blame · обвинявам / виня

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English blame, Spanish culpar, French blâmer, Italian incolpare, Japanese 責める, Mandarin 怪 / 责备, and Polish obwiniać / winić. Not five-place. Not four sisters of one V. Surface count can name the board, the weather, the delay, and an outer cause — but the lexicon does not list four co-arguments of √ASCRIBE_FAULT.

No MeasureP. There is no verbal Amount+Denomination object. Degrees that sneak in (каква част от вината, a partitive on the light noun) live on the Abney spine of that noun — Left Branch Condition for sell / pay_GIVE / charge_FEE / credit_FIN does not apply as a verbal diagnostic here. Group C Polish GEN-neg rewrites MeasureP of FIN/deduct. Bulgarian has no nominal genitive, so there is nothing for не to rewrite the Target into, and nothing that would move Charge into the object slot. The working-paper NegQ keeps the direct object on Target, parallel to ATT Charge staying the direct object under не on attribute-att-bg.html. That is packaging. It is not an elicited denial of a genitive Bulgarian no longer has.

What Group C changes for Bulgarian blame is the direct-object Target against DAT/на on the ATT twin, the за / в / bare че Charge clothes (not Polish za / o / za to, że), clitic doubling of one Target, the unresolved на on the light noun, and multiple-WH fronting as an open packaging flag. What it does not change is the inventory. Weather still satisfies Target and fails Judge. Cause-true is still not entailed. Target and Charge still do not invert at Transfer cost. Treating blame as Agent > Theme > Goal, collapsing it with приписвам because both sit on the Index 2 line, inventing a merit page, or collapsing it with XFER/FIN because a ledger can also name an account, predicts a DOC, a HAVE entailment, a MeasureP LBC host, or a grammatical weather-as-Judge — none of those exist on blame.

Bulgarian frames · Case clothes

Group C packages ascribe-fault without a productive DOC and without nominal case. Productive cloth: Target = direct object, Charge in за (both lemmas; the event, often definite), in в (обвинявам’s fault-type nominal, often article-less), or under bare че. Overlap of за and в on обвинявам is not ranked as exclusive. в on виня is not filed as productive. Cheap NegQ association and cheap WH track the direct-object Target, or the preposition / complementizer that hosts Charge. ATT keeps the direct object on Charge and DAT/на on Target. Clitic doubling is one Target: го plus изпълнителя is not a second argument and not a DOC.

1. ✓ Комисията обвинява изпълнителя за закъснението. ipfv lemma · direct object = Target · за = event Charge
2. ✓ Комисията обвини изпълнителя за закъснението. aorist обвини · same root · string already on the ATT page
3. ✓ Винят изпълнителя за закъснението. ipfv виня · direct object = Target · за · string already on the ATT page
4. ✓ Обвиняват изпълнителя в закъснение. в · fault-type Charge · article-less · обвинявам cloth · not Polish o
5. ✓ Обвиняват го в небрежност. в + fault-type · го = Target
6. ✓ Винят го, че влакът е закъснял. bare че · clausal Charge · no correlative to
7. ✓ Обвиняват го, че влакът е закъснял. bare че on обвинявам · same CP Charge
8. # Обвиняват го за това, че влакът е закъснял. optional correlative under за · same Charge · not required · not Polish za to, że as the default
9. # Обвиняват го в това, че е закъснял. optional correlative under в · обвинявам only · not a fourth argument
10. # Винят изпълнителя в закъснение. в is not the productive виня cloth · do not rank
11. ✓ Докладът обвини изпълнителя за закъснението. document-metonymy Judge · fine
12. ✓ Винят лошото време за закъснението. weather = Target OK · neuter object
13. ✓ Обвиняват лошото време в закъснение. weather = Target · в cloth
14. ✓ Изпълнителят беше обвинен за закъснението. passive promotes Target · subject article · Charge stays in за
15. ✓ Лошото време беше обвинено в закъснение. passive · weather Target · neuter participle
16. ✓ Обвиниха изпълнителя за закъснението. 3pl · named Judge suppressed · not a new argument
17. ✓ Обвиниха го за закъснението. го = Target · not DAT му
18. ✓ Комисията го обвини изпълнителя за закъснението. clitic doubling · one Target · not a DOC
19. ✓ Обвиниха го изпълнителя за закъснението. verb-initial host · clitic then doubled DP · still one Target
20. ✓ Не обвиниха ли изпълнителя за закъснението? не … ли · association tracks Target · Charge stays in за
21. ✓ Не го ли винят за закъснението? го = Target under не · no GEN rewrite
22. ✓ Не за закъснението ли винят изпълнителя? ли on the за-phrase · Charge-focus
23. ✓ Light-noun scout: Вината на изпълнителя беше оспорена. на unresolved · possessor of вина or ATT-like Target · no GEN/DAT split · do not rank
24. ✓ Light-noun scout: Обвинението в закъснение беше оспорено. в continues the fault-type Charge · neuter
25. # Light-noun scout: Обвинението срещу изпълнителя беше оспорено. срещу · not a verbal frame of виня · not elicited
26. # Onto-geometry scout: Хвърлиха вината върху изпълнителя. object = вината · върху = Target · not the verbal обвинявам cloth · not elicited
27. ✓ ATT contrast (live): Съветът приписа закъснението на изпълнителя. ATT · ACC = Charge · на = Target · attribute-att-bg
28. ✓ ATT contrast: Приписаха му закъснението. му = DAT Target of приписвам · not blame’s го
29. ✓ FIN / XFER pointer only: Не записаха ли 0,3 ETH по сметката? measuring QP stays a direct object under не · no GEN-neg host · not blame’s Target
30. * Лошото време обвини изпълнителя за закъснението. weather as Judge
31. * Обвиниха изпълнителя закъснението. no productive DOC (object Target + object Charge)
32. * Обвиниха му закъснението. DAT Target + object Charge is ATT cloth, not blame
33. * Обвиниха закъснението на изпълнителя. object Charge + на Target ≠ blame
34. * Винят изпълнителя със закъснението. no with-frame / с as productive blame
35. * Обвиниха изпълнителя върху закъснението. върху is not the Charge P

A bare не on the canonical NegQ most readily challenges the ascription event or the direct-object Target. Challenging the Charge wants the за / в phrase, or the clause under че, already in the associate, with ли on that phrase when the focus is the Charge. Negation does not grow a double-object, does not move Charge into the object slot, does not turn Target into the dative of приписвам, and does not produce a genitive — there is no nominal genitive to produce. HOLD is not cause-true. The Polish note “GEN-neg off on Charge unless Charge is a QP” names a host Bulgarian does not have. A measuring QP is a FIN/deduct object, not this verb’s Charge. The unambiguous direct object in the diagnostic is изпълнителя / лошото време, resumed by го.

WH / NegQ diagnostics · cluster note · no MeasureP LBC

Unlike sell / pay_GIVE / charge_FEE / bet / credit_FIN, blame has no verbal MeasureP. There is therefore no Left-Branch Condition of the Amount-from-Denomination type on √ASCRIBE_FAULT. The Group C remark that Bulgarian WH clusters do not split Amount from unit (the same packaging note used beside таксувам / обвинявам on fee-levy) has nothing to split here. Degrees that appear are DP-internal on the light noun вина. не does not rewrite the Target/Charge association. ATT’s parallel, on the live twin, is that Charge stays the direct object under не.

1. ✓ Кой обвини изпълнителя за закъснението? WH = Judge
2. ✓ Кого обвиниха за закъснението? WH = Target · animate direct object · кого not на кого
3. ✓ За какво винят изпълнителя? WH = Charge · за
4. ✓ В какво обвиниха изпълнителя? WH = Charge · в · обвинявам
5. ✓ Кого не обвиниха за закъснението? WH–Neg Target · association not flipped onto Charge
6. ✓ За какво не винят изпълнителя? WH–Neg Charge · P fronts with the WH
7. ✓ Кой беше обвинен за закъснението? passive · Target promoted
8. ✓ Кого обвиниха за закъснението? 3pl · Target WH · named Judge absent
9. ✓ Каква част от вината хвърлиха върху времето? degree on light noun · Abney-side · onto-geometry scout · not verbal MeasureP
10. * Колко не обвиниха изпълнителя от закъснението? no verbal MeasureP LBC host
11. * Какво обвиниха изпълнителя? bare Charge WH · missing DOC
12. * На кого обвиниха закъснението? на кого is ATT’s Target WH, not blame’s
13. * За кого винят закъснението? за кого is not the Target WH (кого is)
14. ✓ Cluster hypothesis: Кой кого за какво обвини? Group C multiple-WH fronting · not a ranked elicitation
15. ✓ Cluster hypothesis: Кой кого в какво обвини? same cluster · в cloth · not elicited
16. ✓ Винят лошото време за закъснението. weather = Target · fine
17. * Лошото време кого обвини за закъснението? weather still not Judge

The shared hierarchy ranks Judge > direct-object Target > PP/CP Charge > outer. Bulgarian multiple-WH fronting is a packaging note on that hierarchy (Group C cluster), not a fourth sister and not an elicited superiority paradigm. There is no ranking of Target against a silent Purpose, Price, or Theme₂. Cheap NegQ association tracks the direct-object Target. Productive Target WH is кого (animate) — not на кого and not кому, which are ATT’s dative slot (кому formal, same ATT slot, already flagged on the ATT page). Productive Charge WH is за какво / в какво, not bare какво and not на кого.

Geometry · blame ≠ приписвам ≠ отдавам-as-MERIT ≠ attribute_XFER ≠ sell

In Комисията обвинява изпълнителя за закъснението, the board holds that the contractor is responsible for the delay. That is ascription of fault, not HAVE of goods and not ledger INCREMENT. The contractor is Target. The delay is Charge. HOLD is an attitude; cause-true is not a presupposed fact.

• ≠ attribute_ATT · приписвам. Shared Index 2 line, opposite object. Blame’s direct object is Target (обвини изпълнителя за закъснението; винят изпълнителя за закъснението; обвиняват изпълнителя в закъснение). Attribute’s direct object is Charge and its Target is DAT/на (приписа закъснението на изпълнителя; приписаха му закъснението). Blame’s за / в are not productive ATT frames — the ATT page already rejects за and върху on приписвам. ATT’s dative is not a productive blame Target. Collapsing them because both can sit next to на изпълнителя ignores the cloth: that на is ATT’s Target, or an unresolved possessor on вина, while blame’s object is изпълнителя resumed by го.
• ≠ Polish za / o / za to, że copied onto these lemmas. Polish obwiniać / winić is live and shares the hierarchy and the ACC-Target idea, with real accusative morphology. Bulgarian Charge letters are за and в, plus bare че. There is no o+ACC vs o+LOC cut, and no required correlative to. в is обвинявам’s fault-type P; it is not the twin of Polish o on obwiniać, and it is not filed on виня. Clitic doubling and the missing genitive are Bulgarian, not Polish.
• ≠ MERIT and ≠ отдавам deepened as MERIT. Opposite polarity of merit in other languages. Bulgarian has no live MERIT micro-entry. Do not invent credit-merit-bg.html. отдавам нещо на някого is the Index 2 companion and an alternate ascribe cloth, already scouted on the ATT page. Do not import it as the default blame cloth and do not open a second sense page for it here.
• ≠ attribute_XFER / credit_FIN. Ledger MeasureP / Account is a different root. Не записаха ли 0,3 ETH по сметката? is a pointer to a measuring object that stays a direct object under не, not an Index 2 Attitude citation. Blame has no MeasureP and no Account. XFER stays at attribute-xfer.html.
• ≠ English DOC / Transfer invert. There is no productive *обвинявам някого нещо. Negation does not rescue it. Transfer Themes invert under swap NegQ; blame Target and Charge do not. English for-frame (object Target) is the nearer cloth; English on-frame (object Charge) is not the Bulgarian verbal default. Onto-geometry, if it is real, lives on the light noun (вината върху), scout only. The ATT page already rejects върху as an ATT frame.
• ≠ sell / Appl_HAVE / allocate_GOAL. No Appl_HAVE, no Price MeasureP, no optional HAVE Goal. The direct object is Target of an attitude, not goods that change hands. Surface на on the ATT twin is Target Case, not a Goal address.
• ≠ light-noun collapse. вината на изпълнителя does not spell GEN possessor apart from DAT Target. приписаха вината на изпълнителя is the ATT verb with вина as Charge-type object — pointed on the ATT page’s geometry, not a blame direct object. обвинение в continues the fault-type Charge. срещу and върху are scout clothes of the noun, not of виня.
• Missing defaults. Cause-true and settlement are not entailed. Не винят ли лошото време за закъснението? is compatible with the weather not in fact causing the delay.

English twin spells for-frame object Target / for-Charge, and on-frame object Charge / on-Target. Spanish twin: a-Target / de-Charge. French twin: object Target / pour-Charge. Italian twin: object Target / di-Charge. Japanese twin: object Target under 責める; ni Target under light-noun; de / no sei-de Charge. Mandarin twin: Target post-V or 把-fronted; Charge via 因为. Polish twin: morphological ACC Target; Charge za / o / za to, że; GEN-neg does not rewrite the association. Bulgarian twin: direct-object Target; Charge за / в / bare че; clitic го doubles that Target; no DOC and no GEN-neg. Weather OK as Target, not as Judge. Document-metonymy Judge OK.

Shells, ApplP, and Case

productive cloth (обвинявам / виня някого за/в/че):
VoiceP  [ Judge
  vP / √ASCRIBE_FAULT
    direct object     Target     ← изпълнителя / го / лошото време
    PP_за             Charge     ← both lemmas; event
    PP_в              Charge     ← обвинявам fault-type; not productive on виня
    CP_че             Charge ]   ← bare clause; no required correlative
                                   not a DOC, not DAT Target

clitic doubling (still one Target):
    ACC_clitic        Target     ← го / я / ги
    direct object     Target     ← not a second argument

*ATT cloth (live on attribute-att-bg · unavailable as blame):
VoiceP  [ Judge
  vP / √ASCRIBE
    direct object     Charge
    DAT / PP_на       Target ]   ← приписвам нещо на някого / му

optional correlative (same Charge, not required):
    PP_за/в + това + CP_че

Light-noun scout (на not split):
DP  [ N / вина
    PP_на             possessor or Target ]  ← flag, do not rank
DP  [ N / обвинение
    PP_в              Charge ]
onto / against scout (not elicited):
    direct object     вината
    PP_върху          Target
    PP_срещу          Target-like   ← on обвинение, not on виня

passive (promotes Target):
VoiceP  [ Target
  vP / √ASCRIBE_FAULT
    PP_за/в         Charge ]

Bulgarian blame never assigns four structural Cases, and it does not assign a nominal accusative or dative ending. Target is the direct object. Charge wears за, в (on обвинявам), or a CP under че. Doubling writes that one Target twice. No low Appl_HAVE. No low Appl_SWAP. No Appl_TASK. No MeasureP. High Appl / Affectee is extra when present and is not a listed argument of √ASCRIBE_FAULT. Aorist обвини is not a second root on this tree. виня is the other Index 2 imperfective, not a second sense. отдавам is not on this tree.

Composition is V(DP) on the direct-object Target. The P on Charge is clothing the DP wears (K on the Abney spine, or a selected relational P that does not add a fourth verbal argument). V(за(DP)) and V(в(DP)) are the wrong composition — same wrapper-K cut as English for. The че-clause is a CP argument, not a rationale adjunct and not a second object. A correlative това is a host for that same CP; it is not a new theta role. The accusative clitic is a spell-out of the same Target, hosted before the finite verb when something precedes it (Комисията го обвини…) and after a verb-initial host (Обвиниха го…). Clitic position is not a new argument. That is the same cluster fact the ATT page states for му, on a different Case.

Pronoun height: го / я / ги resume Target; му / ѝ / им do not. Inanimate Target is fine. Inanimate subject as Judge is not generated — that is the Voice filter, not a Case accident. Passive promotes Target (беше обвинен). It does not promote Charge into a subject that still takes a bare object Target. 3pl обвиниха can suppress a named Judge; it does not add an argument. Reflexive се on виня се corefers Judge and Target. It is not the periphrastic passive and not a demoted external Judge.

Outer CAUSE wraps Voice. The causee, not the weather, is the Judge. Weather still fails as inner Judge under the wrap. There is no Neg-raising out of Charge.

Omission does not demote Charge to a pure adjunct. Selected P-layers and the че-clause are optional in the numeration; they are still arguments when present. The diagnostic is participanthood under the object slot, binding, and WH — not omitability. Charge clauses are islands in a way rationale adjuncts are not.

Underivables (Bulgarian blame)

1. * Лошото време обвини изпълнителя за закъснението. weather / inanimate as Judge
2. * Лошото време не обвини ли изпълнителя за закъснението? Voice filter survives Neg
3. * Не накараха ли лошото време да обвини изпълнителя за закъснението? CAUSE wrap does not wash Voice filter
4. * Обвиниха изпълнителя закъснението. no productive DOC
5. * Какво обвиниха изпълнителя? as DOC under WH missing DOC under WH
6. * Обвиниха му закъснението. no ATT dative on blame
7. * Обвиниха закъснението на изпълнителя. object Charge + на Target is приписвам
8. * Винят изпълнителя със закъснението. no with-frame
9. * Обвиниха изпълнителя върху закъснението. върху ≠ Charge cloth
10. * Колко не обвиниха изпълнителя от закъснението? no verbal MeasureP LBC host
11. * Съветът размени изпълнителя за закъснението. as ascribe-fault SWAP cloth ≠ ascribe-fault
12. * Закъснението беше обвинено изпълнителя. passive does not promote Charge
13. ✓ weather as Target: Винят лошото време за закъснението. inanimate Target fine
14. ✓ document Judge: Докладът обвини изпълнителя за закъснението. metonymy Judge fine

Groups A–D packaging · this tick Bulgarian only

Same hierarchy as English blame. This tick is Bulgarian only and continues Group C blame after Polish. Hungarian is live at blame-hu.html and closes Group C.

• Group A. Japanese 責める live at blame-ja.html; ni Target under light-noun, de / no sei-de Charge; Double-o unused. Mandarin 怪 / 责备 live at blame-zh.html. Navajo: scout — classificatory stem for weather as Target, not as Judge. Sell·Navajo stays deferred; this page does not touch NV.
• Group B. Spanish live at blame-es.html; French live at blame-fr.html; Italian live at blame-it.html. Charge letter there is de / pour / di. Bulgarian за / в / bare че is the Group C spelling of the same Charge, not a Romance clitic paradigm. Doubling here is one Target, not a Romance clitic-resumption paradigm.
• Group C. Polish is live at blame-pl.html: morphological ACC Target, za/o Charge, za to, że, light-noun GEN vs DAT where the noun splits. Bulgarian is now live on this page: direct-object Target, за / в / bare че, clitic го doubling one Target, на on вина unresolved, multiple-WH as an open flag. There is no GEN-neg to rewrite the association — the same honesty as ATT Charge staying the direct object under не, and a different morphology from Polish. Hungarian is live at blame-hu.html (ACC Target; -ért; Focus+nem; no GEN-neg) and closes Group C.
• Group D. German is live at blame-de.html (beschuldigen / verantwortlich machen; genitive / wegen / dass; not this page’s за / в / bare че). Dutch de schuld geven and Norwegian legge skylden på follow.

Open items

• Light-noun вина / обвинение / обвиняване. Scout. на does not spell possessor apart from Target. върху onto-geometry and срещу are not ranked and not elicited. приписвам вината на is the ATT verb, not this page’s direct object.
• за vs в vs bare че. за is shared and is the cloth the ATT page already prints. в is filed on обвинявам as the fault-type P (often article-less). в on виня is not ranked. Bare че is the clausal Charge and does not require това. за това, че and в това, че are optional correlatives of the same Charge, not a fourth argument and not a copy of Polish za to, że / o to, że. Overlap of за and в on обвинявам is not ranked as exclusive.
• No GEN-neg. Nominal case is gone. не does not rewrite blame’s Target/Charge association and does not put Charge in the object slot. Polish GEN-neg on a FIN/deduct MeasureP is a different language’s host. The older note “off on Charge unless Charge is a QP” still names a PP Charge elsewhere, not a verbal MeasureP on this verb and not a Bulgarian genitive.
• Clitic doubling. го plus the full DP is one Target. Position (preverbal after a host, postverbal when the verb is first) is not a new argument. му is ATT.
• Aspect pair. Index 2 lemmas are imperfective обвинявам / виня. Aorist обвини is a same-root perfective string, not a second sense page. Do not file a separate perfective of виня.
• Reflexive се. виня се corefers Judge and Target. Not the passive беше обвинен, and not elicited as a Voice demotion. Impersonal allegation (обвинява се, че…) is a different construction and is not given a paradigm here.
• отдавам. Stays the ATT-page scout. Not a blame root and not MERIT.
• MERIT. No credit-merit-bg.html. Prose pointer only. Do not invent a live link. Same refusal for Polish.
• XFER / FIN. Pointer only, for the “no genitive on a measuring object” contrast. Not a Bulgarian FIN micro-entry.
• WH cluster ranking. Кой кого за какво обвини? is a Group C packaging hypothesis. It is not an elicited paradigm. It does not split Amount from unit, because blame has no Amount.
• Hungarian blame. Live at blame-hu.html (ACC = Target; -ért Charge; Focus+nem; no GEN-neg). German blame is live at blame-de.html. Dutch de schuld geven and Norwegian legge skylden på follow.
• Navajo. Deferred. Do not touch NV. Sell·Navajo stays deferred.

Corpus filenames

Primary extract for this micro-entry is Lexical_Entry_Blame_Argument_Structure (√ASCRIBE_FAULT; for/on clothes; Voice filter; Groups A–D). NegQ association maps from Negative_Questions_Blame. Light-noun contrast from Assign_Blame_Comparison. Group C shell plate: Attribute_GroupC_Larson_Shells (BG cluster beside HU Focus and PL GEN-neg) — the cluster note is packaging, and the GEN-neg note is Polish, not a Bulgarian genitive. The Case split against ATT is the live page attribute-att-bg.html (direct-object Charge + DAT/на Target; за and върху rejected on ATT; contrast strings обвини изпълнителя за закъснението and винят изпълнителя за закъснението). в and bare че are not those strings; they are the other ordinary clothes of the Index 2 lemmas, constructed here and labeled as such. Chat packaging: Tritransitive chats 13 (assign vs blame Case / NegQ) and 22 (blame in negative questions · no fourth theta). Index 2 Bulgarian Attitude cites обвинявам / виня, приписвам / отдавам. Constructed BG frames diagnose packaging; they are not new elicitation. Polish za / o / za to, że is live at blame-pl.html and is not the cloth copied onto this page.