blame · obwiniać / winić

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English blame, Spanish culpar, French blâmer, Italian incolpare, Japanese 責める, and Mandarin 怪 / 责备. Not five-place. Not four sisters of one V. Surface count can name the board, the weather, the delay, and an outer cause — but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √ASCRIBE_FAULT.

No MeasureP. There is no verbal Amount+Denomination object. Degrees that sneak in (jaką część winy, a partitive on Charge) live on the Abney spine of a light noun or of Charge — Left Branch Condition for sell / pay / charge_FEE / credit_FIN does not apply as a verbal diagnostic here. Group C Polish GEN-neg rewrites MeasureP of FIN/deduct. It does not rewrite blame’s Target/Charge association. The working-paper NegQ keeps the accusative on Target, parallel to ATT Charge staying ACC under nie on attribute-att-pl.html. That accusative string is packaging. It is not an elicited denial that other Polish accusatives take genitive of negation, and a genitive string on the Target would still be Target — not a promotion of Charge into the object slot.

What Group C changes for Polish blame is morphological accusative on Target (against DAT on the ATT twin), the za / o Charge clothes, the GEN/DAT split on the light noun where the paradigm allows it, and multiple-WH fronting as an open packaging flag. What it does not change is the inventory. Weather still satisfies Target and fails Judge. Cause-true is still not entailed. Target and Charge still do not invert at Transfer cost. Treating blame as Agent > Theme > Goal, collapsing it with przypisywać because both sit on the Index 2 line, inventing a merit page, or collapsing it with XFER/FIN because a ledger can also name an account, predicts a DOC, a HAVE entailment, a MeasureP LBC host, or a grammatical weather-as-Judge — none of those exist on blame.

Polish frames · Case clothes

Group C packages ascribe-fault without a productive DOC. Productive cloth: Target ACC, Charge in o+ACC (obwiniać, companion oskarżać) or za+ACC (winić). Overlap of za and o on one verb is not ranked here. o+LOC (o opóźnieniu) is the “talk-about” cloth, not this Charge. Cheap NegQ association and cheap WH track ACC = Target, or the preposition that hosts Charge. ATT keeps ACC on Charge and DAT on Target. There is no Polish clitic doubling: go is the Target, not a second writing of it.

1. ✓ Rada obwinia wykonawcę o opóźnienie. ipfv lemma · ACC Target · o+ACC Charge
2. ✓ Obwiniali wykonawcę o opóźnienie. same cloth · 3pl · string already on the ATT page
3. ✓ Rada obwiniła wykonawcę o opóźnienie. pfv obwinić · same root · not a second sense
4. ✓ Winili wykonawcę za opóźnienie. ipfv winić · ACC Target · za+ACC Charge
5. ✓ Komisja oskarżyła wykonawcę o opóźnienie. companion oskarżać · ACC = Target · not a second sense
6. ✓ Winili go za to, że pociąg się spóźnił. clausal Charge · za to, że · go = ACC Target
7. ✓ Obwiniali go o to, że pociąg się spóźnił. clausal Charge · o to, że
8. ✓ Raport obwiniał wykonawcę o opóźnienie. document-metonymy Judge · fine
9. ✓ Obwiniali złą pogodę o opóźnienie. weather = Target OK · ACC pogodę
10. ✓ Winili złą pogodę za opóźnienie. weather = Target · winić + za
11. ✓ Wykonawca został obwiniony o opóźnienie. passive promotes Target · Charge stays in o
12. ✓ Zła pogoda została obwiniona o opóźnienie. passive · weather Target · feminine agreement
13. ✓ Obwiniono wykonawcę o opóźnienie. -no impersonal · named Judge suppressed · not a new argument
14. ✓ Obwiniali go o opóźnienie. go = ACC Target · not DAT mu
15. ✓ Czy nie obwiniali wykonawcę o opóźnienie? nie · association tracks Target (ACC) · Charge stays in o
16. ✓ Czy nie winili wykonawcę za opóźnienie? nie · winić · ACC still Target
17. ✓ Light-noun scout: Obwinianie rady o opóźnienie zostało zakwestionowane. GEN rady continues ACC Target · spelled apart from DAT radzie
18. ✓ Light-noun scout: Wina rady została zakwestionowana. GEN rady = possessor of wina · not DAT Target
19. # Obwinianie wykonawcy o opóźnienie zostało zakwestionowane. wykonawcy syncretic GEN/DAT · do not rank possessor vs Target
20. # Wina wykonawcy została zakwestionowana. same syncretism on wina’s argument · flag, do not rank
21. # Onto-geometry scout: Zrzucili winę na wykonawcę. ACC winę · na+ACC Target · not the verbal obwiniać cloth · not elicited
22. ✓ ATT contrast (live): Rada przypisała opóźnienie wykonawcy. ATT · ACC = Charge · DAT Target · attribute-att-pl
23. ✓ ATT contrast: Przypisali mu opóźnienie. mu = DAT Target of przypisywać · not blame’s go
24. ✓ FIN / XFER pointer only: Nie zapisano 0,3 ETH na rachunku. GEN-neg host is a MeasureP · not blame’s Target
25. * Zła pogoda obwiniała wykonawcę o opóźnienie. weather as Judge
26. * Obwiniali wykonawcę opóźnienie. no productive DOC (ACC Target + ACC Charge)
27. * Obwiniali mu opóźnienie. DAT Target + ACC Charge is ATT cloth, not blame
28. * Obwiniali opóźnienie wykonawcy. ACC Charge + DAT Target ≠ blame
29. * Obwiniali wykonawcę o opóźnieniu. o+LOC ≠ blame Charge (o+ACC)
30. * Winili wykonawcę z opóźnieniem. no with-frame / z+INS as productive blame

A bare nie on the canonical NegQ most readily challenges the ascription event or the ACC Target. Challenging the Charge wants the o / za phrase, or the clause under że, already in the associate. Negation does not grow a double-object, does not move Charge into the accusative, and does not turn Target into the dative of przypisywać. HOLD is not cause-true. The prior Group C prediction — GEN-neg off on Charge unless Charge is a QP — still holds for the PP Charge: a measuring QP is a FIN/deduct object, not this verb’s Charge. Ordinary genitive of negation on other accusatives is a different question; this page does not recruit it as a rewrite of who is Target, and does not pretend to have elicited it. kogo will not settle the morphology: it is ACC and GEN at once. The unambiguous accusative in the diagnostic is wykonawcę / pogodę.

WH / NegQ diagnostics · cluster note · no MeasureP LBC

Unlike sell / pay_GIVE / charge_FEE / bet / credit_FIN, blame has no verbal MeasureP. There is therefore no Left-Branch Condition of the Amount-from-Denomination type on √ASCRIBE_FAULT. Degrees that appear are DP-internal on Charge or on the light noun wina. Group C Polish GEN-neg on MeasureP does not rewrite the Target/Charge association. ATT’s parallel, on the live twin, is that Charge stays ACC under nie.

1. ✓ Kto obwiniał wykonawcę o opóźnienie? WH = Judge
2. ✓ Kogo obwiniali o opóźnienie? WH = Target · kogo syncretic ACC/GEN · association still Target
3. ✓ O co obwiniali wykonawcę? WH = Charge · o+ACC · co not czego
4. ✓ Za co winili wykonawcę? WH = Charge · za+ACC
5. ✓ Kogo nie obwiniali o opóźnienie? WH–Neg Target · association not flipped onto Charge
6. ✓ O co nie obwiniali wykonawcę? WH–Neg Charge · P-strand
7. ✓ Kto został obwiniony o opóźnienie? passive · Target promoted
8. ✓ Kogo obwiniono o opóźnienie? -no impersonal · Target WH
9. ✓ Jaką część winy zrzucili na pogodę? degree on light noun · Abney-side · onto-geometry scout · not verbal MeasureP
10. * Ile nie obwiniono wykonawcy z opóźnienia? no verbal MeasureP LBC host
11. * Co obwiniali wykonawcę? bare Charge WH · missing DOC
12. * Komu obwiniali opóźnienie? komu is ATT’s Target WH, not blame’s
13. * O czego obwiniali wykonawcę? o does not take GEN Charge
14. ✓ Cluster hypothesis: Kto kogo o co obwiniał? Group C multiple-WH fronting · not a ranked elicitation
15. ✓ Obwiniali złą pogodę o opóźnienie. weather = Target · fine
16. * Zła pogoda kogo obwiniała o opóźnienie? weather still not Judge

The shared hierarchy ranks Judge > ACC Target > PP Charge > outer. Polish multiple-WH fronting is a packaging note on that hierarchy (Group C cluster), not a fourth sister and not an elicited superiority paradigm. There is no ranking of Target against a silent Purpose, Price, or Theme₂. Cheap NegQ association tracks the accusative Target. Productive Target WH is kogo, with the syncretism flagged. Productive Charge WH is o co / za co, not bare co and not komu.

Geometry · blame ≠ przypisywać ≠ MERIT ≠ attribute_XFER ≠ sell

In Rada obwinia wykonawcę o opóźnienie, the board holds that the contractor is responsible for the delay. That is ascription of fault, not HAVE of goods and not ledger INCREMENT. The contractor is Target. The delay is Charge. HOLD is an attitude; cause-true is not a presupposed fact.

• ≠ attribute_ATT · przypisywać. Shared Index 2 line, opposite Case. Blame’s ACC is Target (obwiniali wykonawcę o opóźnienie; winili wykonawcę za opóźnienie; companion oskarżyła wykonawcę o opóźnienie). Attribute’s ACC is Charge and its Target is DAT (przypisała opóźnienie wykonawcy; przypisali mu opóźnienie). Blame’s za / o are not productive ATT frames. ATT’s dative is not a productive blame Target. Collapsing them because both can sit next to wykonawcy ignores the syncretism: that form is GEN or DAT, while blame’s object is the accusative wykonawcę.
• ≠ oskarżać as a second root. Same ACC = Target and o+ACC Charge. It is the contrast companion already printed on the ATT page. A legal / speech-act lean stays pointed at charge_ACCUSE; this page does not invent a Polish accuse entry. Index 2’s Attitude line prints obwiniać / winić, not oskarżać.
• ≠ MERIT. Opposite polarity of merit in other languages. Polish has no live MERIT micro-entry. Do not invent credit-merit-pl.html. Do not import a recognition light noun as the default blame cloth. Index 2 does not print a separate merit root on this line.
• ≠ attribute_XFER / credit_FIN. Ledger MeasureP / Account is a different root. Nie zapisano 0,3 ETH na rachunku is a pointer to the GEN-neg host, not an Index 2 Attitude citation. Blame has no MeasureP and no Account. XFER stays at attribute-xfer.html.
• ≠ English DOC / Transfer invert. There is no productive *obwiniać kogoś coś. Negation does not rescue it. Transfer Themes invert under swap NegQ; blame Target and Charge do not. English for-frame (ACC Target) is the nearer cloth; English on-frame (ACC Charge) is not the Polish verbal default. Onto-geometry, if it is real, lives on the light noun (winę na), scout only.
• ≠ sell / Appl_HAVE / allocate_GOAL. No Appl_HAVE, no Price MeasureP, no optional HAVE Goal. The accusative is Target of an attitude, not goods that change hands.
• ≠ light-noun collapse. obwinianie rady (GEN continues Target) and wina rady (GEN possessor) are not DAT radzie. przypisać winę radzie is the ATT verb with wina as Charge-type ACC — pointed on the ATT page’s geometry, not a blame accusative. winie syncretizes DAT and LOC on the noun itself; that is a paradigm fact, not a second argument.
• Missing defaults. Cause-true and settlement are not entailed. Czy nie obwiniali złą pogodę o opóźnienie? is compatible with the weather not in fact causing the delay.

English twin spells for-frame ACC Target / for-Charge, and on-frame ACC Charge / on-Target. Spanish twin: a-Target / de-Charge. French twin: ACC Target / pour-Charge. Italian twin: ACC Target / di-Charge. Japanese twin: ACC Target under 責める; ni Target under light-noun; de / no sei-de Charge. Mandarin twin: Target post-V or 把-fronted; Charge via 因为. Polish twin: ACC Target; Charge za / o / za to, że; no DOC. Weather OK as Target, not as Judge. Document-metonymy Judge OK.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

productive cloth (obwiniać / winić kogoś o/za coś):
VoiceP  [ JudgeNOM
  vP / √ASCRIBE_FAULT
    ACC               Target     ← wykonawcę / go / pogodę
    PP_o+ACC         Charge     ← obwiniać, companion oskarżać
    PP_za+ACC        Charge ]   ← winić; also za to, że
                                   not a DOC, not DAT Target

*ATT cloth (live on attribute-att-pl · unavailable as blame):
VoiceP  [ JudgeNOM
  vP / √ASCRIBE
    ACC               Charge
    DAT               Target ]   ← przypisywać coś komuś / mu

Light-noun scout (heads spelled apart):
DP  [ N / obwinianie
    GEN               Target ]   ← continues verbal ACC (rady ≠ DAT radzie)
                                   syncretic wykonawcy: flag, do not rank

DP  [ N / wina
    GEN               possessor ] ← wina rady
                                   winie = DAT or LOC on N itself · flag
onto scout (not elicited):
    ACC               winę
    PP_na+ACC       Target

passive (promotes Target):
VoiceP  [ TargetNOM
  vP / √ASCRIBE_FAULT
    PP_o/za         Charge ]

Polish blame never assigns four structural Cases. Target is ACC. Charge wears o+ACC or za+ACC (or a clause under że packaged by to). No low Appl_HAVE. No low Appl_SWAP. No Appl_TASK. No MeasureP. High Appl / Affectee is extra when present and is not a listed argument of √ASCRIBE_FAULT. Perfective obwinić is not a second root on this tree. winić is the other Index 2 imperfective, not a second sense.

Composition is V(DP) on the ACC Target. The P on Charge is clothing the DP wears (K on the Abney spine, or a selected relational P that does not add a fourth verbal argument). V(o(DP)) and V(za(DP)) are the wrong composition — same wrapper-K cut as English for. o+LOC is a different P, and it is not selected here.

Inanimate Target is fine. Inanimate subject as Judge is not generated — that is the Voice filter, not a Case accident. Passive promotes Target (został obwiniony). It does not promote Charge into a subject that still takes a bare accusative Target. Impersonal obwiniono suppresses a named Judge; it does not add an argument. go resumes Target. mu does not.

Outer CAUSE wraps Voice. The causee, not the weather, is the Judge. Weather still fails as inner Judge under the wrap. There is no Neg-raising out of Charge.

Omission does not demote Charge to a pure adjunct. Selected P-layers are optional in the numeration; they are still arguments when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under Case, binding, and WH — not omitability. Charge clauses are islands in a way rationale adjuncts are not.

Underivables (Polish blame)

1. * Zła pogoda obwiniała wykonawcę o opóźnienie. weather / inanimate as Judge
2. * Zła pogoda nie obwiniała wykonawcę o opóźnienie? Voice filter survives Neg
3. * Czy nie kazali złej pogodzie obwinić wykonawcę o opóźnienie? CAUSE wrap does not wash Voice filter
4. * Obwiniali wykonawcę opóźnienie. no productive DOC
5. * Co obwiniali wykonawcę? as DOC under WH missing DOC under WH
6. * Obwiniali mu opóźnienie. no ATT dative on blame
7. * Obwiniali opóźnienie wykonawcy. ACC Charge + DAT Target is przypisywać
8. * Obwiniali wykonawcę o opóźnieniu. o+LOC ≠ Charge cloth
9. * Winili wykonawcę z opóźnieniem. no with-frame
10. * Ile nie obwiniono wykonawcy z opóźnienia? no verbal MeasureP LBC host
11. * Rada zamieniła wykonawcę za opóźnienie. as ascribe-fault SWAP cloth ≠ ascribe-fault
12. * Opóźnienie zostało obwinione wykonawcę. passive does not promote Charge
13. ✓ weather as Target: Obwiniali złą pogodę o opóźnienie. inanimate Target fine
14. ✓ document Judge: Raport obwiniał wykonawcę o opóźnienie. metonymy Judge fine

Groups A–D packaging · this tick Polish only

Same hierarchy as English blame. This tick is Polish only and opens Group C blame. Bulgarian is now live at blame-bg.html. Hungarian is now live at blame-hu.html and closes Group C.

• Group A. Japanese 責める live at blame-ja.html; ni Target under light-noun, de / no sei-de Charge; Double-o unused. Mandarin 怪 / 责备 live at blame-zh.html. Navajo: scout — classificatory stem for weather as Target, not as Judge. Sell·Navajo stays deferred; this page does not touch NV.
• Group B. Spanish live at blame-es.html; French live at blame-fr.html; Italian live at blame-it.html. Charge letter there is de / pour / di. Polish za / o is the Group C spelling of the same Charge, not a Romance clitic paradigm.
• Group C. Polish is now live: ACC Target, za/o Charge, light-noun GEN vs DAT where the noun splits, multiple-WH as an open flag. GEN-neg rewrites MeasureP of FIN/deduct and does not rewrite the Target/Charge association — the same honesty as ATT Charge staying ACC under nie. Hungarian is live at blame-hu.html (ACC Target; -ért; Focus+nem; no GEN-neg). Bulgarian is live at blame-bg.html (direct-object Target; за/в/bare че; no GEN-neg; clitic го). Hungarian closes Group C blame.
• Group D. German beschuldigen / die Schuld geben; Dutch de schuld geven; Norwegian legge skylden på (Index 2 prints the light-noun cloth only). Not this tick. R-pronoun Charge resumption stays on those pages when they are written.

Open items

• Light-noun wina / obwinianie. Scout. GEN on obwinianie continues the accusative Target where the paradigm splits (rady vs radzie). GEN on wina is possessor, not the ATT dative. na+ACC onto-geometry is not ranked and not elicited. przypisać winę + DAT is the ATT verb, not this page’s accusative.
• Syncretism. wykonawcy is GEN or DAT. kogo is ACC or GEN. winie is DAT or LOC. Declarative wykonawcę is the form that shows accusative Target. Flag the rest; do not rank it.
• za vs o. winić is filed with za; obwiniać and companion oskarżać with o. Overlap is not ranked as exclusive. o+LOC is rejected as Charge. za to, że / o to, że are clausal packaging of the same Charge, not a fourth argument.
• GEN-neg. Rewrites MeasureP of FIN/deduct. Does not rewrite blame’s Target/Charge association. The working-paper NegQ keeps ACC on Target, parallel to ATT Charge staying ACC under nie. A GEN string on the Target slot is an open packaging flag (and, with wykonawcy, case-ambiguous). It is not an elicited paradigm and not a claim about other accusatives. The older note “off on Charge unless Charge is a QP” still names the PP Charge, not a verbal MeasureP on this verb.
• Aspect pair. Index 2 lemmas are imperfective obwiniać / winić. Perfective obwinić is a same-root pfv string, not a second sense page. Do not file a separate perfective of winić as another root.
• oskarżać. Companion contrast. Not Index 2’s primary blame lemma and not a charge_ACCUSE micro-entry.
• MERIT. No credit-merit-pl.html. Prose pointer only. Do not invent a live link.
• XFER / FIN. Pointer only, for the GEN-neg MeasureP contrast. Not a Polish FIN micro-entry.
• WH cluster ranking. Kto kogo o co obwiniał? is a Group C packaging hypothesis. It is not an elicited paradigm.
• Bulgarian blame. Live at blame-bg.html. Charge clothes are за / в / bare че, not this page’s za / o / za to, że. Hungarian is live at blame-hu.html and closes Group C.
• Navajo. Deferred. Do not touch NV. Sell·Navajo stays deferred.

Corpus filenames

Primary extract for this micro-entry is Lexical_Entry_Blame_Argument_Structure (√ASCRIBE_FAULT; for/on clothes; Voice filter; Groups A–D). NegQ association maps from Negative_Questions_Blame. Light-noun contrast from Assign_Blame_Comparison. Group C GEN-neg note: off on Charge unless Charge is a QP — kept here as a packaging hypothesis about the PP Charge, not as elicited Polish. The Case split against ATT is the live page attribute-att-pl.html (ACC Charge + DAT Target; GEN-neg does not rewrite ATT Charge). Chat packaging: Tritransitive chats 13 (assign vs blame Case / NegQ) and 22 (blame in negative questions · no fourth theta). Index 2 Polish Attitude cites obwiniać / winić, przypisywać. Constructed PL frames diagnose packaging; they are not new elicitation.