pay_GIVE · Italian (pagare)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE, Spanish pagar, and French payer. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, twenty dollars, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / pagare.

$20 = venti dollari = one MeasureP. The printed sell string uses venti dollari; the printed FEE contrast uses venti euro. Orthography is not extra arity. There is no sixth argument “currency symbol.” Twenty is not dollars. Dollars is not a sister of pagare.

What Group B changes is Case and clitics. What it does not change is the inventory. On vendere, Recipient HAS goods and Price is per-MeasureP. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount and per holds the leftover DP (the goods or service the money was against). Payment-true is e2. Goods-HAVE is the missing default, as sell · Italian already says of pagare.

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one ACC object of pagare. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects. No quanti question of pagare is printed. The printed contrast is the NegQ on sell-it, which questions ACC money, against Per quanti dollari non gli ha venduto il tosaerba?, which questions a Price PP. Same dollari; the host differs. LBC is the constraint already starred on addebitare as Quali venti gli hanno addebitato? and on vendere as Per che venti non gli ha venduto il tosaerba?. The pagare-side LBC string below is the FEE star in ACC clothes. It is constructed. It is not a new elicitation.

1. ✓ Quanti dollari non gli ha pagato? constructed · ACC MeasureP · FEE shape Quanti euro gli hanno addebitato?
2. ✓ Quanto non gli ha pagato? constructed · degree; unit bound · FEE shape Quanto gli hanno addebitato?
3. ✓ Venti di che non gli ha pagato? constructed · di rescue · same rescue shape as sell and FEE
4. ✓ In che moneta non gli ha pagato venti? constructed · in denomination rescue · FEE shape In che moneta gli hanno addebitato venti?
5. ✓ Perché non ha pagato venti dollari a Chris? constructed · Reason · perché ≠ Amount · letter already used as Reason on live Italian pages · a-cloth of the printed NegQ, no added gli
6. * Quali venti non gli ha pagato? constructed · LBC / sortal mismatch · same star shape as FEE

The printed Price WH Per quanti dollari non gli ha venduto il tosaerba? is not refiled as a pagare frame. Sell’s LBC Per che venti… sits on a Price per. It is not the MeasureP host here. Rescues that keep Amount and unit inside one object are quanti dollari, venti di che, and in che moneta. The rescue does not make dollari a sister of pagato. ne on the sell and FEE pages resumes a QP and does not split Amount from unit. A pagare-side ne remnant is not printed. It is not starred from the sell star Non gliene ha venduto il tosaerba per venti?.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ vendere ≠ pay_BILL ≠ charge_FEE ≠ credit_FIN

In Gli hanno pagato venti euro, the person of gli comes to HAVE the twenty. That is give-geometry. DAT Recipient is the spell-out of low Appl_HAVE. The Incremental Theme is a MeasureP of funds, not goods.

Which theta role is the object in this low Appl_HAVE domain is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection.

• ≠ vendere / sell. Cloth mismatch already printed: Non ha pagato Pat venti dollari a Chris per un tosaerba? questions ACC money; Per quanti dollari non gli ha venduto il tosaerba? questions a Price PP. Shared per on the leftover DP is packaging. lo / venduto track the mower on vendere. The money is ACC on pagare. Goods-HAVE is e2 of vendere and the missing default of pagare.
• ≠ addebitare / charge_FEE. Same letter gli / a, opposite Appl. Gli hanno pagato venti euro is money TO (Recipient HAS Amount). Il negozio gli ha addebitato venti euro is money FROM (debit / OWE). A follow-up that Pat never paid does not deny FEE. Clitic cheapness under Neg tracks ACC money on both. The Appl head still differs. far pagare on that page is Type A outer CAUSE wrapping FEE, not a second root of GIVE and not a new money object.
• ≠ pay_BILL. Invoice/obligation as ACC; MeasureP as instrument. English rejects a DOC of twenty dollars and the invoice. Italian pagare la bolletta with con-MeasureP is still the speculation on the BILL page. This page does not promote it, and it does not write document + money as two objects of GIVE. e2 of BILL is invoice-clearance, not Recipient HAS Amount.
• ≠ credit_FIN · accreditare. Ledger increment. e2 is HAS_ON_BOOKS, not payout and not Recipient HAS the cash. attribuire on the merit page is a different root again. bonificare stays that page’s scout, not a GIVE frame filled here.
• ≠ deduct · detrarre. MeasureP leaves a Domain (da / a partire da). e2 is the decrement. Not HAVE of the Amount.
• ≠ scambiare / swap. Swap inverts two Themes. pagare does not invert money and goods. Index 2 Transfer cites scambiare, dare, not pagare.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that Chris never ended up with the twenty denies e2 of pay_GIVE. Goods-HAVE is sell. Invoice-clearance is BILL. Debit/OWE is FEE. HAS_ON_BOOKS is FIN.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, lawnmower as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed grid. bonificare and trasferire are not filled in as that coercion.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

VoiceP  [ Pat
  vP / initP
    ApplP_LOW  [ ChrisDAT   [ Appl_HAVE
      VP  [ √PAY-   [ MeasureP  [ Amount venti ] [ N dollari ]ACC ] ] ] ]
    PP_per  [ per  [ Consideration  un tosaerba ] ] ]

Italian pagare does not assign four structural Cases. Amount is ACC. Recipient is DAT. Consideration is inside per. The English DOC applied-object slot — Recipient as a second ACC — has no twin. That is why cheapness under Neg tracks the money, and why a string with goods and the MeasureP as two bare objects is the four-place accident. Sell’s page already records the same ceiling for vendere: no Chris non è stato venduto un tosaerba…? twin. The pagare passive of the Recipient as a bare nominative applied object is the same missing twin, constructed, not a new judgment:

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The lawnmower is Consideration, not Theme. Homomorphism is on ⟨n, U⟩. Passive, where it is hypothesized, promotes the MeasureP as a whole, never twenty alone without its unit.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer. Institutional payers (escrow, payroll, the city) pass on the English page. The Italian weather star below is that filter in Italian clothes, constructed, matching the weather star already on charge-fee-it and credit-fin-it. Weaker than Voice on blame — systems can pay; they cannot blame.

Omission does not demote the MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under Case, binding, and WH — not omitability. Outer fare is Type A on the sell and FEE pages. far pagare is already filed there as CAUSE wrapping FEE, not as this root. A checked two-dative string for pagare as GIVE (causee vs Recipient) is not printed. It stays open, with sell’s note that three datives need controlled elicitation.

N/A · not Italian pay_GIVE diagnostics

Sibling pages omit diagnostics the language does not have. Italian pagare is DAT Recipient + ACC MeasureP + ranked per-Consideration. It is not a copy of Japanese particles, Hungarian Focus, genitive of negation, or a Germanic separable prefix.

• Japanese Double-o as an Italian morphological fact. N/A. The ceiling on this page is two bare objects (goods or a bill beside the MeasureP), the Romance version of English *paid Chris the lawnmower twenty dollars. Particle Double-o stays on pay-give-ja.html.
• An English to-frame as a second Italian frame beside DAT. N/A. Recipient stays DAT (gli or a). There is no ACC/PP flip of the Recipient to file. The English alternation stays on pay-give.html.
• Spanish clitic doubling as an Italian requirement. N/A. le + a in one clause is the Spanish cloth on pay-give-es.html. Italian prints gli and a in separate pagare strings. Doubling them is not filed.
• Spanish por / para as two Italian letters. N/A. Italian overloads one per, the split sell already writes by complement type. French does the same with pour.
• Hungarian Focus + nem, or a separable verb particle. N/A. Italian negation does not strand a prefix. Those cuts stay on pay-give-hu.html and the Germanic pages.
• Genitive of negation rewriting the MeasureP. N/A. Italian does not rewrite venti dollari under non. The Polish rewrite is on pay-give-pl.html and the Polish measuring pages.
• Mandarin 把 / 给 / 为 as this cloth. N/A. Those coverbs are the live Mandarin twin. This page does not import them.
• Navajo money-HANDLE as an Italian stem. N/A. No stem is invented. Sell · Navajo stays deferred.
• lo / li + gli clustering as a filed pagare fact. N/A as corpus. Sell prints lo / venduto for the mower. FEE prints lo / li for a fee MeasureP of addebitare. Neither string is a pagare quotation. Do not check or star Glieli hanno pagati from the neighbours. See open items.
• A filled geometry for bonificare or trasferire. N/A. They are Index 2 companions in the same Payment cell. No GIVE Case frame is printed for them on this site.

Group B packaging · this tick Italian only

Group B (Spanish, French, Italian) is the Romance Case-cloth set. Same √PAY_GIVE hierarchy as English, Japanese, and Mandarin; DAT Recipient instead of an English DOC applied object, a Japanese ni, or Mandarin 给. This tick is Italian pagare only. English is live at pay-give.html. Japanese harau is live at pay-give-ja.html. Mandarin 付 is live at pay-give-zh.html. Spanish pagar is live at pay-give-es.html. French payer is live at pay-give-fr.html. Romance pay_GIVE closes here. Hungarian fizet is live; átutal stays unfilled. Polish płacić is live. Bulgarian плащам is live. The suggested following candidate is a pause, or Group D German bezahlen is later, or an unfilled companion. German is not opened here. Navajo money-HANDLE remains open/scout. Do not fake elicitation.

Open items

• Polish płacić is live. pay-give-pl.html. Companion przelewać / przelać stays unfilled. Bulgarian плащам is live (Done=104). The suggested following candidate is a pause, or Group D German bezahlen, or an unfilled companion. German is not opened here. Another language of pay_GIVE would not increment VERB_COUNT. spec
• bonificare / trasferire. Named. No filled GIVE frame, no second root, no invented stem. The FIN page’s bonificare scout stays there. spec
• lo / li + gli, and gli together with a-NP. gli and a-Recipient are each grounded, in separate printed strings. A money clitic is not printed for pagare. Doubling and the money clitic stay scout.
• per + INF Purpose, and per+QP as Price. per + DP is the ranked Consideration, guided by FEE per il pasto and by the printed leftover per un tosaerba. A Purpose stack and a price-QP reading are not checked as good or bad. spec
• Italian pay_BILL. pagare la bolletta with MeasureP as con stays the speculation on pay-bill.html. Not merged into this page.
• Outer fare. far pagare stays the FEE page’s Type A wrap. Causee vs Recipient as two datives of GIVE is the sell note. No checked pagare string. Consideration does not become Causee Case.
• Navajo sell, and unwritten merit pages. sell · Navajo stays deferred. No credit-merit-bg.html. No credit-merit-pl.html.

Corpus filenames

Primary geometry is the English pay lexical entry. Italian clothes are the pagare strings already printed on the sell and FEE micro-entries, plus the Group B pay/sell cloth-mismatch DOCX those pages cite. Constructed Pat/Chris frames diagnose packaging. They are not new elicitation. Index 2 Payment remains pagare, bonificare, trasferire.