · printed w / na+locative

w sklepie

I bought bread at the shop.

w sklepie · na rynku

PL · Wikisłownik w + Ms. · WSJP collocations · EN gloss constructed · not a full clause

RolesHide roles GoodsPlace

Goods bread · chleb · accusative in the goods list Place at the shop · w sklepie · na rynku

Move w and na plus locative are the shop · the schema box does not name the place · na urodziny is accusative · pod sklepem is instrumental

Examples

Argument difference. English can package the beneficiary and the goods as two bare objects, He bought his mother some flowers, the shape of buy her a gift, or put that person in for, and it puts the seller in from. Polish prints one accusative, the goods. The beneficiary with no preposition is a bare dative. dla+genitive is the other printed beneficiary. The seller in the schema is od+genitive. Russian купить prints the seller, where a quotation prints one, as у+genitive, the beneficiary as a bare dative, and the price as за+accusative. Japanese 買う prints the beneficiary as に and the seller as から. On sprzedać the dative is the buyer, and the seller is the subject. That seller is not the od-phrase of kupić.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

otrzymać coś za określoną sumę pieniędzy. · Rz osobowy + kupić + CO + (od KOGO) + (za CO) · Rz osobowy + kupić + CO + (KOMU) · Rz osobowy + kupić + CO + (dla KOGO) WSJP · sense mieszkanie · aspekt dokonany · odpowiednik kupować

kupić od brata, od sąsiada · kupić córce, synowi, dziecku · kupić dla syna, dla mamy · kupić chleb, mieszkanie, samochód · w sklepie · na rynku, na targu · u sąsiada · za gotówkę, za pieniądze WSJP · połączenia · the shop nouns are locative · u is not the schema seller

miasto wolałoby kupić nieruchomość od WSK za symboliczną cenę. WSJP · NKJP · seller od · price za · no dative

Myśmy kupili samochodzik Michałkowi na jego pierwsze urodziny. WSJP · NKJP · dative beneficiary · na urodziny is not the shop

Kupił kwiaty dla Grace. WSJP · NKJP · Żukrowski, Kamienne tablice, 1966 · dla+genitive

W 1460 r. kupił od brata Mikołaja części w Dobrej za 230 grzywien i kopę półgroszków. WSJP · NKJP · Szymczakowa · od · w+locative · za+accusative

sprzęt kupiony u nas WSJP · NKJP · participle · u+genitive · no przez-phrase

kupić — kupować · «nabyć coś za pewną sumę pieniędzy» · kupić + biernik SJP PWN · the headword pair · the definition does not print a dative or an od-phrase

kupować + B. (nie kupować + D.) od + D./ w + Ms. za + B. · od kogoś / w sklepie / za pieniądze / 100 złotych Wikisłownik · kupować · perfective kupić points at this sense

Zbiegł do pobliskiego sklepu, by kupić mleko i płatki owsiane. · Tu kupowano talerze, szklanki, żelazka Wikisłownik · accusative goods · do sklepu is on Zbiegł · the second line is impersonal

Kupię chleb, ale: Nie kupię chleba. · Musimy kupić na jutro chleba PWN Poradnia · Wolański · 10.10.2022 · accusative, genitive under negation, partitive chleba

kupiła cukierki / kupiła cukierków · Kupił ser / Kupiła sera PWN Poradnia · Kłosińska · 19.01.2018 · partitive genitive

kupić kartofle / kupić kartofli PWN Poradnia · Bańko · 29.03.2008 · kartofli glossed trochę

zapłacić komuś, by zrobił coś, co jest niezgodne z obowiązującym prawem · kupić policjantów WSJP · sense urzędników · off the purchase frame

pot. zaakceptować coś jako prawdziwe · ludzie to kupią · kupił pochlebstwo WSJP · sense zaakceptować · the English believe sense · not given a new clause

He bought his mother some flowers / He bought some flowers for his mother. · I bought my camera from a friend of mine. · buy a small car. Cambridge · buy · [+ two objects] is the entry’s label · the slash is the entry’s

The Doroszewski article body was not served. No purchase example is taken from it. not read

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat continues the named-participant series. A name does not spell a role.

✓ Pat kupił córce chleb.

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods

Buyer Pat Beneficiary córce Goods chleb

constructed · córce and chleb are WSJP collocations · the citation’s dative is Michałkowi · bare dative, the match of buy her a gift

✓ Pat kupił kwiaty dla syna.

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods

Buyer Pat Beneficiary dla syna Goods kwiaty

constructed · modelled on Kupił kwiaty dla Grace · dla syna is the collocation · not the bare dative

✓ Pat kupił chleb w sklepie.

RolesHide roles BuyerGoodsPlace

Buyer Pat Goods chleb Place w sklepie

constructed · chleb and w sklepie are collocations · accusative chleb, not the partitive chleba

* Pat kupił córkę samochodzik.

RolesHide roles PersonGoods

Person córkę Goods samochodzik

constructed · two bare objects · the printed person beside the goods, with no preposition, is dative córce / Michałkowi · English her in buy her a gift has no case ending · córkę samochodzik is not a printed line

✓ chleb WSJP · goods · accusative · not chleba
✓ chleba Wolański · partitive kupić na jutro chleba · and genitive under Nie kupię
✓ od WSK · od brata WSJP · seller · od+genitive
✓ Michałkowi WSJP · beneficiary · bare dative
✓ dla Grace WSJP · beneficiary · dla+genitive
✓ za 230 grzywien · za 100 złotych WSJP · Wikisłownik · price · za+accusative
✓ w sklepie · na rynku Wikisłownik · WSJP · place · locative
✓ u sąsiada WSJP · collocation · not the schema seller · not Russian у as that slot

What the passive shows

A passive would be an operation on the same places. It would not add a participant. WSJP prints the participle kupiony in the paradigm, and the citation sprzęt kupiony u nas. The goods are the head of that phrase. No buyer and no przez-phrase are in the clause. The paradigm also prints the impersonal kupiono, with no purchase clause attached. Wikisłownik prints kupiono and kupiony in the tables, and Tu kupowano talerze as an impersonal imperfective. A finite passive of kupić that names the buyer, and a passive that keeps a seller or a beneficiary, are unprinted. Nothing further is constructed. The aspect labels name the pair. They are not given a reading as an endpoint.

The other senses stay off the purchase frame. WSJP’s second sense, labeled zaufanie, is pozyskać jakąś osobę lub jej uczucia, schema (sobie) + CO + (CZYM). The third, urzędników, is the bribe, kupić policjantów. The fourth, piłkarza, is buying a player into a club. The fifth, zaakceptować, is ludzie to kupią. SJP PWN’s senses after the purchase definition — the player, zjednać sobie kogoś, the colloquial accept and the colloquial deceive, and the card sense — stop at the citation. Wikisłownik’s obsolete skupiać is a different verb. Cambridge’s She'll never buy that story is the English believe sense. The Polish accept sense is the fifth WSJP sense. It is not given a new clause here.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Buyer to Voice, the Goods to the root, a Seller to od+genitive where a line prints one, a Beneficiary to a bare dative or to dla+genitive where a line prints one, a Price to za where a line prints one, and a place to w or na plus locative where a line prints one. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the Buyer is the external argument

Printed · the finite verb · one external argument

[TP Myśmy
  [VoiceP My Voice                     ← Buyer = Spec,Voice
    … kupili … ]]

✓ Myśmy kupili samochodzik Michałkowi. WSJP

The external argument is the Buyer. English keeps that one subject on buy. A finite passive of the goods of kupić is unprinted. On sprzedać the external argument is the Seller, not this Buyer. The seller of kupić, where the schema fills one, is od plus genitive.

Seller od · Beneficiary dative or dla · Price za · place w

One accusative · one source preposition · one bare dative or dla · working, revisable

[VoiceP miasto Voice
  [VP √kup-
     [Theme nieruchomość ]
     [PP od [ WSK ]]
     [PP za [ symboliczną cenę ]]]]    ← WSJP
                                          ← seller is od, not u
                                          ← Russian у is not this slot

[VoiceP Myśmy Voice
  [VP √kup-
     [Theme samochodzik ]
     [Dat Michałkowi ]]]               ← WSJP
                                          ← no preposition
                                          ← English buy her a gift
                                          ← dla is the other line

[VoiceP Kupił Voice
  [VP √kup-
     [Theme kwiaty ]
     [PP dla [ Grace ]]]]              ← WSJP
                                          ← English for
                                          ← Russian для unprinted

[VoiceP kupił Voice
  [VP √kup-
     [Theme części ]
     [PP za [ 230 grzywien ]]
     [PP w [ Dobrej ]]]]               ← WSJP · 1460
                                          ← w + locative
                                          ← na rynku is the collocation

The Seller phrase and the Beneficiary phrase are not one marker. od is the seller in the schema and in the citations that print it. The dative is the beneficiary in the line that prints Michałkowi. dla is the beneficiary in the line that prints Grace. za of 230 grzywien is the price. w of Dobrej, and the collocation w sklepie, are the place. u is not drawn as the seller.

✓ kupić nieruchomość od WSK WSJP · seller

✓ samochodzik Michałkowi WSJP · beneficiary · bare dative

✓ za 230 grzywien WSJP · price

* Pat kupił córkę samochodzik. constructed · two bare objects · unprinted

English counterpart · from, for, and the double object · Russian у and the dative · Japanese に and から

Working · no English buy page is opened · Russian is купить · Japanese is 買う · German is kaufen

[VoiceP I Voice
  [VP √BUY
     [Theme my camera ]
     [PP from [ a friend of mine ]]]]     ← Cambridge
                                          · Polish od+GEN
                                          · not the dative
                                          · Russian у+GEN
                                          · Japanese から

[VoiceP he Voice
  [ApplP her Appl                         ← Beneficiary · bare object
    [VP √BUY
       [Theme a gift ]]]]                 ← buy her a gift
                                          · Cambridge his mother
                                          · Polish Michałkowi
                                          · a second accusative is unprinted
                                          · Japanese 娘に

[VoiceP he Voice
  [VP √BUY
     [Theme some flowers ]
     [PP for [ his mother ]]]]            ← the same Cambridge line
                                          · Polish dla Grace
                                          · the bare dative has no preposition
                                          · Russian для unprinted

Cambridge’s from is the seller. Polish spells that person as od plus genitive. Russian spells the seller, in the quotations that print one, as у plus genitive. Japanese spells the seller as から. Cambridge’s for of a person, and the first object of [+ two objects], are the beneficiary. Polish spells that person as a bare dative, and also, on another line, as dla+genitive. The divergence from English buy her a gift is the bare dative: English needs for or the double object, and the Polish person in the dative line has a case ending and no preposition. Japanese spells that person as に. German kaufen spells the beneficiary as a bare dative. German abkaufen spells the seller as a bare dative. Polish does not.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English buy, Polish kupić, Russian купить, and Japanese 買う
Layer	buy (EN) · no page	kupić	купить	買う	kaufen · comprar
Spec,Voice	Buyer	Buyer · on sprzedać this layer is the Seller	Buyer · on продать this layer is the Seller	Buyer · が / topic は · on 売る this layer is the Seller	Buyer · on verkaufen and vender this layer is the Seller
Beneficiary	bare first object, or for + person	bare dative · Michałkowi · and dla+genitive · dla Grace · a second accusative unprinted	bare dative · ребёнку · для unprinted	bare に · 娘に · a particle-less person unprinted	German dative on kaufen · Spanish para+NP, not the seller le
Seller	from + person	od+genitive · u+genitive is a collocation, not the schema slot · not the dative	у+genitive in the Wiktionary quotations · unprinted in Ozhegov, Ushakov, and Kuznetsov · not the dative	から in Saito · に as seller unprinted	German bare dative on abkaufen · Spanish selected le
Goods	object	accusative · genitive under negation · partitive genitive in the PWN column	accusative · bare genitive хлеба only in the Synodal quotation	を	direct object · German accusative
Price	unprinted as a numeral for in the lines opened	za+accusative · za 100 złotych · za 230 grzywien	за+accusative · a numeral unprinted	で in Kenkyusha · に of a sum in Saito	German für + a sum · Spanish por
Shop	unprinted in the lines opened	w or na plus locative · schema box silent	в or на plus prepositional	で · あの店で	German bei, unranked · Spanish en

On kupić the subject is the buyer. A seller phrase, where the schema prints one, is od plus genitive. A beneficiary phrase is a bare dative, or dla plus genitive. The analogy with English from and for is the added person-phrase. It is not a claim that a beneficiary and a seller are one role.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Polish micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Buying in Polish is not one dative. Buyer (Voice, nominative), Goods (complement of the root, accusative), Seller in od+genitive, Beneficiary in a bare dative or in dla+genitive. Genitive under negation is Nie kupię chleba. A partitive genitive is kupić na jutro chleba in the PWN column. WSJP’s goods collocation is accusative chleb. Price is za plus accusative. The place in the collocations is w or na plus locative. English buy her a gift needs for or the double object. The Polish match of that person is the bare dative. Russian купить prints the seller as у+genitive and the beneficiary as a bare dative. Japanese 買う prints the beneficiary as に and the seller as から.

PL micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 od seller · dative beneficiary JA 買う live RU купить live PT comprar live IT comprare live ES comprar live FR acheter live DE kaufen live

Sense × language: buy · Polish (kupić / kupować). The purchase sense is the page. The bribe sense, the player sense, and the accept sense stay off the frame. No English buy hub. Geometry neighbors: buy · 買う, buy · купить, buy · comprar, buy · kaufen. Converse: sprzedać. No Index 2 Polish cell lists this verb. Index 2 Polish Transfer is wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać.

Places
EN ⇄ PL strip
Examples
Voice
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Polish micro-entry, the eighth language of buy. Dictionary frames were read on WSJP (kupić, purchase sense mieszkanie, and the bribe and accept senses), on SJP PWN (kupić), on Wikisłownik (kupić and kupować), and on the PWN Poradnia (Wolański, Kłosińska, Bańko), with Cambridge for English buy.

Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Every other full clause is marked constructed. The bare double object is starred because the filled person-marking beside the goods, with no preposition, is a dative. za sto złotych is not a printed string. The printed numeral collocation is za 100 złotych.

Arity: several places, not one flat verb. Index 2 does not list kupić. Surface count can name a buyer, the goods, a seller, a beneficiary, a price, and a place. The lexicon does not list those as co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Buyer. The root takes the Goods. od adds a Seller where a line fills one. A bare dative, or dla, adds a Beneficiary where a line fills one. za adds a Price where a line prints one. w or na adds a place where a collocation prints one. The aspect pair is the dictionaries’ label. No telicity claim is made from the participle.

What this page does not do. It does not open an English page of buy. It does not edit the other buy pages. The bribe sense and the accept sense stop at the citation. The Doroszewski article body was not served.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of six sisters, and not one case copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Buyer. The root takes the Goods. od+genitive adds the Seller where the line is od WSK or od brata. A bare dative adds the Beneficiary where the line is Michałkowi. dla+genitive adds the Beneficiary where the line is dla Grace. za of a price adds a Price. w or na plus locative adds the place. The drawing is working and revisable.

What Polish changes, against English from, is that the seller preposition the schema prints is od. What Polish changes, against English buy her a gift, is that the person with no preposition is a morphological dative. English needs for or the double object. dla is printed, and it is the prepositional line, not the dative. Against Russian, the seller is od rather than у, the price za matches за, and dla is printed where Russian для is not. Against Japanese, the beneficiary has no particle, and the seller is not から. The aspect labels name the pair kupić / kupować. They are not a claim about an endpoint.

Geometry · buy beside купить and 買う

English buy. Beneficiary as the first object of [+ two objects], the shape of buy her a gift, or in for. Seller in from. A numeral for is unprinted in the lines opened. No English page is opened.
kupić / kupować. Nominative buyer. Accusative goods. Genitive under negation. Partitive genitive in the PWN column, including kupić na jutro chleba. Beneficiary as a bare dative, and as dla+genitive. Seller in od+genitive. u+genitive is a collocation. Price za+accusative, including za 100 złotych and za 230 grzywien. Place w or na plus locative.
купить / покупать. Nominative buyer. Accusative goods. Seller in у+genitive where Wiktionary prints it. Beneficiary as a bare dative. для unprinted. Price за+accusative. Polish od is the seller the schema prints. Polish dla is printed. The price preposition matches.
買う. Beneficiary に, 娘に. Seller から. Price で or に of a sum. Place で. Polish beneficiary dative has no particle. Polish seller od is not から. Polish price za is not で.
kaufen. Bare dative beneficiary, the Polish dative’s reading. On abkaufen the bare dative is the seller. Polish keeps the seller on od. On sprzedać the dative is the buyer.

Open items

u+genitive as the schema seller. Unprinted in that slot. The schema seller is od KOGO. u sąsiada and kupiony u nas are printed. Not given the Russian у reading.
A dative glossed as the seller. Unprinted. Michałkowi is the beneficiary. The seller in the citations is od. Not collapsed.
A spelled za sto złotych. Unprinted. The printed numeral collocation is za 100 złotych. The citation sum is za 230 grzywien. Not constructed as a second string.
Partitive chleba in the WSJP goods list. Unprinted. The collocation is accusative chleb. The partitive is Wolański’s kupić na jutro chleba, and Kłosińska’s cukierków / sera. Not copied onto the schema as a second government.
The place inside the WSJP schema box. Unprinted there. w sklepie and na rynku are collocations. Wikisłownik writes w + Ms. and does not write na into the syntax line.
Seller, beneficiary, goods, and a sum in one clause. Unprinted. The 1460 line has no beneficiary. The Michałek line has no seller and no za. dla Grace has no seller and no price. Not constructed as a stack.
A finite passive of the goods of kupić that names the buyer. Unprinted. kupiony and kupiono are paradigm cells. sprzęt kupiony u nas has no agent. Not constructed. Not read as an endpoint.
The Doroszewski article body. Not served. No frame is taken from it.
A numeral for on English buy. Unprinted in the Cambridge lines opened here. Not supplied from outside those lines.

Corpus filenames and sources

Dictionary frames: WSJP, kupić, purchase sense mieszkanie, and the bribe and accept senses; SJP PWN, kupić; Wikisłownik, kupić and kupować; PWN Poradnia, Wolański (10.10.2022), Kłosińska (19.01.2018), and Bańko (29.03.2008); Cambridge buy. NKJP lines are quoted as WSJP prints them. Constructed clauses put a printed marker on a named buyer. Index 2 does not list this lemma. The Doroszewski article body was not served.

WSJP · kupić · sense mieszkanie wsjp.pl · kupić · mieszkanie · CO · od KOGO · KOMU · dla KOGO · za CO · w sklepie · na rynku
WSJP · kupić · sense urzędników wsjp.pl · urzędników · bribe · off the frame
WSJP · kupić · sense zaakceptować wsjp.pl · zaakceptować · ludzie to kupią
SJP PWN · kupić sjp.pwn.pl · kupić · kupić — kupować · nabyć coś za pewną sumę pieniędzy · kupić + biernik
Wikisłownik · kupować pl.wiktionary.org · kupować · B. · nie + D. · od + D. · w + Ms. · za + B. · za 100 złotych
Wikisłownik · kupić pl.wiktionary.org · kupić · dokonany · ndk. kupować · kupić mleko
PWN Poradnia · Wolański poradnia · kupować · Kupię chleb · Nie kupię chleba · kupić na jutro chleba
PWN Poradnia · Kłosińska poradnia · cukierków · accusative and partitive genitive
PWN Poradnia · Bańko poradnia · kartofli · kupić kartofli glossed trochę
Cambridge · buy dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/buy · [+ two objects] · for his mother · from a friend of mine
Russian buy · купить · у+genitive seller · bare dative beneficiary · за+accusative price
Japanese buy · 買う · に beneficiary · から seller
German buy · kaufen · dative beneficiary · abkaufen dative seller
Polish sell sell · sprzedać · dative buyer · seller is the subject

Records the nominative Buyer and the accusative Goods of kupić. Records genitive under negation, and the partitive genitive the PWN column prints. Records the Seller as od+genitive, and u as a collocation. Records the Beneficiary as a bare dative and as dla+genitive. Records za of a price, and w or na plus locative of a place. Records the divergence from English buy her a gift, from Russian у, and from Japanese に and から. Does not open an English page.