owe · Norwegian · skylde

Debtor, Creditor, thing owed · the verb skylde · working claim, revisable

English owe is one lexical verb. Merriam-Webster’s money line is owes me $5. Oxford prints both owes her father £3 000 and owes £3 000 to her father. Bokmål skylde is also a verb, not the adjective frame of Swedish vara skyldig. Bokmålsordboka heads it verb, infinitive å skylde, present skylder, preterite skyldte, present perfect har skyldt, imperative skyld. The participle cell is skyldt. The origin line is av skyld. Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB) heads the same verb, preterite skyldte, participle skyldt, etymology avledet av skyld.

The Debtor is the subject. Bokmålsordboka: du skylder, han skyldte, hun skylder. NAOB: jeg skylder, hennes far skyldte, Frank Jensen skyldte. A full noun in that slot has no case ending. A pronoun there is the subject form: du, han, hun, jeg, and the polite De in skylder De mig.

The bare double object is Creditor then thing, both without a preposition. Bokmålsordboka sense 2, ha plikt til å gi: du skylder meg et svar and han skyldte henne en forklaring. NAOB, still on a thing that is not a kroner sum: Frank Jensen skyldte meg en forklaring, folk som skyldte ham en tjeneste eller to, du skylder landet det offer, jeg skylder Dem kvittering og ikke juling, and skylder De mig ikke et kongerige. The Creditor is the first bare object, the indirect object. The thing owed is the second bare object. meg, henne, ham, and polite Dem are object forms. The citation spelling mig is the same object form in Ibsen’s line. landet is a full noun in that slot, and it has no case ending. German schulden marks the Creditor dative, jemandem. Czech dlužit marks the Creditor dative, komu. These Bokmål nouns do not.

Bokmålsordboka’s own money examples are not that double object. Sense 1, ha gjeld: skylde 500 000 på et hus, and han skylder penger til mange. The sum 500 000 sits with på and the property. The amount penger sits before til and the Creditor mange. NAOB sense 1, ha å betale (som gjeld eller gjenytelse), prints money as en gammel bankier, som hennes far skyldte penger. The Creditor is the fronted relative som. The amount is penger. There is no til in that clause, and there is no numeral. The noun article gjeld glosses stå i gjeld til as skylde noen penger. That gloss is the double-object formula, Creditor noen then penger. The example of the expression is not that formula filled: de står i stor gjeld til menneskesmuglerne. The Creditor is in til. No sum is in the line.

Jeg skylder deg hundre kroner reuses the order of du skylder meg et svar and the gloss skylde noen penger. deg is the object form parallel to printed meg and henne. The articles opened here do not print deg as the Creditor of a kroner sum. Ibsen’s hvad du skylder dig og dine prints the older object spelling dig, and the line is what one owes oneself and one’s own, not a sum. hundre is not the printed numeral. Bokmålsordboka prints 500 000 and penger. NAOB prints penger. The sentence is constructed. It is not one filed citation. Nynorskordboka, a different written standard, does print a money double object: han skuldar meg pengar, and a på-sum ho skuldar 300 000 kroner på huset. Those lines are Nynorsk. They are not Bokmål clauses.

til is printed on the Creditor, so the bare object is not the only cloth. han skylder penger til mange. hun skylder en stor takk til familien. familien has no case ending. English owes £3 000 to her father is the same kind of preposition on the person, after the thing. The Bokmål double-object lines do not add til beside meg or henne.

Thanks and credit stay on skylde, and the cloth is not one cloth. Bokmålsordboka puts en stor takk til familien under ha plikt til å gi. NAOB sense 2 prints stor tak skylder jeg ham. The thing stor tak is fronted. ham is the bare object-form Creditor. The citation is not the order skylder ham takk. NAOB sense 3, ha (noe(n)) å takke for (et gode), is the credit reading English files as owe X to Y. The printed double object is de som skylder bevegelsen sitt liv. bevegelsen is a bare full noun, the source. sitt liv is the thing. No til. The same sense prints the thing fronted and the source bare: de vel forsynte bogreoler jeg skylder Tysklands yngre skoler. Tysklands yngre skoler has no case ending and no preposition. The example hva skylder jeg æren av ditt besøk? fills the thing and does not fill a source. The noun’s second gloss of stå i gjeld til is ha noe eller noen å takke for noe som har hatt betydning, and the lines are skuespillet stod i gjeld til den greske tragedien and hun stod i gjeld til sine forfedre. The source is in til. A bare theme is not in those two lines. English I owe my success to my teachers puts the theme in the object and the source in to. The noun success is not printed as a second bare object on the English page.

på is two frames, and the dictionaries split them. Bokmålsordboka’s fixed expression skylde på is legge skylden på, example de skylder på hverandre. NAOB files the same blame reading under sense 3: de som kom for sent, skyldte på toget, skylde på andre, skylde på jobben. The person or the thing blamed is the noun of på. There is no bare Creditor and no sum. A different på is the property the debt rests on. NAOB, under the money sense, glosses skylde på as ha gjeld hvilende på, and the lines are skylde på huset and skylde på gården. Bokmålsordboka’s skylde 500 000 på et hus is that money på, with a sum. It is not the blame frame.

skyldes is not the debt double object, and it is not English owe X to Y. Bokmålsordboka files skyldes as its own verb: å skyldes, skyldes, skyldtes, har skyldtes. The gloss is kunne tilskrives; føres tilbake til. The lines are brannen skyldes uaktsomhet, det hele skyldes en misforståelse, and seieren skyldtes hard trening. The subject is the result. The complement is the cause, a bare noun. NAOB files the same form as sense 4 of skylde, som s-verb (med passiv grunnbetydning), gloss ha sin årsak i; ha som årsak, example det hele skyldes en ren forglemmelse. An at-clause can be the cause: noe som skyldtes at det akkurat var slutt på siste kinoforestilling. There is no Debtor, no indirect object, and no til. English I owe my success to my teachers has the person as subject, the theme as object, and the source in to.

Two further frames are printed, and neither is the kroner double object. An infinitive can be the only complement: Bokmålsordboka skylde å gjøre oppmerksom på noe, NAOB jeg skylder å gjøre oppmerksom på at …. No Creditor and no sum. NAOB sense 1.1 is marked uten objekt, dialektalt, gloss stå i gjeld, and the lines are nu skyldte han for baaten and mand hendes skyldte i banken. for there is the thing the debt concerns. The Creditor is absent. NAOB also prints skylde noe for noe, a separate formula, with skyldt for å være «en Schweigaardianer» and det som de skylder mig for. That for is not English for the ticket. Nynorskordboka’s sense 2 is gje skulda for, example dei skulda han for tjuveriet. The blame cloth on the Bokmål verb article is på, not this for.