pay_GIVE · 付 (fù)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, twenty dollars, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / √付.

$20 = 二十美元 / 二十块 = one MeasureP. Orthography / measure-word morphology is not extra arity. Mensural 二十美元 on the Amount and optional sortal measure on Consideration are two QPs on two already-listed objects — they do not grow √付. There is no sixth argument “currency symbol.” Asking for the classifier (多少块, 多少美元) is asking inside the money QP, not asking for a second object of 付.

What Group A Mandarin changes is coverb cloth, split-field order (V between Agent and Theme when 把 fronts), and where Amount+Denomination host (measure word inside one QP under 把). What it does not change is the inventory. Twenty is still not dollars. Dollars is still not a sister of 付. Payment-true is still e2. Goods-HAVE is still missing. On sell, Recipient HAS goods and Price is 以/用/多少钱. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount and Consideration is the 为-PP.

Mandarin frames · Case clothes

No English DOC / to-frame ACC flip that promotes Recipient into a second ACC of money+goods. Amount stays the money QP — often 把-fronted as a whole. Recipient is 给. Consideration stays outside a second 把. Cheapness under Neg therefore tracks the 把-money QP unless Focus / WH independently highlights Recipient or Consideration. Companion light verb 支付 keeps the same cloth.

1. ✓ 帕特付给了克里斯二十美元。 Agent · 付 · 给-Recipient · MeasureP
2. ✓ 帕特没把二十块付给克里斯吗？ canonical NegQ · 没…吗 · 把-money
3. ✓ 帕特没付给克里斯二十美元吗？ postverbal MeasureP; no 把
4. ✓ 帕特没为割草机付给克里斯二十美元吗？ 为-Consideration · not second 把
5. ✓ 帕特没把 8400 USDT 付给 Kim 吗？ crypto MeasureP under 把
6. ✓ 帕特付了二十块。 Recipient and Consideration independently omissible
7. * 把割草机付给克里斯二十块。 goods as 把-object of 付 — sell cloth
8. * 把二十块把账单付了。 no DOC of money + bill

A bare negative answer on the canonical NegQ most readily challenges the event or the money (把-Theme cheapness). Challenging the Recipient wants that individual already under discussion. That is the opposite of 卖, where 把 fronts the goods and the money is inside Price.

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one Case object of pay — here often under 把. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects of 付. Mandarin keeps WH in situ under polar 吗 more freely than English Did + what. Same MeasureP pattern as English pay_GIVE, Japanese harau, and deduct — but here the MeasureP is the Incremental Theme under 把/付, not a Price layer of sell. *把多少付了美元 and *把二十付了美元 are the Mandarin spelling of *what twenty and of the illegal QP split under 把.

1. ✓ 没把多少美元付给克里斯？ Amount WH + # head inside 把
2. ✓ 付了多少钱 / 付多少美元？ degree; unit bound
3. ✓ 以什么货币没付？ in-strategy rescue
4. ✓ 谁没把多少钱付给谁？ in-situ; Agent > MeasureP > Recipient
5. ✓ 谁没为割草机付给克里斯二十块？ Consideration under 为
6. * 没把多少付了美元给克里斯？ classifier stranded from N under 把
7. * 把二十付了美元。 Mandarin of *what twenty / LBC split
8. * 把美元付了二十。 unit stranded from Amount under 把

Two constraints conspire on the stars: Left Branch / QP integrity (Amount and measure word stay inside one 把 domain; Mandarin cannot treat bare 二十 as the sortal of a stranded WH under 把), and the one-object ceiling for 把 on 付 (goods cannot become a second 把-object of pay). Rescues are 多少美元, 多少钱, and 以什么货币 — the Group A spelling of English how many dollars / in what currency. The rescue does not make 美元 a sister of 付了.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ 卖 Price ≠ 收/扣 ≠ pay_BILL

In 帕特把二十块付给了克里斯, Chris comes to HAVE the twenty. That is give-geometry. 给-Recipient is the spell-out of low Appl_HAVE — the HAVE diagnostic that 换 can drop. The Incremental Theme is a MeasureP of funds, not goods.

• ≠ 卖 / sell. Cloth mismatch under one operator: 没把二十块付给克里斯吗？ questions a money QP under 把; 没把割草机卖给克里斯吗？ questions goods under 把 with Price outside. Shared 多少钱 and shared 给 are packaging. The coverb / fronting gives the heads away: 把 tracks the money on 付; 把 tracks the mower on 卖.
• ≠ 换 / swap. 换 inverts two Themes. 付 does not. ✓ 没把 8400 USDT 换成 0.2 个比特币吗？ is SWAP. ✓ 没把 8400 USDT 付给 Kim 吗？ keeps 给-Recipient. *没把 0.2 个比特币付给 Kim、换 8400 吗？ is only good if the Amount really is the BTC.
• ≠ 收 / 扣 / charge_FEE. 没向帕特收二十块吗 / 没把二十块从帕特扣了吗 write Pat as Source (money FROM). 付给帕特 writes Pat as Recipient (money TO). Follow-ups flip. Both refuse a second 把 of goods+money.
• ≠ pay_BILL / 付账. Invoice/obligation as ACC or 把-object; MeasureP as instrument (用). No silent twenty as DOC object. Crossing the roots smuggles a four-place reading.
• ≠ grant Purpose / earmark / blame for. Pay’s 为 names Consideration (AGAINST). Grant’s Purpose and blame’s Charge stay apart. Type B 为了 stacks outside.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that Chris never ended up with the twenty denies e2 of pay_GIVE. Goods-HAVE is sell’s e2, not pay’s. Invoice-clearance is e2 of pay_BILL.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, lawnmower as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed pay_GIVE grid. Wire, remit, and transfer-as-remit sit on this cloth with Source/channel extra.

Shells, ApplP, and coverbs

VoiceP  [ 帕特
  vP / initP
    baP  [ 把  [ MeasureP / QP  [ Amount 二十 ] [ U 块/美元 ] ]
      ApplP_LOW  [ Appl_HAVE
        VP  [ √付   … ]  给 克里斯 ] ]
    PP_Cons  [ 为 / 买…付  [ Consideration … ] ] ]

Mandarin 付 never assigns four structural Cases the English DOC way. Amount is the money QP (optionally 把-fronted); Recipient is 给; Consideration is inside P. 把 fronts the inner Incremental Theme of 付 — not Voice and not CAUSE. Split-field order places V between Agent and Theme when 把 fronts; that is packaging of one already-listed object, not a fifth θ-slot. A language that appears to have “paid him the mower twenty dollars” has either a second domain (CAUSE / 让 or high Appl) or a MeasureP that is not a second object.

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The lawnmower is Consideration, not Theme. Homomorphism is on ⟨n,U⟩. Passive-like promotion of the MeasureP as a whole, or of Recipient under appropriate Voice, never promotes twenty alone without its unit.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer; institutional payers (escrow, payroll, the city) pass. Weaker than Voice_J on blame — systems can pay; they cannot blame.

Omission does not demote MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under coverb, binding, and WH — not omitability. Topic can lift Platform or Source without promoting them over the MeasureP in the hierarchy.

Underivables (Mandarin)

1. * 把割草机付给克里斯二十块。 goods ≠ 把-object of 付 · sell cloth
2. * 没把多少付了美元给克里斯？ classifier / degree split under 把
3. * 把二十付了美元。 *what twenty / LBC
4. * 把美元付了二十。 unit stranded from Amount
5. * 把二十块把账单付了。 pay_BILL ≠ pay_GIVE DOC
6. * 没把 0.2 个比特币付给 Kim、换 8400 吗？ no SWAP inversion (unless Amount really is BTC)
7. * 把割草机卖给克里斯二十块 as if it were 付 cloth sell ≠ pay under one 把-target

Group A packaging · this tick Mandarin only

Group A (English, Japanese, Mandarin, Navajo) is the contrast set for MeasureP pied-piping with the Incremental Theme flipped from sell’s goods to pay’s money. Same hierarchy; different host of Amount+Denomination and cloth of Recipient. This tick is Mandarin pay_GIVE only. English twin is live at pay-give.html; Japanese twin at pay-give-ja.html. Navajo money-HANDLE stem switch shares the Group A DOCX and remains open/scout — label speculation; do not fake elicitation. Full sense×language page for Navajo is a later queue tick. *what twenty, *nani nijū-o, and *把二十付了美元 are one constraint written in three hosts.

Open items

• Navajo micro-entry. Same Group A geometry; money-HANDLE packaging; denomination WH may be stem alternation. Deferred — do not invent depth this tick. The extract states where denomination WH under doo … da must be asked: money-class stem vs next word, not a fifth object.
• Border nouns (房租 / 学费 / 罚款). One MeasureP with sortal N, or documented coercion to pay_BILL. Speculative packaging, not a fifth slot.
• Dual-denomination / LP tokens (把 8400 USDT 付给… for 0.2 BTC Consideration). Still one MeasureP Theme with pair-name unit when the Theme really is the USDT; inversion is sell/spend of crypto, not pay_GIVE of USDT.
• Classifier-ride on 付, elicited against *what twenty / *把二十付了美元. Scout beyond the attested 把-QP / 多少美元 grid.
• charge_FEE · Mandarin (收 / 收费). FROM rather than HAVE-TO needs its own grid; queued separately. Same surface names as Recipient of 付; follow-ups flip.
• Outer CAUSE (让). Site on the causing vs on HAVE of the Amount; Consideration never becomes Causee Case.

Corpus filenames

Primary extract for this micro-entry is Group A NegQ on pay (Mandarin §5). Geometry is shared with the English lexical entry. Disney+ pay companions supply optional-in / bare-U denomination notes under English; Mandarin maps them as 以什么货币 / bare unit under 把. Text extracts used this tick under /tmp/pay-zh-extracts/ and /tmp/pay-extracts/.