pay_GIVE · 払う (harau)

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English pay_GIVE. Not four-place. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, twenty dollars, and a lawnmower, but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √PAY_GIVE / √HARAU.

$20 = nijū-doru = one MeasureP. Orthography / #P morphology is not extra arity. Mensural nijū-doru on the Amount and optional sortal ichi-dai-bun on Consideration are two #Ps on two already-listed objects — they do not grow √HARAU. There is no sixth argument “currency symbol.”

What Group A Japanese changes is particle cloth and where Amount+Denomination host (#P under ACC o). What it does not change is the inventory. Twenty is still not dollars. Dollars is still not a sister of harau. Payment-true is still e2. Goods-HAVE is still missing. On sell, Recipient HAS goods and Price is de-MeasureP. On pay_GIVE, Recipient HAS Amount and Consideration is the PP.

Japanese frames · Case clothes

No English DOC / to-frame ACC flip. Amount stays o. Recipient is ni. Consideration stays outside a second ACC. Double-o blocks writing goods + money as two objects. Cheapness under Neg therefore tracks the o-MeasureP unless Focus / WH independently highlights Recipient or Consideration. Companion light verb shiharau / 支払う keeps the same cloth.

1. ✓ Pat-ga Chris-ni nijū-doru-o harat-ta. NOM · DAT · ACC MeasureP · pay-PST
2. ✓ Pat-wa Chris-ni nijū-doru-o harawanakatta no ka. canonical NegQ
3. ✓ Pat-wa Chris-ni nijū-doru-o shibakariki-no daikin-to-shite harawanakatta no ka. Consideration PP · not second o
4. ✓ Pat-wa nijū-doru-o haratta. Recipient omitted; Consideration independently omissible
5. ✓ Seikyūsho-o harawanakatta no ka. pay_BILL pointer — document ACC
6. * Pat-ga Chris-ni shibakariki-o nijū-doru-o harawanakatta. Double-o: goods ≠ second ACC
7. * Seikyūsho-o nijū-doru-o harawanakatta. no DOC of bill + money

A bare negative answer on the canonical NegQ most readily challenges the event or the ACC money. Challenging the Recipient wants that individual already under discussion. That is the opposite of uru, where the money is inside de and is not the default cheap associate.

MeasureP WH diagnostics

WH forces Amount ≠ Denomination inside one Case object of o. Verbal WH sees the MeasureP, not unit and degree as two objects of harau. Watanabe’s #P: Amount in Spec, Denomination as #°, Case as o. Same MeasureP pattern as English pay_GIVE and as deduct — but here the MeasureP is ACC Theme, not a de-selected Price of sell. Float moves Num+CL, not the counter off the numeral. Double-o survives nai.

1. ✓ Nan-doru-o harawanakatta no ka. Amount WH + # head as ACC
2. ✓ Ikura harawanakatta no ka. degree; unit bound
3. ✓ Dono-tsūka-de / nan-no tsūka-de harawanakatta no ka. in-strategy rescue
4. ✓ Nani-o harawanakatta no ka. nani = MeasureP
5. * Nani nijū-o harawanakatta no ka. Japanese of *what twenty
6. * Nan-o nijū-doru-o harawanakatta. split of #P plus Double-o
7. * Doru-o nijū harawanakatta no ka. CL stranded from numeral

Two constraints conspire on the stars: Left Branch / #P integrity (Amount in Spec,#P; Japanese cannot treat bare nijū as the sortal of nani under ACC), and Double-o (goods cannot become a second ACC object of harau). Rescues are nan-doru-o, ikura, and dono-tsūka-de — the Group A spelling of English how many dollars / in what currency. The rescue does not make doru a sister of haratta.

Geometry · pay_GIVE ≠ uru Price ≠ seikyū ≠ pay_BILL

In Pat-wa Chris-ni nijū-doru-o haratta, Chris comes to HAVE the twenty. That is give-geometry. ni-Recipient is the spell-out of low Appl_HAVE — the HAVE diagnostic that SWAP lacks. The Incremental Theme is a MeasureP of funds, not goods.

• ≠ uru / sell. Cloth mismatch under one operator: nijū-doru-o harawanakatta no ka questions ACC money; nijū-doru-de uttanakatta no ka questions a Price INSTR. Shared doru is packaging. The particle gives the heads away: o tracks the money on harau; o tracks the mower on uru.
• ≠ seikyū / charge_FEE. Pat-ni seikyū writes Pat as Source (money FROM). Pat-ni harau writes Pat as Recipient (money TO). Same letter ni; follow-ups flip. Both refuse Double-o.
• ≠ torikaeru / swap. Swap inverts two Themes. harau does not invert money and goods. *8400 USDT-o 0.2 BTC-to torikaenakatta is swap cloth, not pay.
• ≠ pay_BILL / seikyūsho-o harau. Invoice/obligation as ACC; MeasureP as instrument (de). No silent twenty as DOC object. Crossing the roots smuggles a four-place reading.
• ≠ grant Purpose / earmark / blame for. Pay’s Consideration PP names AGAINST. Grant’s tame-ni is Type B Purpose. Deduct’s Reason and blame’s Charge stay apart.
• Payment-true is e2. A follow-up that Chris never ended up with the twenty denies e2 of pay_GIVE. Goods-HAVE is sell’s e2, not pay’s. Invoice-clearance is e2 of pay_BILL.

Ordinary coercion toward trade (Amount as Theme₁, lawnmower as Theme₂) is available and is not the listed pay_GIVE grid. Wire, remit, and transfer-as-remit sit on this cloth with Source/channel extra.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

VoiceP  [ Pat
  vP / initP
    ApplP_LOW  [ Chrisni   [ Appl_HAVE
      VP  [ √HARAU   [ MeasureP / #P  [ Amount nijū ] [ #° doru ]o ] ] ] ]
    PP_Cons  [ de / daikin-to-shite  [ Consideration … ] ] ]

Japanese harau never assigns four structural Cases. Amount is o; Recipient is ni; Consideration is inside P. Double-o is the morphological version of the English ceiling *paid Chris the lawnmower twenty dollars: two accusatives from one domain are blocked. A language that appears to have “paid him the mower twenty dollars” has either a second domain (CAUSE / -sase- or high Appl) or a MeasureP that is not a second object.

Amount is Incremental Theme of pay on the give-reading. The lawnmower is Consideration, not Theme. Homomorphism is on ⟨n,U⟩. Passive promotes the MeasureP as a whole, or promotes Recipient under appropriate Voice — never twenty alone without its unit.

Voice filter: weather fails Payer; institutional payers (escrow, payroll, the city) pass. Weaker than Voice_J on blame — systems can pay; they cannot blame.

Omission does not demote MeasureP or Consideration to pure adjuncts when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under Case, binding, and WH — not omitability.

Underivables (Japanese)

1. * Pat-ga Chris-ni shibakariki-o nijū-doru-o harawanakatta. Double-o; goods ≠ Theme₄
2. * Nani nijū-o harawanakatta no ka. *what twenty
3. * Nan-o nijū-doru-o harawanakatta. #P split + Double-o
4. * Doru-o nijū harawanakatta no ka. CL stranded from numeral
5. * Seikyūsho-o nijū-doru-o harawanakatta. pay_BILL ≠ pay_GIVE DOC
6. * Buchō-wa Pat-o nijū-doru-o Chris-ni haraw-ase-nakatta. Double-o under CAUSE
7. * Nijū-doru-de harawanakatta no ka. as Incremental Theme of harau — sell Price cloth

Group A packaging · this tick Japanese only

Group A (English, Japanese, Mandarin, Navajo) is the contrast set for MeasureP pied-piping with the Incremental Theme flipped from sell’s goods to pay’s money. Same hierarchy; different host of Amount+Denomination and cloth of Recipient. This tick is Japanese pay_GIVE only. English twin is live at pay-give.html. Mandarin 付 (把 fronts the money QP; 给-Recipient; 为-Consideration) and Navajo money-HANDLE stem switch share the Group A DOCX and remain open/scout — label speculation; do not fake elicitation. Full sense×language pages for Mandarin / Navajo are later queue ticks.

Open items

• Mandarin / Navajo micro-entries. Same Group A geometry; 把 / HANDLE packaging. Deferred — do not invent depth this tick.
• Border nouns (rent / tuition / fine · JA equivalents). One MeasureP with sortal N, or documented coercion to pay_BILL. Speculative packaging, not a fifth slot.
• Dual-denomination / LP tokens (8400 USDT-o for 0.2 BTC Consideration). Still one MeasureP Theme with pair-name unit when the Theme really is the USDT; inversion is sell/spend of crypto, not pay_GIVE of USDT.
• Classifier-ride on 付 / harau, elicited against *what twenty / *nani nijū-o. Scout beyond the attested Double-o / nan-doru-o grid.
• charge_FEE · Japanese (seikyū). FROM rather than HAVE-TO needs its own grid; queued separately. Same ni letter as Recipient of harau; follow-ups flip.
• Outer CAUSE (〜させる). Site on the causing vs on HAVE of the Amount; Consideration never becomes Causee Case.

Corpus filenames

Primary extract for this micro-entry is Group A NegQ on pay (Japanese §4). Geometry is shared with the English lexical entry. Disney+ pay companions supply optional-in / bare-U denomination notes under harau. Chat packaging: Tritransitive NegQ Turn Group A (sell/pay flip) and Disney+ SHIBA / PayPal Japanese map. Text extracts used this tick under /tmp/pay-ja-extracts/ and /tmp/pay-extracts/.