pay_GIVE · Norwegian (betale)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE, the Romance twins, Hungarian fizet, Polish płacić, Bulgarian плащам, German bezahlen, and Dutch betalen. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, a person, twenty euros, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / betale, and the dictionaries do not print the person.

tjue euro = one MeasureP. Twenty is not euros. Euro is not a sister of betale. euro after the numeral does not display a case ending. It is not a second case of the verb. There is no extra argument “currency symbol.” beløpet is the same object. tre beløp is that same object as a counted QP. The unit stays inside it. Dictionary husleie / skatt / 1000 kr are that object when the frame prints an amount or a debt.

What this page changes, against Dutch and German, is Recipient marking: the cited dictionary frames have no Recipient. What it changes against Polish is the absence of genitive of negation on the MeasureP. The object stays under ikke. What it does not change is the inventory. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount when a Recipient is in the geometry, and for holds the leftover DP. Payment-true is e2. There is no Norwegian sell page on this site, so goods-HAVE is not given a local Price cloth here.

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one object of betale. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects. No betale question is printed in the dictionaries. The printed Norwegian Consideration swipe on this site is hva … for on charge-fee-no. The FEE page says the Norwegian R-inventory is thinner than German wofür / womit / worauf, and it does not file those R-pronouns as Norwegian. The questions below reuse that swipe and the LBC shape already starred on the FEE page (Hva tjue har de ikke belastet Pat med?). They are constructed. There is no Hungarian preverbal Focus slot. V2 puts the finite verb in second position. hva … for resumes a leftover P. It is not a fourth argument. Recipient WH is not given a ranked form: the dictionaries print no Recipient to question.

1. ✓ Hva har Pat betalt? constructed · whole MeasureP
2. ✓ Hvor mange euro har Pat betalt? constructed · whole QP · unit inside
3. ✓ Hvor mye har Pat betalt? constructed · degree · unit bound
4. ✓ Hvilket beløp har Pat betalt? constructed · noun MeasureP · same object as beløpet · no case ending
5. ✓ I hvilken valuta har Pat betalt? constructed · U recoding · the constructed rescue FEE already names · not a second object
6. ✓ Hva har Pat betalt for? constructed spelling of printed hva … for · Consideration · not Amount · not a fourth argument
7. # Hvem har Pat betalt tjue euro? constructed · Recipient WH · bare object · not ranked · the dictionaries print no Recipient
8. * Hvor mange har Pat euro betalt? constructed · LBC · unit stranded
9. * Hva tjue har Pat betalt? constructed · LBC · degree extracted · shape of FEE’s Hva tjue har de ikke belastet

Left Branch Condition: Amount lives inside MeasureP. The degree does not extract and leave the unit next to the verb. The rejection already on the FEE page is Hva tjue har de ikke belastet Pat med?. Hva tjue har Pat betalt? is that shape on this stem, tagged constructed. Rescues that keep Amount and unit inside one object are hvor mange euro and hvor mye with the unit bound. The rescue does not make euro a sister of betalt.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ belaste ≠ pay_BILL ≠ godskrive ≠ trekke fra

In the dictionary frame betale 1000 kr for dressen, the amount is the MeasureP and for holds what the money is paid for. Give-geometry says a Recipient comes to HAVE that amount. Norwegian dictionaries do not print the Recipient. The HAVE claim is the shared geometry. The empty Recipient slot in the cited frames is the open packaging, and it is the difference from Dutch and German.

Which theta role is the object in this low Appl_HAVE domain is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection.

• ≠ belaste / ta betalt / charge_FEE. FROM dual. The levy is money FROM, e2 = debit / OWE. betale is money TO, e2 = Recipient HAS Amount. A shared for letter, swiped by hva … for, does not make the Appl head one. FEE’s filled cloth is accusative Payer + med-Amount. The printed question Belastet de Pat tjue euro? looks like a double object and is still FROM. ta betalt is the named get-paid companion, still unfilled, and it is not this Payment cell. siktet stays ACCUSE.
• ≠ pay_BILL. Invoice/obligation as the object; MeasureP as instrument. This page does not open a Norwegian BILL lemma, and it does not write fakturaen and the money as two objects of GIVE. e2 of BILL is invoice-clearance, not Recipient HAS Amount. Dictionary betale med kort is an instrument on the payment verb. It is not a document object.
• ≠ credit_FIN · godskrive. Ledger increment. The printed cloth is an object MeasureP with på+Account (Styret har godskrevet 0,3 ETH på kontoen). e2 is HAS_ON_BOOKS, not payout and not Recipient HAS the cash. Bare til + Account is not the filed Account cloth there. Bound god- is that lemma’s prefix. betale does not take it.
• ≠ deduct · trekke fra. MeasureP leaves a Domain (fra+DP). e2 is the decrement. fra is a preposition. The object stays under ikke there too, and that does not define deduct. Payment stays betale, overføre in that page’s later-verb list. til on overføre is that later recipient preposition. It is not this Domain, and it is not ranked here as betale’s Recipient. Deduct’s grunnet is Reason, not this for.
• ≠ tilskrive / legge skylden på. ATT, MERIT, and blame. ATT and MERIT take til-Target + an accusative Charge on tilskrive and tilskrive. That til is ascription, not a payment Recipient, and those pages do not point at a pay placeholder. Blame’s accusative is the light noun skylden, its Target is på, and its for is Charge. None of them has a MeasureP of funds.
• ≠ bytte / gi / swap. Index 2 Transfer cites bytte; gi, not betale. betale does not invert money and goods.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that the Recipient never ended up with the amount denies e2 of pay_GIVE when a Recipient is in the frame. Goods-HAVE is sell. Invoice-clearance is BILL. Debit/OWE is belaste. HAS_ON_BOOKS is godskrive. The decrement is trekke fra.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, the goods as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed grid. overføre is not filled in as that coercion.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

VoiceP  [ Pat
  vP / initP
    ApplP_LOW  [ Recipient   [ Appl_HAVE
      VP  [ √PAY- / betale  [ MeasureP  [ Amount tjue ] [ N euro ] ] ] ] ]
    for  [ Consideration ]

Neg  [ ikke ]
— MeasureP: object stays (beløpet / tre beløp / tjue euro / 0,3 ETH / husleie)
— Recipient: not in the dictionary frames; bare ham in prose, unranked; til not ranked
— no case ending on the full DP
— no GEN-neg
— har betalt is one word

Norwegian betale does not assign four structural Cases. Amount is the object when the frame prints a debt or an amount, and it stays that object under sentential ikke. Consideration is inside for, the dictionary P. The Recipient slot of low Appl_HAVE is the working geometry. The dictionaries leave it empty. Published ham is an unranked spell-out, not a morphological dative and not Dutch aan. The English DOC applied-object slot — Recipient as a second accusative with an ending — has no twin, because Norwegian full DPs do not show that ending. There is no particle node. betalt does not split.

Absence of genitive of negation is not a new theta and not a missing argument. It is the behavior of the same MeasureP. ham, when prose uses it, replaces the person. It does not write the person twice, and it does not show accusative against dative.

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The goods DP inside for is Consideration, not Theme. Homomorphism is on ⟨n, U⟩. A passive that promotes the MeasureP is the promotion the measuring pages already use for the object. It is constructed here. bli promotes that object. få is out, the cut live FIN, FEE, blame, and deduct already file, because the dative is mostly gone. A få-passive is not elicited on betale and is not proof of a Recipient dative.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer. Institutional payers (the board, the bank) pass as Initiators on the live Norwegian measuring pages. The weather star below is that filter in the clothes already used for Belastet været Pat med tjue euro?. Constructed. A board can pay; weather cannot be the Payer.

Omission does not demote the MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under order, binding, and WH — not omitability. Norwegian does not add a fourth structural Case to make that diagnostic. The dictionaries’ omission of a Recipient is a fact about the cited frames. It is not a demotion of Appl_HAVE out of the working geometry.

N/A · not Norwegian pay_GIVE diagnostics

Sibling pages omit diagnostics the language does not have. Norwegian betale is an object MeasureP that stays under ikke, a dictionary for+DP, and a Recipient the dictionaries do not print. It is not a copy of German morphological dative, Dutch aan, or Polish genitive of negation.

• A morphological dative on a full DP, or a Dutch aan-phrase, as this cloth. N/A. German bezahlen spells dative. Dutch betalen names aan. Norwegian full DPs do not show that ending, and aan is not a Norwegian preposition. ham is syncretic object form. The argument difference is this Recipient fact.
• A ranked til-Recipient. N/A as a settled letter. The dictionaries do not print til with betale. Live deduct-no already names til on unfilled overføre. ATT’s til is Target. The modernized 1383 letter is not used to rank the preposition.
• Genitive of negation. N/A. Polish płacić rewrites the MeasureP QP. Norwegian has no GEN-neg. The object stays. No Norwegian genitive string is printed, so none is starred.
• A ge- participle outside historical be-. N/A as a Norwegian spelling. The supine is betalt. Dutch betaald / gebetaald is that page. This page does not star a Dutch ge- form as a Norwegian word.
• A Hungarian Focus host, or a separated prefix of betale. N/A. One preverbal host is the cloth of fizet. fra belongs to trekke fra as a preposition. god- belongs to godskrive.
• A filled frame for overføre. N/A. The companion stays an Index 2 stem without a GIVE Case frame and without a page. No transfer page is opened.
• Romance or Bulgarian clitic doubling as this page’s adopted cloth. N/A. Those clothes stay on their pages. ham replaces the person. It does not write the person twice.
• Dutch voor, German für, Spanish por, or Polish za as Norwegian letters. N/A. The for-letter here is for, resumed by hva … for. Dutch voor and German für are the parallel hunches on those pages, not Norwegian words. Blame’s for and deduct’s grunnet are different licensers.
• A CAUSE domain, or Japanese -sase-, as a fourth argument. N/A. -sase- is derivational on Japanese, an outer Type A wrap. It is not a lexical causative, not a fourth argument of the inner verb, and not high Appl. This page does not invent a CAUSE domain. The subscript is Causative templates and argument selection.
• Japanese Double-o, Mandarin 把 / 给 / 为. N/A. Those clothes stay on pay-give-ja.html and pay-give-zh.html. Japanese attribute stays 属性する on its own page.
• Navajo money-HANDLE as a Norwegian stem. N/A. Sell · Navajo stays deferred. No Navajo data is invented here.
• The suffer reading as this geometry. Bokmålsordboka sense 2 prints dette skal du få betale dyrt for and the set phrase betale prisen. That reading is not e2 of Recipient HAS Amount. It is not opened as a second page.

Group D packaging · this tick closes Norwegian

Group D is the Germanic set already used for V2 and the absence of genitive of negation. Same √PAY_GIVE hierarchy as English, Japanese, Mandarin, Romance, Hungarian, Polish, Bulgarian, German, and Dutch. The cloth difference on this page, against Dutch and German, is the Recipient: the dictionaries print none, where Dutch files a positional IO or aan and German spells dative. The object MeasureP still stays under ikke. That stability is not a new argument. This tick closes Group D pay_GIVE on Norwegian betale, the way Group D deduct closed on Norwegian after German and Dutch. English is live at pay-give.html. Japanese harau is live at pay-give-ja.html. Mandarin 付 is live at pay-give-zh.html. Spanish pagar is live at pay-give-es.html. French payer is live at pay-give-fr.html. Italian pagare is live at pay-give-it.html; bonificare and trasferire stay unfilled. Hungarian fizet is live at pay-give-hu.html; átutal stays unfilled. Polish płacić / zapłacić is live at pay-give-pl.html; przelewać / przelać stay unfilled. Bulgarian плащам / платя is live at pay-give-bg.html; превеждам stays unfilled. German bezahlen is live at pay-give-de.html (Done=105); überweisen stays unfilled. Dutch betalen is live at pay-give-nl.html (Done=106); overmaken stays unfilled. The next Index 2 Payment step is a pause, or an unfilled companion. overføre is not opened here. Navajo money-HANDLE remains open/scout. Do not fake elicitation.

Open items

• Whether betale takes a Recipient double object. The dictionaries do not print one. NDLA prints betale ham en mark. Hamsun prints betale ham for lokalet. Neither is ranked against the Recipient-less dictionary frames, and neither is ranked against til. spec
• til as a Recipient cloth. Not printed in the dictionaries. Already named on unfilled overføre. Not ranked here. spec
• Purpose stacked on Consideration. Index 2’s outer slot is labeled Purpose. A Purpose stack beside the for DP is not checked as good or bad. spec
• Word order of a bare pronoun and the MeasureP. The constructed ham tjue euro follows the order NDLA prints (person before the amount). Other orders are not starred. spec
• A pause, or the companions. Another language of pay_GIVE would not increment VERB_COUNT. Group D pay_GIVE closes on this page. A pause is in order. overføre, overmaken, überweisen, превеждам, átutal, przelewać / przelać, and bonificare / trasferire stay unfilled, with no page. spec
• overføre. Named. No filled GIVE frame, no second root, no page. spec
• Norwegian pay_BILL. Not merged. No document + money double object is promoted to a second sense page.
• The suffer reading. Dictionary sense 2 and betale prisen stay off this geometry.
• Navajo sell. sell · Navajo stays deferred. No Navajo data is invented here.

Corpus filenames

Primary geometry is the English pay lexical entry. Norwegian clothes for the MeasureP, the stability of that object under ikke, V2, bli against få, and the weather filter are the strings already printed on the FEE, FIN, deduct, ATT, and blame micro-entries. The betale frames that are not constructed are the dictionary lines and the two prose citations. Index 2 Payment remains betale, overføre.