pay_GIVE · French (payer)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE and Spanish pagar. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, twenty euros, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / payer.

€20 = vingt euros = one MeasureP. The printed sell string uses vingt dollars; the printed FEE contrast uses vingt euros. Orthography is not extra arity. There is no sixth argument “currency symbol.” Twenty is not euros. Euros is not a sister of payer.

What Group B changes is Case and clitics. What it does not change is the inventory. On vendre, Recipient HAS goods and Price is pour-MeasureP. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount and pour holds the leftover DP (the goods or service the money was against). Payment-true is e2. Goods-HAVE is the missing default, as sell · French already says of payer.

French frames · Case clothes

No English DOC / to-frame ACC flip. Amount stays ACC. Recipient stays DAT. The grounded clothes are two printed strings, not one doubled clause. charge-fee-fr prints On lui a payé vingt euros and glosses lui as the person the money goes TO. sell-fr prints Pat n’a-t-il pas payé vingt dollars à Chris pour une tondeuse ? and says that question’s money is ACC, that à Chris is the Recipient, and that pour une tondeuse is the leftover DP. Sell also says the clitic and participle give the heads away on vendre: la / vendue track the mower. It does not print a money clitic for payer. French does not show Spanish-style doubling of lui with à-Recipient inside one payer clause on either page. A les + lui cluster is printed for facturer (On les lui a facturés), not for payer. It stays open.

1. ✓ On lui a payé vingt euros. printed on charge-fee-fr · DAT lui = Recipient · ACC MeasureP · money TO
2. ✓ Pat n’a-t-il pas payé vingt dollars à Chris pour une tondeuse ? printed on sell-fr · ACC money · à-Recipient · pour-DP
3. ✓ On a payé vingt euros à Pat. constructed · full-NP à cloth · parallel to Spanish Le pagaron veinte dólares a Pat · not a doubled lui+à string
4. ✓ Pat a payé vingt dollars à Chris. constructed · affirmative of the printed NegQ, Consideration dropped · mirror of Pat paid Chris twenty dollars
5. ✓ Pat a payé vingt dollars à Chris pour une tondeuse. constructed · polarity flip of the printed NegQ · pour+DP = Consideration, not Price QP
6. ✓ Pat a payé vingt dollars pour une tondeuse. constructed · Recipient omitted; pour-DP stays Consideration
7. ✓ Pat a payé vingt dollars. constructed · Recipient and Consideration independently omissible
8. * Pat a payé une tondeuse vingt dollars à Chris. constructed · no DOC of goods + MeasureP
9. * Pat a payé la facture vingt euros. constructed · no DOC of document + money · BILL ≠ GIVE

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one ACC object of payer. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects. No combien question of payer is printed. The printed contrast is the NegQ on sell-fr, which questions ACC money, against Pour combien de dollars ne lui a-t-il pas vendu la tondeuse ?, which questions a Price PP. Same dollars; the host differs. LBC is the constraint already starred on facturer as Quels vingt lui a-t-on facturés ? and on vendre as Pour quoi vingt ne lui a-t-il pas vendu la tondeuse ?. The payer-side LBC string below is the FEE star in ACC clothes. It is constructed. It is not a new elicitation. Past-participle agreement, where a string is hypothesized, tracks a preceding direct object the way FEE writes facturés with euros.

1. ✓ Combien d’euros ne lui a-t-on pas payés ? constructed · ACC MeasureP · FEE shape Combien d’euros ne lui a-t-on pas facturés… ?
2. ✓ Combien lui a-t-on payé ? constructed · degree; unit bound · FEE shape Combien lui a-t-on facturé ?
3. ✓ Vingt de quoi lui a-t-on payé ? constructed · de rescue · same rescue shape as sell and FEE
4. ✓ En quelle monnaie lui a-t-on payé vingt ? constructed · en denomination rescue
5. ✓ Pourquoi ne lui a-t-il pas payé vingt dollars à Chris ? constructed · Reason · pourquoi ≠ Amount · letter already used as Reason on live French pages
6. * Quels vingt lui a-t-on payés ? constructed · LBC / sortal mismatch · same star shape as FEE

The printed Price WH Pour combien de dollars ne lui a-t-il pas vendu la tondeuse ? is not refiled as a payer frame. Sell’s LBC Pour quoi vingt… sits on a Price pour. It is not the MeasureP host here. Rescues that keep Amount and unit inside one object are combien d’euros, vingt de quoi, and en quelle monnaie. The rescue does not make euros a sister of payé. en on the FEE page pronominalizes a measure or a de-Domain and does not split Amount from unit. A payer-side en remnant is not printed. It is not starred from the sell star Il en a vendu la tondeuse pour vingt.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ vendre ≠ pay_BILL ≠ charge_FEE ≠ credit_FIN

In On lui a payé vingt euros, the person of lui comes to HAVE the twenty. That is give-geometry. DAT Recipient is the spell-out of low Appl_HAVE. The Incremental Theme is a MeasureP of funds, not goods.

• ≠ vendre / sell. Cloth mismatch already printed: Pat n’a-t-il pas payé vingt dollars à Chris pour une tondeuse ? questions ACC money; Pour combien de dollars ne lui a-t-il pas vendu la tondeuse ? questions a Price PP. Shared pour on the leftover DP is packaging. la / vendue track the mower on vendre. The money is ACC on payer. Goods-HAVE is e2 of vendre and the missing default of payer.
• ≠ facturer / charge_FEE. Same letter lui / à, opposite Appl. On lui a payé vingt euros is money TO (Recipient HAS Amount). Le magasin lui a facturé vingt euros is money FROM (debit / OWE). A follow-up that Pat never paid does not deny FEE. Clitic cheapness under Neg tracks ACC money on both. The Appl head still differs. faire payer on that page is Type A outer CAUSE wrapping FEE, not a second root of GIVE and not a new money object.
• ≠ pay_BILL. Invoice/obligation as ACC; MeasureP as instrument. English rejects a DOC of twenty dollars and the invoice. French payer la facture with avec-MeasureP is still the speculation on the BILL page. This page does not promote it, and it does not write document + money as two objects of GIVE. e2 of BILL is invoice-clearance, not Recipient HAS Amount.
• ≠ credit_FIN · créditer. Ledger increment. e2 is HAS_ON_BOOKS, not payout and not Recipient HAS the cash. attribuer on the merit page is a different root again.
• ≠ deduct · déduire / prélever. MeasureP leaves a Domain (de / à partir de). e2 is the decrement. Not HAVE of the Amount.
• ≠ échanger / swap. Swap inverts two Themes. payer does not invert money and goods. Index 2 Transfer cites échanger, donner, not payer.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that Chris never ended up with the twenty denies e2 of pay_GIVE. Goods-HAVE is sell. Invoice-clearance is BILL. Debit/OWE is FEE. HAS_ON_BOOKS is FIN.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, lawnmower as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed grid. virer and transférer are not filled in as that coercion.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

VoiceP  [ Pat
  vP / initP
    ApplP_LOW  [ ChrisDAT   [ Appl_HAVE
      VP  [ √PAY-   [ MeasureP  [ Amount vingt ] [ N euros ]ACC ] ] ] ]
    PP_pour  [ pour  [ Consideration  la tondeuse ] ] ]

French payer does not assign four structural Cases. Amount is ACC. Recipient is DAT. Consideration is inside pour. The English DOC applied-object slot — Recipient as a second ACC — has no twin. That is why cheapness under Neg tracks the money, and why a string with goods and the MeasureP as two bare objects is the four-place accident. Sell’s page already records the same ceiling for vendre: no Chris n’a-t-il pas été vendu une tondeuse… ? twin. The payer passive of the Recipient as a bare nominative applied object is the same missing twin, constructed, not a new judgment:

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The lawnmower is Consideration, not Theme. Homomorphism is on ⟨n, U⟩. Passive, where it is hypothesized, promotes the MeasureP as a whole, never twenty alone without its unit.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer. Institutional payers (escrow, payroll, the city) pass on the English page. The French weather star below is that filter in French clothes, constructed, matching the weather star already on charge-fee-fr and credit-fin-fr. Weaker than Voice on blame — systems can pay; they cannot blame.

Omission does not demote the MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under Case, binding, and WH — not omitability. Outer faire is Type A on the sell and FEE pages. faire payer is already filed there as CAUSE wrapping FEE, not as this root. A checked two-dative string for payer as GIVE (causee vs Recipient) is not printed. It stays open, with sell’s note that three datives need controlled elicitation.

Underivables (French)

1. * Pat a payé une tondeuse vingt dollars à Chris. constructed · goods + MeasureP ≠ two objects
2. * Pat a payé la facture vingt euros. constructed · document + money ≠ GIVE DOC · BILL stays spec
3. * Quels vingt lui a-t-on payés ? constructed · LBC · Amount ≠ stranded unit
4. * Chris n’a-t-il pas été payé vingt euros ? constructed · no DOC-passive of Recipient
5. * Le mauvais temps lui a payé vingt euros. constructed · weather fails Payer
6. * Ce que le mauvais temps a fait, c’est payer vingt euros à Chris. constructed · do-test · same filter credit-fin-fr uses

N/A · not French pay_GIVE diagnostics

Sibling pages omit diagnostics the language does not have. French payer is DAT Recipient + ACC MeasureP + ranked pour-Consideration. It is not a copy of Japanese particles, Hungarian Focus, genitive of negation, or a Germanic separable prefix.

• Japanese Double-o as a French morphological fact. N/A. The ceiling on this page is two bare objects (goods or a bill beside the MeasureP), the Romance version of English *paid Chris the lawnmower twenty dollars. Particle Double-o stays on pay-give-ja.html.
• An English to-frame as a second French frame beside DAT. N/A. Recipient stays DAT (lui or à). There is no ACC/PP flip of the Recipient to file. The English alternation stays on pay-give.html.
• Spanish clitic doubling as a French requirement. N/A. le + a in one clause is the Spanish cloth on pay-give-es.html. French prints lui and à in separate payer strings. Doubling them is not filed.
• Hungarian Focus + nem, or a separable verb particle. N/A. French negation does not strand a prefix. Those cuts stay on the Hungarian and Germanic pages.
• Genitive of negation rewriting the MeasureP. N/A. French does not rewrite vingt euros under ne…pas. The Polish rewrite stays on the Polish measuring pages.
• Mandarin 把 / 给 / 为 as this cloth. N/A. Those coverbs are the live Mandarin twin. This page does not import them.
• Navajo money-HANDLE as a French stem. N/A. No stem is invented. Sell · Navajo stays deferred.
• les + lui clustering as a filed payer fact. N/A as corpus. On les lui a facturés is printed for FEE. Neither that string nor a money clitic is a payer quotation. Do not check or star On les lui a payés from the neighbour. See open items.
• A filled geometry for virer or transférer. N/A. They are Index 2 companions in the same Payment cell. No Case frame is printed for them on this site.

NegQ pointer · association sites

Negative questions on pay_GIVE keep the payment map. They do not invent a fifth theta name, a Price, or an invoice. ne…pas associates downward. The cheap inner associate is the ACC money — the opposite of vendre, where a bare Non challenges the event or the goods and the twenty wants the Price already under discussion. That flip is printed on sell-fr. Reason (pourquoi) stays outer. Goods-HAVE, invoice-clearance, debit/OWE, and HAS_ON_BOOKS are missing as default Neg targets of this root.

Group B packaging · this tick French only

Group B (Spanish, French, Italian) is the Romance Case-cloth set. Same √PAY_GIVE hierarchy as English, Japanese, and Mandarin; DAT Recipient instead of an English DOC applied object, a Japanese ni, or Mandarin 给. This tick is French payer only. English is live at pay-give.html. Japanese harau is live at pay-give-ja.html. Mandarin 付 is live at pay-give-zh.html. Spanish pagar is live at pay-give-es.html. Italian pagare, bonificare, trasferire is the remaining Romance citation, or the sprint pauses: the target of 100 sense×language micro-entries is reached here. Navajo money-HANDLE remains open/scout. Do not fake elicitation.

Open items

• Italian pagare, or a pause. Sprint target 100 is reached. Index 2 Italian Payment is pagare, bonificare, trasferire. Another language of pay_GIVE would not increment VERB_COUNT. A pause is equally in order. spec
• virer / transférer. Named. No filled frame, no second root, no invented stem. spec
• les + lui, and lui together with à-NP. lui and à-Recipient are each grounded, in separate printed strings. les = MeasureP is printed for facturer, not for payer. Doubling and the money clitic stay scout. A left-dislocation is likewise unranked.
• pour + INF Purpose, and pour+QP as Price. pour + DP is the ranked Consideration, guided by FEE pour le repas and by the printed leftover pour une tondeuse. A Purpose stack and a price-QP reading are not checked as good or bad. spec
• French pay_BILL. payer la facture with MeasureP as avec stays the speculation on pay-bill.html. Not merged into this page.
• Outer faire. faire payer stays the FEE page’s Type A wrap. Causee vs Recipient as two datives of GIVE is the sell note. No checked payer string. Consideration does not become Causee Case.
• Navajo sell, and unwritten merit pages. sell · Navajo stays deferred. No credit-merit-bg.html. No credit-merit-pl.html.

Corpus filenames

Primary geometry is the English pay lexical entry. French clothes are the payer strings already printed on the sell and FEE micro-entries, plus the Group B pay/sell cloth-mismatch DOCX those pages cite. Constructed Pat/Chris frames diagnose packaging. They are not new elicitation. Index 2 Payment remains payer, virer, transférer.