pay_GIVE · German (bezahlen)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE, the Romance twins, Hungarian fizet, Polish płacić, and Bulgarian плащам. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, twenty euros, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / bezahlen.

zwanzig Euro = one MeasureP. Twenty is not euros. Euro is not a sister of bezahlen. Euro after the numeral does not display an accusative ending. It is not a second case of the verb. There is no extra argument “currency symbol.” den Betrag is the same object with the ending the decimal and the loanword drei Token do not show. drei Beträge is that same object on a noun that does show the accusative plural, the form already used on deduct.

What this page changes, against Polish, is the absence of genitive of negation on that MeasureP. The accusative stays under nicht. What it changes against Bulgarian is the cloth of the Recipient and of Consideration: morphological dative and für+accusative, not на and за, and a visible accusative ending where Bulgarian has none. What it does not change is the inventory. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount and für, if the hunch holds, holds the leftover DP. Payment-true is e2. There is no German sell page on this site, so goods-HAVE is not given a local Price cloth here. It remains the missing default, as the Romance sell pages already say of pagare / payer / pagar.

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one object of bezahlen. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects. No bezahlen question is printed. The printed measuring WH on this site is the FEE set Was berechnen Sie?, Was berechnen Sie für ein Bitcoin?, In welcher Währung / worin, and the LBC stars Was zwanzig berechnen Sie? and Wie viel hat sie ihm nicht Euro berechnet?. The bezahlen strings below reuse those shapes. They are constructed. There is no Hungarian preverbal Focus slot, so WH fronting is not a second host competing with a particle. V2 puts the finite verb in second position. An R-pronoun resumes a leftover P. It is not a fourth argument.

1. ✓ Was hat Pat bezahlt? constructed · whole MeasureP · FEE shape Was berechnen Sie?
2. ✓ Wie viel Euro hat Pat bezahlt? constructed · whole QP · unit inside
3. ✓ Wie viel hat Pat bezahlt? constructed · degree · unit bound
4. ✓ Welchen Betrag hat Pat bezahlt? constructed · noun MeasureP · ACC welchen Betrag · same object as den Betrag
5. ✓ In welcher Währung hat Pat bezahlt? constructed · U recoding · FEE shape in welcher Währung · not a second object
6. ✓ Wem hat Pat zwanzig Euro bezahlt? constructed · Recipient WH · dative wem · no printed wem + bezahlen string
7. ✓ Wofür hat Pat zwanzig Euro bezahlt? constructed · Consideration WH · wofür resumes für · FEE shape Wofür … berechnet · not Amount
8. * Wie viel hat Pat Euro bezahlt? constructed · LBC · unit stranded · shape of Wie viel hat sie ihm nicht Euro berechnet?
9. * Was zwanzig hat Pat bezahlt? constructed · LBC · degree extracted · shape of Was zwanzig hat sie ihm nicht berechnet?

Left Branch Condition: Amount lives inside MeasureP. The degree does not extract and leave the unit next to the verb. The printed rejection is Was zwanzig berechnen Sie?. Was zwanzig hat Pat bezahlt? is that shape on this stem, tagged constructed. Rescues that keep Amount and unit inside one object are wie viel Euro and wie viel with the unit bound. The rescue does not make Euro a sister of bezahlt.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ berechnen ≠ pay_BILL ≠ gutschreiben ≠ abbuchen

In the constructed Pat bezahlt Chris zwanzig Euro, Chris comes to HAVE the twenty. That is give-geometry. Dative Recipient is the preferred spell-out of low Appl_HAVE. The Incremental Theme is a MeasureP of funds, not goods. The HAVE claim is the shared geometry. The Recipient case is the open packaging.

Which theta role is the object in this low Appl_HAVE domain is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection.

• ≠ berechnen / belasten / charge_FEE. FROM dual. The levy is money FROM, e2 = debit / OWE. bezahlen is money TO, e2 = Recipient HAS Amount. A shared accusative MeasureP, and a shared dative letter on cloth A, do not make the Appl head one. FEE’s dative Pat / ihm is the Payer. This page’s dative is the Recipient. FEE’s für is Consideration on a debit. This page’s für is a Consideration hunch on a payment. Same letter, different event. Cloth B belasten puts the Payer or the card in the accusative and the Amount in mit. That flip is not this root. wofür resumes Consideration on both; it does not make the events one.
• ≠ pay_BILL. Invoice/obligation as the object; MeasureP as instrument. English rejects a DOC of twenty dollars and the invoice. This page does not open a German BILL lemma, and it does not write die Rechnung and the money as two objects of GIVE. e2 of BILL is invoice-clearance, not Recipient HAS Amount. FIN’s Konto is an Account under the dative or auf, not this document.
• ≠ credit_FIN · gutschreiben. Ledger increment. The printed cloth is dative Account plus accusative MeasureP (jedem Konto 0,3 ETH), or auf+accusative Account. e2 is HAS_ON_BOOKS, not payout and not Recipient HAS the cash. The shared “accusative stays under nicht” fact does not make the roots one lemma. Account there is dative or auf. Recipient here, on the hypothesis, is dative of a person. Separable gut is that lemma’s prefix. Inseparable be- is this one.
• ≠ deduct · abbuchen. MeasureP leaves a Domain (von+dative). e2 is the decrement. The accusative stays under nicht there too, and that does not define deduct. Payment stays bezahlen, überweisen in that page’s Index 2 cell. Not HAVE of the Amount. Companion abziehen stays unranked there. Separable ab is not a morpheme of bezahlen. Deduct’s wegen is Reason, not this für.
• ≠ zuschreiben / beschuldigen. ATT and blame. Dative on ATT is Target (jmdm. etw. zuschreiben), not a payment Recipient. Blame’s accusative is the Target, and its wegen is Charge content (Sie beschuldigen ihn wegen der Verspätung). Blame’s Target is not the measuring QP. None of them has a MeasureP of funds. MERIT stays on zuschreiben at credit-merit-de. It is not this root.
• ≠ tauschen / swap. Index 2 Transfer cites tauschen; geben, not bezahlen. bezahlen does not invert money and goods.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that Chris never ended up with the twenty denies e2 of pay_GIVE. Goods-HAVE is sell. Invoice-clearance is BILL. Debit/OWE is berechnen / belasten. HAS_ON_BOOKS is gutschreiben. The decrement is abbuchen.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, lawnmower as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed grid. überweisen is not filled in as that coercion.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

VoiceP  [ Pat
  vP / initP
    ApplP_LOW  [ Chris / jemandem / ihm   [ Appl_HAVE
      VP  [ √PAY- / bezahlen  [ MeasureP  [ Amount zwanzig ] [ N Euro ]ACC ] ] ] ]
    für  [ Consideration  den Rasenmäher ] ]

Neg  [ nicht ]
— MeasureP: ACC stays (den Betrag / drei Token / zwanzig Euro / 0,3 ETH)
— Recipient: DAT stays (jemandem / ihm)
— no GEN-neg
— be- stays on the verb

German bezahlen does not assign four structural Cases. Amount is accusative, and it stays accusative under sentential nicht. Recipient, on the preferred hypothesis, is morphological dative. Consideration, on the hunch, is inside für+accusative. The English DOC applied-object slot — Recipient as a second accusative — has no twin. There is no particle node. bezahlt does not split. be- is not a Hungarian prefix that follows the verb, and it is not separable ab.

Absence of genitive of negation is not a new theta and not a missing argument. It is the case behavior of the same MeasureP. The Recipient is outside that object. ihm is that Recipient, the way ihm is ATT’s Target on the live page. It is not a doubled copy beside a full dative.

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The lawnmower is Consideration, not Theme, if the für hunch holds. Homomorphism is on ⟨n, U⟩. A passive that promotes the MeasureP is the promotion the measuring pages already use for the accusative. It is constructed here. A passive that promotes the Recipient as a bare subject would be the English DOC twin. It is not filed. FIN’s bekommen-passive promotes a dative Account. That promotion is not adopted here as a second object of GIVE.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer. Institutional payers (the board, the bank) pass on the English, Romance, Hungarian, Polish, and Bulgarian pages, and they pass as Initiators on the live German measuring pages. The weather star below is that filter in the clothes already used for Hat das Wetter Pat nicht zwanzig Euro berechnet? and Das schlechte Wetter hat 0,3 ETH von jedem Konto abgebucht. Constructed. Weaker than Voice on blame — a board can pay; weather cannot be the Payer. Weather as an ATT Target is a different seat and stays on that page.

Omission does not demote the MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under Case, binding, and WH — not omitability.

N/A · not German pay_GIVE diagnostics

Sibling pages omit diagnostics the language does not have. German bezahlen is an accusative MeasureP that stays under nicht, a preferred morphological dative Recipient, and a ranked für+accusative Consideration hunch, with inseparable be-. It is not a copy of Polish genitive of negation, Bulgarian на, Hungarian Focus, or a separable prefix.

• Genitive of negation. N/A. Polish płacić rewrites the MeasureP QP. German has no GEN-neg. The accusative stays. That is the difference that matters against Polish.
• A caseless direct object, or Recipient as на+DP. N/A as this cloth. Bulgarian плащам has no nominal case ending, and its Recipient letter is на. German spells dative on jemandem / ihm and accusative on den Betrag. Consideration there is за. Here it is für+accusative.
• A Hungarian Focus host, or a separated prefix of bezahlen. N/A. One preverbal host is the cloth of fizet. Separable ab belongs to abbuchen. Separable gut belongs to gutschreiben. be- does not leave the verb.
• A filled frame for überweisen, or über- as a particle of this root. N/A. über- is the companion’s morphology. The companion stays an Index 2 stem without a GIVE Case frame. No transfer page is opened.
• An English DOC or to-frame as a second German frame. N/A. Recipient is not a second bare accusative. The English alternation stays on pay-give.html.
• Romance or Bulgarian clitic doubling as this page’s adopted cloth. N/A. le + a, Italian gli beside a, and Bulgarian му … на stay on those pages. ihm replaces the Recipient. It does not write it twice.
• Spanish por / para, Italian per, Hungarian -ért, Polish za, or Bulgarian за as German letters. N/A. The for-letter under the hunch here is für+accusative. wegen is blame’s Charge and deduct’s Reason. Purpose vs Consideration is a complement-type question on für, flagged open where Purpose would stack, and not checked.
• A CAUSE domain, or Japanese -sase-, as a fourth argument. N/A. -sase- is derivational on Japanese, an outer Type A wrap. It is not a lexical causative, not a fourth argument of the inner verb, and not high Appl. This page does not invent a CAUSE domain. The subscript is Causative templates and argument selection.
• Japanese Double-o, Mandarin 把 / 给 / 为. N/A. Those clothes stay on pay-give-ja.html and pay-give-zh.html.
• Navajo money-HANDLE as a German stem. N/A. Sell · Navajo stays deferred. No Navajo data is invented here.

Group D packaging · this tick German only

Group D is the Germanic set already used for V2, R-pronouns, and the absence of genitive of negation. Same √PAY_GIVE hierarchy as English, Japanese, Mandarin, Romance, Hungarian, Polish, and Bulgarian. The cloth difference on this page is morphological dative Recipient, für+accusative Consideration, and an accusative MeasureP that stays under nicht. It is not a new argument. This tick is German bezahlen only. English is live at pay-give.html. Japanese harau is live at pay-give-ja.html. Mandarin 付 is live at pay-give-zh.html. Spanish pagar is live at pay-give-es.html. French payer is live at pay-give-fr.html. Italian pagare is live at pay-give-it.html and closed Romance. Hungarian fizet is live at pay-give-hu.html; átutal stays unfilled. Polish płacić / zapłacić is live at pay-give-pl.html; przelewać / przelać stay unfilled. Bulgarian плащам / платя is live at pay-give-bg.html; превеждам stays unfilled. The next Index 2 Payment citation is a pause, or Dutch betalen, overmaken, or an unfilled companion. Dutch is not opened here. Norwegian betale is not opened here. Navajo money-HANDLE remains open/scout. Do not fake elicitation.

Open items

• Recipient dative. Preferred letter, from live ATT Target (jmdm. etw. zuschreiben, ihm, dem Auftragnehmer) and from FEE cloth A (Pat / ihm as Payer, the other direction). No printed bezahlen string shows the dative. Wem hat Pat … bezahlt? is constructed, not elicited. A bare Chris does not spell the ending. The letter stays open as a field judgment. spec
• für+accusative Consideration. A hunch, guided by printed FEE für das Essen / für ein Bitcoin. Not checked as elicited. Blame’s wegen and deduct’s wegen are different licensers. Not a second object and not a price QP. spec
• Purpose stacked on Consideration. Index 2’s outer slot is labeled Purpose. A Purpose stack beside the für DP is not checked as good or bad. spec
• Word order of the dative and the MeasureP. The constructed frames follow the printed FEE/FIN/ATT order (dative, then accusative). The other order is not starred. spec
• A pause, or Dutch betalen, or the companions. Another language of pay_GIVE would not increment VERB_COUNT. Dutch is not opened this tick. Norwegian betale is not opened this tick. A pause is equally in order. überweisen, превеждам, átutal, and przelewać / przelać stay unfilled. spec
• überweisen. Named. No filled GIVE frame, no second root, no über- separation copied onto bezahlen, no transfer page. spec
• German pay_BILL. Not merged. No document + money double object is promoted to a second sense page.
• Endings that zwanzig Euro, drei Token, and 0,3 ETH do not show. The cleaner visible pair remains den Betrag under nicht against starred des Betrages, and drei Beträge against starred dreier Beträge. Both accusatives are constructed on this verb. den Betrag is already used on the deduct page.
• Navajo sell. sell · Navajo stays deferred. No Navajo data is invented here.

Corpus filenames

Primary geometry is the English pay lexical entry. German clothes for the MeasureP, the stability of that accusative under nicht, the dative letter, the für letter, inseparable be- against separable ab / gut, and the weather filter are the strings already printed on the FEE, FIN, deduct, ATT, and blame micro-entries. No bezahlen clause is among them. Constructed Pat/Chris frames diagnose packaging. They are not new elicitation. Index 2 Payment remains bezahlen, überweisen.