pay_GIVE · Dutch (betalen)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE, the Romance twins, Hungarian fizet, Polish płacić, Bulgarian плащам, and German bezahlen. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, twenty euros, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / betalen.

twintig euro = one MeasureP. Twenty is not euros. Euro is not a sister of betalen. euro after the numeral does not display a case ending. It is not a second case of the verb. There is no extra argument “currency symbol.” het bedrag is the same object. It also does not show the accusative ending German writes on den Betrag. drie bedragen and drie tokens are that same object as a counted QP. The unit stays inside it.

What this page changes, against German, is Recipient marking: no morphological dative, and an unranked positional IO / aan alternation, the cut the live Dutch attitude pages already refuse to rank. What it changes against Polish is the absence of genitive of negation on the MeasureP. The object stays under niet. What it does not change is the inventory. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount and voor, if the hunch holds, holds the leftover DP. Payment-true is e2. There is no Dutch sell page on this site, so goods-HAVE is not given a local Price cloth here. It remains the missing default, as the Romance sell pages already say of pagare / payer / pagar.

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one object of betalen. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects. No betalen question is printed. The printed measuring WH on this site, in Dutch spelling that the FEE page already tags constructed, is Wat brengen ze in rekening?, Wat brengen ze voor een bitcoin in rekening?, In welke valuta brengen ze in rekening?, Waarvoor brengen ze twintig euro in rekening?, and the LBC stars Wat twintig brengen ze in rekening? and Hoeveel brengen ze euro in rekening?. The betalen strings below reuse those shapes. They are constructed. There is no Hungarian preverbal Focus slot, so WH fronting is not a second host competing with a particle. V2 puts the finite verb in second position. An R-pronoun resumes a leftover P. It is not a fourth argument. Recipient WH follows the open cut on ATT: wie as the IO surface against aan wie. Neither is ranked.

1. ✓ Wat heeft Pat betaald? constructed · whole MeasureP · FEE shape Wat brengen ze in rekening?
2. ✓ Hoeveel euro heeft Pat betaald? constructed · whole QP · unit inside
3. ✓ Hoeveel heeft Pat betaald? constructed · degree · unit bound
4. ✓ Welk bedrag heeft Pat betaald? constructed · noun MeasureP · same object as het bedrag · no case ending
5. ✓ In welke valuta heeft Pat betaald? constructed · U recoding · FEE shape in welke valuta · not a second object
6. # Wie heeft Pat twintig euro betaald? constructed · Recipient WH · positional IO · the same open cut as ATT’s wie against aan wie · not ranked
7. ✓ Aan wie heeft Pat twintig euro betaald? constructed · Recipient WH · aan+DP · not ranked against wie
8. ✓ Waarvoor heeft Pat twintig euro betaald? constructed · Consideration WH · waarvoor resumes voor · FEE shape Waarvoor … in rekening · not Amount · not a fourth argument
9. * Hoeveel heeft Pat euro betaald? constructed · LBC · unit stranded · shape of Hoeveel brengen ze euro in rekening?
10. * Wat twintig heeft Pat betaald? constructed · LBC · degree extracted · shape of Wat twintig brengen ze in rekening?

Left Branch Condition: Amount lives inside MeasureP. The degree does not extract and leave the unit next to the verb. The rejection already on the FEE page is Wat twintig brengen ze in rekening?. Wat twintig heeft Pat betaald? is that shape on this stem, tagged constructed. Rescues that keep Amount and unit inside one object are hoeveel euro and hoeveel with the unit bound. The rescue does not make euro a sister of betaald.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ in rekening brengen ≠ pay_BILL ≠ bijschrijven ≠ afschrijven

In the constructed Pat betaalt Chris twintig euro, Chris comes to HAVE the twenty. That is give-geometry. A positional IO, or aan+DP, is the unranked spell-out of low Appl_HAVE. The Incremental Theme is a MeasureP of funds, not goods. The HAVE claim is the shared geometry. The Recipient cloth is the open packaging.

Which theta role is the object in this low Appl_HAVE domain is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection.

• ≠ in rekening brengen / charge_FEE. FROM dual. The levy is money FROM, e2 = debit / OWE. betalen is money TO, e2 = Recipient HAS Amount. A shared object MeasureP, and a shared voor letter, do not make the Appl head one. FEE’s Payer Case stays open on that page. This page’s person, on the hypothesis, is the Recipient. FEE’s voor is Consideration on a debit. This page’s voor is a Consideration hunch on a payment. Same letter, different event. in rekening is the fixed piece of that complex predicate. It is not a particle of betalen. waarvoor resumes Consideration on both; it does not make the events one.
• ≠ pay_BILL. Invoice/obligation as the object; MeasureP as instrument. English rejects a DOC of twenty dollars and the invoice. This page does not open a Dutch BILL lemma, and it does not write de factuur and the money as two objects of GIVE. e2 of BILL is invoice-clearance, not Recipient HAS Amount. FIN’s rekening is an Account under the IO or op, not this document. FEE’s in rekening is the predicate piece, not this document.
• ≠ credit_FIN · bijschrijven / crediteren. Ledger increment. The printed cloths are an object MeasureP with IO Account or op+Account, and crediteren with the Account as direct object (elke rekening 0,3 ETH). e2 is HAS_ON_BOOKS, not payout and not Recipient HAS the cash. The shared “object stays under niet” fact does not make the roots one lemma. Account there is an IO or op. Recipient here, on the hypothesis, is a person, as a positional IO or under aan. Bare aan + Account is the cloth that page names for unfilled overmaken and does not file for FIN. Separable bij is that lemma’s prefix. Inseparable be- is this one.
• ≠ deduct · afschrijven. MeasureP leaves a Domain (van+DP). e2 is the decrement. The object stays under niet there too, and that does not define deduct. Payment stays betalen, overmaken in that page’s later-verb list. Not HAVE of the Amount. Companion aftrekken stays unranked there. Separable af is not a morpheme of betalen. Deduct’s wegens is Reason, not this voor.
• ≠ toeschrijven / de schuld geven. ATT and blame. The IO or aan on ATT is Target (iemand iets toeschrijven / iets aan iemand toeschrijven), not a payment Recipient. Blame’s object is the light noun de schuld, its person is IO or aan, and its van is Charge (De commissie gaf de aannemer de schuld van de vertraging). Blame’s voor is unranked. None of them has a MeasureP of funds. MERIT stays on toeschrijven at credit-merit-nl. It is not this root. Sharing an unranked IO / aan letter does not make the events one.
• ≠ uitwisselen / swap. Index 2 Transfer cites uitwisselen; geven, not betalen. betalen does not invert money and goods.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that Chris never ended up with the twenty denies e2 of pay_GIVE. Goods-HAVE is sell. Invoice-clearance is BILL. Debit/OWE is in rekening brengen. HAS_ON_BOOKS is bijschrijven / crediteren. The decrement is afschrijven.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, lawnmower as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed grid. overmaken is not filled in as that coercion.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

VoiceP  [ Pat
  vP / initP
    ApplP_LOW  [ Chris / aan Chris   [ Appl_HAVE
      VP  [ √PAY- / betalen  [ MeasureP  [ Amount twintig ] [ N euro ] ] ] ] ]
    voor  [ Consideration  de grasmaaier ] ]

Neg  [ niet ]
— MeasureP: object stays (het bedrag / drie tokens / twintig euro / 0,3 ETH)
— Recipient: positional IO or aan+DP, unranked
— no case ending on the full DP
— no GEN-neg
— be- stays on the verb

Dutch betalen does not assign four structural Cases. Amount is the object, and it stays that object under sentential niet. Recipient, on the unranked hypothesis, is a positional indirect object or inside aan. Consideration, on the hunch, is inside voor. The English DOC applied-object slot — Recipient as a second accusative with an ending — has no twin, because Dutch full DPs do not show that ending. There is no particle node. betaald does not split. be- is not a Hungarian prefix that follows the verb, and it is not separable af or over.

Absence of genitive of negation is not a new theta and not a missing argument. It is the behavior of the same MeasureP. The Recipient is outside that object. hem is that Recipient, the way hem is blame’s Target on the live page. It replaces the person. It does not write the person twice, and it does not show accusative against dative.

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The lawnmower is Consideration, not Theme, if the voor hunch holds. Homomorphism is on ⟨n, U⟩. A passive that promotes the MeasureP is the promotion the measuring pages already use for the object. It is constructed here. A krijgen-passive that promotes the positional IO is the diagnostic live FIN uses for an IO Account. It is not elicited on betalen, and it is not filed as proof that the IO outranks aan.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer. Institutional payers (the board, the bank) pass on the English, Romance, Hungarian, Polish, Bulgarian, and German pages, and they pass as Initiators on the live Dutch measuring pages. The weather star below is that filter in the clothes already used for Heeft het weer twintig euro in rekening gebracht? and Het slechte weer heeft elke rekening 0,3 ETH bijgeschreven. Constructed. Weaker than Voice on blame — a board can pay; weather cannot be the Payer. Weather as an ATT Target is a different seat and stays on that page.

Omission does not demote the MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under order, binding, and WH — not omitability. Dutch does not add a fourth structural Case to make that diagnostic.

N/A · not Dutch pay_GIVE diagnostics

Sibling pages omit diagnostics the language does not have. Dutch betalen is an object MeasureP that stays under niet, an unranked positional IO or aan+DP Recipient, and a ranked voor+DP Consideration hunch, with inseparable unstressed be-. It is not a copy of German morphological dative, Polish genitive of negation, or a separable prefix.

• A morphological dative on a full DP, or a starred accusative person. N/A as this cloth. German bezahlen spells dative on jemandem / ihm and stars ihn / jemanden. Dutch full DPs do not show that ending. hem is syncretic, the way blame already says it does not show German ihn. The argument difference against German is this Recipient cloth.
• Genitive of negation. N/A. Polish płacić rewrites the MeasureP QP. Dutch has no GEN-neg. The object stays. A German genitive is not starred here as a Dutch word.
• A ranked winner between the positional IO and aan. N/A. Live ATT and blame name both and leave the ranking open. This page follows them. FIN’s note that bare aan is overmaken’s recipient cloth does not settle betalen.
• A Hungarian Focus host, or a separated prefix of betalen. N/A. One preverbal host is the cloth of fizet. Separable af belongs to afschrijven. Separable bij belongs to bijschrijven. Separable over- belongs to the unfilled companion. be- does not leave the verb, and ge- does not sit outside it.
• A filled frame for overmaken, or over- as a particle of this root. N/A. over- is the companion’s morphology. The companion stays an Index 2 stem without a GIVE Case frame. No transfer page is opened.
• An English DOC or to-frame as a second Dutch frame with case endings. N/A. The positional IO is not a second accusative ending. The English alternation stays on pay-give.html. aan is the Dutch preposition already named on ATT and blame, not a ranked twin of English to.
• Romance or Bulgarian clitic doubling as this page’s adopted cloth. N/A. le + a, Italian gli beside a, and Bulgarian му … на stay on those pages. hem replaces the Recipient. It does not write it twice.
• Spanish por / para, German für, Italian per, Hungarian -ért, Polish za, or Bulgarian за as Dutch letters. N/A. The for-letter under the hunch here is voor, resumed by waarvoor. German für is the parallel hunch on the German page, not a Dutch word. Blame’s unranked voor and deduct’s wegens are different licensers. Purpose vs Consideration is a complement-type question on voor, flagged open where Purpose would stack, and not checked.
• A CAUSE domain, or Japanese -sase-, as a fourth argument. N/A. -sase- is derivational on Japanese, an outer Type A wrap. It is not a lexical causative, not a fourth argument of the inner verb, and not high Appl. This page does not invent a CAUSE domain. The subscript is Causative templates and argument selection.
• Japanese Double-o, Mandarin 把 / 给 / 为. N/A. Those clothes stay on pay-give-ja.html and pay-give-zh.html. Japanese attribute stays 属性する on its own page.
• Navajo money-HANDLE as a Dutch stem. N/A. Sell · Navajo stays deferred. No Navajo data is invented here.

Group D packaging · this tick Dutch only

Group D is the Germanic set already used for V2, R-pronouns, and the absence of genitive of negation. Same √PAY_GIVE hierarchy as English, Japanese, Mandarin, Romance, Hungarian, Polish, Bulgarian, and German. The cloth difference on this page, against German, is Recipient marking: no morphological case on the full DP, and an unranked positional IO or aan+DP, where German spells dative. The object MeasureP still stays under niet. That stability is not a new argument. This tick is Dutch betalen only. English is live at pay-give.html. Japanese harau is live at pay-give-ja.html. Mandarin 付 is live at pay-give-zh.html. Spanish pagar is live at pay-give-es.html. French payer is live at pay-give-fr.html. Italian pagare is live at pay-give-it.html and closed Romance. Hungarian fizet is live at pay-give-hu.html; átutal stays unfilled. Polish płacić / zapłacić is live at pay-give-pl.html; przelewać / przelać stay unfilled. Bulgarian плащам / платя is live at pay-give-bg.html; превеждам stays unfilled. German bezahlen is live at pay-give-de.html; überweisen stays unfilled. The next Index 2 Payment citation is a pause, or Norwegian betale, overføre, or an unfilled companion. Norwegian is not opened here. Navajo money-HANDLE remains open/scout. Do not fake elicitation.

Open items

• Positional IO versus aan+DP. Both are named, because live ATT and live blame name both and do not rank them. No printed betalen string shows either. Wie heeft Pat … betaald? and Aan wie heeft Pat … betaald? are constructed, not elicited. A bare Chris does not spell an ending. hem does not spell one either. The ranking stays open. spec
• voor+DP Consideration. A hunch, guided by FEE voor het eten and waarvoor. Not checked as elicited. Blame’s voor is unranked there. Deduct’s wegens is a different licenser. Not a second object and not a price QP. waarvoor is not a fourth argument. spec
• Purpose stacked on Consideration. Index 2’s outer slot is labeled Purpose. A Purpose stack beside the voor DP is not checked as good or bad. spec
• Word order of the IO and the MeasureP. The constructed frames follow the order the attitude pages already print (person before the object; aan after the object). The other orders are not starred. spec
• krijgen of the positional IO. FIN uses krijgen to promote an IO Account. That diagnostic is not elicited on betalen and is not a ranking of IO against aan. spec
• A pause, or Norwegian betale, or the companions. Another language of pay_GIVE would not increment VERB_COUNT. Norwegian is not opened this tick. A pause is equally in order. overmaken, überweisen, превеждам, átutal, and przelewać / przelać stay unfilled. spec
• overmaken. Named. No filled GIVE frame, no second root, no over- separation copied onto betalen, no transfer page. FIN’s bare-aan note about this companion stays on that page. spec
• Dutch pay_BILL. Not merged. No document + money double object is promoted to a second sense page.
• Forms that do not show a case ending. twintig euro, drie tokens, 0,3 ETH, and het bedrag are the same object. German’s visible pair den Betrag / des Betrages is not a Dutch spelling. The Dutch pair is the affirmative form against the same form under niet.
• Navajo sell. sell · Navajo stays deferred. No Navajo data is invented here.

Corpus filenames

Primary geometry is the English pay lexical entry. Dutch clothes for the MeasureP, the stability of that object under niet, the unranked IO / aan letter, the voor / waarvoor letter, inseparable be- against separable af / bij / over, and the weather filter are the strings already printed on the FEE, FIN, deduct, ATT, and blame micro-entries. No betalen clause is among them. Constructed Pat/Chris frames diagnose packaging. They are not new elicitation. Index 2 Payment remains betalen, overmaken.