owe · English — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Debtor, Creditor, Amount, Consideration · English marking · working claim, revisable

owe. Four places in the debt reading. The Debtor is the subject. The Creditor is a bare object, or to plus a noun. The Amount is one bare object. The Consideration is for. Merriam-Webster, transitive 1a(1): “to be under obligation to pay or repay in return for something received : be indebted in the sum of,” and the line is owes me $5. Cambridge marks I owe Janet $50 as “[ + two objects ].” Oxford prints both orders: She still owes her father £3 000 and She still owes £3 000 to her father. Oxford also prints that owe is “not used in the progressive tenses.”

The Creditor can stand without a spelled sum, and the sum can stand without a spelled Creditor. Merriam-Webster 1b, “to be indebted to,” prints owes the store for supplies. The examples block prints She still owes me for all the times I've helped her out. Cambridge’s idiom head is I owe you (one). Merriam-Webster and Oxford print I owe you one. The Password English–French entry prints I owe (him) $10, with him in parentheses. Cambridge prints We still owe $1,000 on our car and, in the Academic Content Dictionary, you owe me ten dollars. Merriam-Webster’s examples block prints We owe no income tax. Oxford prints He owes more money than he can afford to pay and Exactly how much do we owe?

for is the Consideration, the reason the debt is named. Cambridge: I owe you a drink for helping me move. The English–French entry: I owe you $20 for the ticket. Oxford: How much do I owe you for the groceries? and Most hospitals owe money to pharmaceutical companies for medicines and equipment. Merriam-Webster’s intransitive 1, “to be in debt,” prints owes for his house, with for and with no Creditor and no sum. An on-phrase is a different printed mark: on our car, on the mortgage, owe on the car. It is not this for.

The noun success is printed with to, and it is not printed as the second bare object. Merriam-Webster sense 2, “to be indebted for”: I owe my success to my teachers, beside owed his wealth to his father and owes much to good luck. Cambridge, “as a result”: I owe my success to my education. Oxford: He owes his success to hard work. Wiktionary’s cause sense is “used with to,” and the line is The record owes its success to the outstanding guitar solos. The same Oxford sense also prints a double object, and the themes are not success: I owe him everything and I knew that I owed the surgeon my life. Cambridge’s cause examples that are not the noun success stay with to: He owes his life to the staff at the hospital, I owe everything to my parents.

A possession-like HAVE reading, working and revisable. The opened definitions name a state of being indebted: under an obligation to pay, or indebted in the sum, or having to pay somebody. The Creditor is the person toward whom that obligation holds, and the Amount is the sum of it. On this reading the Creditor has the claim. The clause does not say that the Creditor comes to have the money. That transfer is pay_GIVE. Oxford’s “not used in the progressive tenses” is the stative mark this entry prints. The double object and the to-frame are two spellings of the Creditor beside the Amount.

Where a translation frame diverges from this English gloss. German schulden prints a dative Creditor and an accusative Amount. Duden: er schuldet ihr Geld. DWDS’s schema is ⟨jmdm. etw. schulden⟩, and the money line is jmdm. 50 Euro schulden. The corpus line is Sie schulden uns Geld. Wiktionary marks the verb “[with dative]” and glosses jemandem etwas schulden. That dative is not English to, and it is not a second bare object. French devoir, in Cambridge’s English–French entry, is Je te dois 20 $ pour le billet against I owe you $20 for the ticket: a dative clitic, not a bare first object, and pour where English has for. The gratitude line is Je dois tellement à mes parents pour toute l’aide qu’ils m’ont apportée, with à and with pour. Spanish deber, DLE sense 4: Pedro debe cien euros a Juan. The sum is the direct object. The Creditor is a. Japanese is a pointer only. English Wiktionary’s “to be in debt” translations name 借りがある and 負う. Cambridge’s Japanese gloss on the English entry prints （人）に借金がある, 借りがある, and ～のおかげである. No Japanese clause is constructed here.

Places · who wears which marking

The Debtor is the subject of the active clause. The Creditor is the bare object that comes first in owes me $5, or the noun of to in owes £3 000 to her father. The Amount is the other bare object, one sum. for is the Consideration. The noun success is an object of the cause reading, and its to is the source the definitions call the reason for that success, not a sum’s payee. on is neither the Creditor nor for.

Debt · both objects · or to · or for

✓ owes me $5 Merriam-Webster · 1a(1) · two bare objects · person then sum

✓ I owe Janet $50. Cambridge · [ + two objects ]

✓ She still owes her father £3 000. · She still owes £3 000 to her father. Oxford · both clothes · same sum · same father

✓ I owe you $20 for the ticket. Cambridge English–French · Debtor, Creditor, Amount, for

✓ How much do I owe you for the groceries? Oxford · the sum is how much · for stays

owes me five dollars · I owe Janet fifty dollars · she still owes her father three thousand pounds, and she still owes three thousand pounds to her father · I owe you twenty dollars for the ticket · how much do I owe you for the groceries

Creditor with no sum · sum with no Creditor · success with to

✓ owes the store for supplies · owes for his house Merriam-Webster · 1b the store · intransitive 1 the house · no spelled sum

✓ I owe you (one). · I owe you one. Cambridge idiom · Merriam-Webster · Oxford · one is parenthetical in the Cambridge head

✓ I owe (him) $10. · We still owe $1,000 on our car. · We owe no income tax. Cambridge Password, him parenthetical · Cambridge, on the car · Merriam-Webster examples, no Creditor

✓ I owe my success to my teachers. · I owe my success to my education. · He owes his success to hard work. · The record owes its success to the outstanding guitar solos. Merriam-Webster 2 · Cambridge · Oxford · Wiktionary · to · no double object with this noun

✓ I owe him everything. · I knew that I owed the surgeon my life. Oxford · cause sense · double object · the themes are everything and my life · not success

owes the store for supplies · owes for his house · I owe you one · I owe him ten dollars, with him optional in the ten-dollar line that is printed as $10 · we still owe a thousand dollars on our car · we owe no income tax · I owe my success to my teachers · I owe him everything · I owed the surgeon my life

Four places of English owe, the marking each one wears, and what the dictionaries print
Place	Introduced by (working)	English marking	Status in the sources	Not this place
Debtor	subject of owe	nominative subject of the active	I, She, we, the company, Most hospitals · Oxford “not used in the progressive tenses”	Additional payments are owed has the payments as subject · Merriam-Webster examples
Creditor	the person the debt is toward	bare object, person before the sum · or to plus a noun	owes me $5 · I owe Janet $50 · owes £3 000 to her father · owes $618 million to its creditors · owes the store for supplies · I owe you (one) · I owe (him) $10	a bare Creditor after the sum is unprinted · German dative, French à / te, Spanish a are pointers
Amount	the sum that is due	one bare object	$5 · $50 · ten dollars · £3 000 · $618 million · $1,000 · no income tax · more money · how much · (him) $10	the number and the unit are not two places · on our car is not the sum
Consideration	what the debt is for	for-PP	for the ticket · for helping me move · for the groceries · for medicines and equipment · for supplies · for his house · for his comments on the apology line	on the car / on the mortgage · in unpaid taxes · the preposition owing to

Cause reading of owe: the success noun against everything and my life
Theme	Marking printed with it	Source line	Double object
success	to plus the source	I owe my success to my teachers · to my education · to hard work · owes its success to the outstanding guitar solos	unprinted with this noun
everything · my life	bare person and object · and also to	I owe him everything · I owed the surgeon my life · I owe everything to him · owes his life to the staff	Oxford prints the double object in the cause sense
wealth · much	to	owed his wealth to his father · owes much to good luck	unprinted on these two lines

Marking map. Read the noun, then the mark. One to belongs to more than one reading.

Debtor, subject. I owe Janet $50. She still owes her father £3 000.
Creditor, bare object, before the sum. me in owes me $5. Janet. her father in the first Oxford line. you in I owe you £200.
Creditor, to. to her father. to its creditors. to foreign creditors. Wiktionary’s Antonio line fronts it: To you, Antonio, I owe the most.
Creditor, no spelled sum. owes the store for supplies. owes me for all the times. I owe you (one).
Amount, one object. $5, ten dollars, £3 000, $618 million. I owe (him) $10 leaves the Creditor parenthetical.
Amount, no Creditor. We owe no income tax. We still owe $1,000 on our car. Exactly how much do we owe?
Consideration, for. for the ticket. for helping me move. for the groceries. for supplies. owes for his house has for and no other object.
Not for. on our car. on the mortgage. I still owe on the car. Cambridge Business in unpaid taxes. The Password note’s preposition owing to is not the verb’s to.
Cause, success, to. to my teachers, to my education, to hard work, to the outstanding guitar solos. No printed line is owe someone one’s success.
Cause, double object, other themes. I owe him everything. I owed the surgeon my life. Oxford’s pattern line for that sense is “owe somebody something,” and these are the examples under it.

EN clothes, and the pointer languages

Each debt row lines up one English slot with the mark a pointer language prints. The alignment is = where the slot is an object in both, or shift where English uses a bare Creditor and the other language uses a dative or à / a. Printed lines come first. A constructed English line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed. Japanese is not given a page here. German is schulden. Spanish is deber. French is devoir. Italian is dovere.

English owe against German schulden, French devoir, and Spanish deber, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	Pointer form	Align	EN example	Pointer example
Debtor	subject	subject	=	I owe Janet $50 Cambridge	er schuldet · Pedro debe Duden · DLE
Creditor · bare object	first object	German dative · French dative clitic or à · Spanish a	shift · no second bare object in the pointer lines	owes me $5 Merriam-Webster	ihr · te · a Juan Duden · Cambridge · DLE
Creditor · to	to plus the Creditor	the same dative or à / a · not a second English preposition	shift of the marker · German prints no zu on these lines	owes £3 000 to her father Oxford	à mes parents · a Juan Cambridge · DLE
Amount	one bare object	German accusative · French and Spanish direct object	= of one object	you owe me ten dollars Cambridge Academic	Geld · 50 Euro · 20 $ · cien euros Duden · DWDS · Cambridge · DLE
Consideration	for	French pour · German für in brackets · Spanish por unprinted on the DLE debt line	= on the French line · the German brackets are Duden’s	for the ticket Cambridge English–French	pour le billet · [für die Reparatur] Cambridge · Duden
success	object plus to	not given a pointer clause	the English noun stays with to	I owe my success to my teachers Merriam-Webster	no success clause opened in the pointer entries

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one English frame. A pointer card keeps the German dative and the French and Spanish person-mark beside it.

EN · two objects

$5

owes me $5

Merriam-Webster · 1a(1) · Cambridge [ + two objects ] on I owe Janet $50 · person then sum

RolesHide roles CreditorAmount

Creditor me · bare object · before the sum Amount $5 · one object · not a second place for the unit

Same slot The Creditor and the Amount are the two objects Cambridge names. The Debtor is the unspelled subject of owes.

EN · to · same sum

£3 000

She still owes £3 000 to her father.

Oxford · the other line is owes her father £3 000 · Cambridge Business owes $618 million to its creditors

RolesHide roles DebtorAmountCreditor

Debtor She · subject Amount £3 000 · the object Creditor to her father · not a bare first object on this line

Move The father is bare in one Oxford line and in to in the other. The sum stays one object.

EN · for

ticket

I owe you $20 for the ticket.

Cambridge English–French · four places · French pointer Je te dois 20 $ pour le billet

RolesHide roles DebtorCreditorAmountConsideration

Debtor I Creditor you · bare Amount $20 Consideration for the ticket · French pour · not on

Move English you is a bare object. The French line prints te, a dative clitic, in that slot.

EN · success · to

success

I owe my success to my teachers.

Merriam-Webster 2 · Cambridge to my education · Oxford to hard work · Wiktionary owes its success to · double object with success unprinted

RolesHide roles DebtorThemeSource

Debtor I · the person who has the success Theme my success · object · not a sum Source to my teachers · cause · not the for of a ticket

Split Oxford’s cause sense does print a double object, with everything and my life. It does not print one with success.

Related · pay, the cause sense, and the verbs that stay off this frame

pay_GIVE is the transfer. Owe names the indebtedness. The Creditor has the claim. pay_GIVE is the page where a payer’s payment puts the amount with a recipient. This page does not treat owes me $5 as that transfer. Oxford’s exclusion of the progressive tenses stays on owe.

pay_BILL takes the bill or the debt as its object. Owe can take the sum, or no income tax, or in unpaid taxes in the Cambridge Business line he owes $54 million in unpaid taxes. That in-phrase is the kind of tax. It is not the document object of the bill page, and this page does not open a bill frame.

The cause sense is not credit_MERIT. I owe my success to my teachers has the person who has the success as subject, success as object, and the teachers in to. The merit page is an ascription frame, with its own to and with. The two to phrases are not filed as one complement here.

for and on and owing to. for the ticket is the Consideration. on our car and Additional payments are owed on the mortgage and I still owe on the car are the on-phrase. The Password entry says owing to is used to mean “because of,” and it contrasts that preposition with due to. That preposition is not the verb’s Creditor to and not the cause to of owes his success to. Merriam-Webster’s intransitive 2, “to be attributable,” prints a finite verb: an idea that owes to Greek philosophy. The idea is the subject. There is no Amount.

Passives the entries print. Merriam-Webster’s examples: Additional payments are owed on the mortgage. The payments are the subject. Oxford, figurative: I'm still owed three days' leave. The person is the subject. Oxford also prints I think we're owed an apology, and then the note: “The passive is not used in this meaning except with a person as the subject: An apology is owed to us.” The note is quoted as printed. No passive of success is printed.

German, French, and Spanish pointers, and the modal that is not owe. Duden’s life line is ich schulde (selten; verdanke) ihm mein Leben: dative ihm, accusative mein Leben, and Duden’s own label selten; verdanke. DWDS prints jmdm. sein Leben schulden in the same dative-plus-accusative schema as jmdm. 50 Euro schulden. There is no English-style choice, on these lines, between a bare object and to. French devoir and Spanish deber are also the modal “must.” DLE sense 6 is the auxiliary, Debe de hacer frío. Merriam-Webster’s etymology separates the modal ought from the verb owe. Those modal lines are not the four places. DLE sense 5 prints the cause as reflexive se debe a, La escasez de los pastos se debe a la sequía, not as owe one’s success.

Japanese pointers, with no constructed clause. 借り is Wiktionary’s noun, “borrowing, a debt,” and 借りがある is the existence line the English Wiktionary translation table names beside 負う. Cambridge’s gloss puts に on （人） in （人）に借金がある. Wiktionary’s article for 負う prints “to be in a debt of gratitude” with no clause. The clauses it does print are responsibility, 一半の責は負わなければならない, with は on 責, and injury, 大火傷を負って, with を on 大火傷. Neither phrase is a sum, and neither is a Creditor. ～のおかげである is Cambridge’s gloss for the “because of” reading. It is not a verb frame opened here.

Which object the clause treats as the object is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note. Cambridge’s “[ + two objects ]” is the debt double object. Oxford’s to-line has one object, the sum. German has one accusative, the Amount, and a dative Creditor.

Examples

Argument difference. The debt Creditor is a bare object or to. The noun success is printed only with to. Oxford’s cause sense still prints a double object when the theme is everything or my life. German schulden keeps the person in the dative for Geld and for mein Leben.

Printed dictionary lines come first. A constructed line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed.

Real · Merriam-Webster · Cambridge · Oxford · Wiktionary

✓ owes me $5 Merriam-Webster · 1a(1)

✓ I owe Janet $50. Cambridge · [ + two objects ]

✓ you owe me ten dollars. Cambridge Academic

✓ I owe you £200. · The company owes $618 million to its creditors. Cambridge Business

✓ She still owes her father £3 000. · She still owes £3 000 to her father. Oxford

✓ I owe Kevin five bucks which he lent to me last week. Wiktionary · ditransitive sense

✓ I owe you $20 for the ticket. · I owe you a drink for helping me move. Cambridge English–French · Cambridge

✓ owes the store for supplies. · owes for his house. · I owe you one. Merriam-Webster · 1b · intransitive 1 · 1a(2)

✓ I owe (him) $10. · We still owe $1,000 on our car. · We owe no income tax. Cambridge Password · Cambridge · Merriam-Webster examples

✓ I owe my success to my teachers. · He owes his success to hard work. · I owe him everything. · I owed the surgeon my life. Merriam-Webster 2 · Oxford · cause sense · success with to · double object with other themes

Constructed · the working frames

✓ I owe him ten dollars. constructed

I owe him ten dollars · the person-then-sum order is owes me $5, you owe me ten dollars, and I owe you £200 · him is the parenthetical Creditor of I owe (him) $10 · ten dollars is the Academic line · the two are not one citation

✓ I owe ten dollars to him. constructed

I owe ten dollars to him · Oxford’s order is the sum then to the person, £3 000 to her father · Cambridge Business is $618 million to its creditors · ten dollars and him are not that citation

✓ I owe you. constructed

I owe you · Cambridge prints the idiom as I owe you (one), so one is parenthetical there · Merriam-Webster’s Creditor with no sum is owes the store for supplies, which keeps for · this line has neither one nor for

✓ I owe ten dollars. constructed

I owe ten dollars · I owe (him) $10 leaves the Creditor parenthetical · We still owe $1,000 on our car has on · you owe me ten dollars has the Creditor · this line drops the Creditor and drops on

I owe my teachers my success. unprinted · not a filed frame

the double object with the noun success · Merriam-Webster, Cambridge, Oxford, and Wiktionary print success with to · Oxford’s double object in that sense is everything and my life

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing. The debt drawing gives the Debtor to the subject, the Creditor to a bare object or to to, the Amount to one object, and the Consideration to for. The cause drawing gives success to the object and the source to to. It does not draw a double object for that noun. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Two objects · person then sum

Cambridge’s two objects · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √owe
     [ Janet ]
     [ $50 ] ] ]                 ← subject Debtor unspelled on owes me $5
                                    ← bare Creditor
                                    ← one Amount
                                    ← no for
                                    ← Cambridge [ + two objects ]

owes me $5 is the same two objects. I owe you £200 and you owe me ten dollars are the same order. The tree does not put the sum before the person.

✓ I owe Janet $50. Cambridge

✓ owes me $5 Merriam-Webster

Amount · to the Creditor · for optional

Oxford’s second line · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √owe
     [ £3 000 ]
     [ to her father ]
     [ for … ] ] ]              ← Amount, the object
                                    ← Creditor in to
                                    ← for is Oxford’s groceries line
                                    ← not both fathers in one citation

for the groceries is a different Oxford sentence, How much do I owe you for the groceries?, and there the Creditor is bare you. The tree does not merge that you into to her father. Duden’s [für die Reparatur] is the German bracket, not this for.

✓ She still owes £3 000 to her father. Oxford

✓ I owe you $20 for the ticket. Cambridge English–French · bare Creditor · for

success · to the source

The noun the entries print with to · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √owe
     [ my success ]
     [ to my teachers ] ] ]     ← object is the success
                                    ← to is the source
                                    ← Merriam-Webster 2
                                    ← no bare teachers before success

I owe him everything and I owed the surgeon my life are Oxford’s double object in the cause sense. They are not drawn on this tree. The themes are not success.

✓ I owe my success to my teachers. Merriam-Webster

✓ I owe him everything. Oxford · not the success tree

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · English micro-entry

Owe puts the Debtor in the subject. The Creditor is a bare object or to. The Amount is one object. for is the Consideration. Success is printed with to. Everything and my life are printed as a double object.

EN micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 Creditor bare / to · Amount one object · for · success with to

Sense × language: owe · English. The Debtor is the subject. The Creditor is a bare object or to. The Amount is one bare object. The Consideration is for. The noun success is printed with to. Oxford prints a double object for everything and my life. German schulden, French devoir, Spanish deber, and Japanese 借りがある / 負う are pointers. Sisters: pay_GIVE · pay_BILL.

Places
Pointer strip
Related
Examples
Derivations
Open items
Corpus and sources

Open items

The Debtor is the active subject, and the progressive is excluded. Oxford prints “not used in the progressive tenses.” I owe Janet $50 and She still owes her father £3 000 name the subject. Additional payments are owed on the mortgage makes the payments the subject. I'm still owed three days' leave makes the person the subject. The Oxford note on the apology passive is quoted above as printed.
The Creditor is a bare object or to. owes me $5. I owe Janet $50, Cambridge “[ + two objects ].” She still owes £3 000 to her father. The company owes $618 million to its creditors. To you, Antonio, I owe the most. The printed double-object order is the person, then the sum. A sum before a bare person is unprinted. I owe him ten dollars and I owe ten dollars to him are constructed.
A Creditor with no sum, and a sum with no Creditor. owes the store for supplies. She still owes me for all the times I've helped her out. I owe you (one) and I owe you one. I owe (him) $10 puts the Creditor in parentheses. We owe no income tax. We still owe $1,000 on our car. He owes more money than he can afford to pay. Exactly how much do we owe? I owe you, with no one and no for, is constructed. I owe ten dollars, with no Creditor and no on, is constructed.
The Amount is one object. $5, $50, ten dollars, five bucks, £3 000, $618 million, £200. how much questions that object. No opened line splits the number from the unit as a second argument of owe.
for is the Consideration. on and in and owing to are not. for the ticket, for helping me move, for his comments, for the groceries, for medicines and equipment, for supplies, for his house. on our car, on the mortgage, I still owe on the car. owes $54 million in unpaid taxes. The Password preposition owing to is not the verb. an idea that owes to Greek philosophy is Merriam-Webster’s intransitive “to be attributable,” with no Amount.
Success is to. Everything and my life are also a double object. I owe my success to my teachers. I owe my success to my education. He owes his success to hard work. The record owes its success to the outstanding guitar solos. owed his wealth to his father. owes much to good luck. I owe him everything. I owe everything to him. I knew that I owed the surgeon my life. He owes his life to the staff at the hospital. I owe my teachers my success is unprinted. It is not starred from a source, and it is not filed as a frame.
The HAVE reading is the state the definitions print. Indebted, under an obligation to pay, having to pay somebody. The Creditor has the claim. The Amount is the sum of the claim. pay_GIVE is the transfer page. Collins, Longman, and the American Heritage Dictionary were not opened.
Pointers, not pages. German er schuldet ihr Geld, jmdm. 50 Euro schulden, Sie schulden uns Geld, ich schulde ihm mein Leben with Duden’s selten; verdanke. French Je te dois 20 $ pour le billet, Je dois tellement à mes parents, Tu lui dois des excuses. Spanish Pedro debe cien euros a Juan. Japanese names only: 借りがある, 負う, （人）に借金がある, ～のおかげである. No Japanese clause is constructed. Modal devoir, modal deber, and ought stay off the four places.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

English frames: Merriam-Webster, owe (transitive 1a, 1b, 2, 3a; intransitive 1 and 2; the examples block). Cambridge Advanced Learner’s, the Academic Content Dictionary, the Business English Dictionary, and the English–French and Password entries. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, owe, including the note “not used in the progressive tenses” and the passive note on the apology meaning. English Wiktionary, owe, ditransitive sense and the cause sense “used with to.” Pointers: Duden schulden; DWDS schulden; English Wiktionary schulden; DLE deber sense 4 and sense 5; Cambridge’s Japanese gloss on the English owe page; English Wiktionary 負う and 借り. Collins, Longman, and the American Heritage Dictionary were not opened. Constructed clauses reuse a printed marking. I owe him ten dollars, I owe ten dollars to him, I owe you, and I owe ten dollars are not single citations. I owe my teachers my success is unprinted.

Merriam-Webster owe · owes me $5 · owes the store for supplies · I owe my success to my teachers · owes for his house · an idea that owes to Greek philosophy
Cambridge owe · [ + two objects ] I owe Janet $50 · for helping me move · I owe my success to my education · English–French · I owe you $20 for the ticket · I owe (him) $10 · Je te dois 20 $ · à mes parents
Oxford Learner’s owe · not used in the progressive tenses · owes her father £3 000 · owes £3 000 to her father · for the groceries · owes his success to hard work · I owe him everything · owed the surgeon my life
Wiktionary owe · ditransitive · I owe Kevin five bucks · cause sense used with to · owes its success to the outstanding guitar solos · To you, Antonio, I owe the most
German pointer Duden · schulden · er schuldet ihr Geld · [für die Reparatur] · ihm mein Leben · DWDS · jmdm. etw. schulden · 50 Euro · Sie schulden uns Geld · Wiktionary · with dative
Spanish · Japanese pointers DLE · deber · Pedro debe cien euros a Juan · se debe a la sequía · Cambridge Japanese gloss （人）に借金がある · 借りがある · ～のおかげである · 負う · gratitude sense, no clause · 借り · noun
Siblings pay GIVE · pay BILL · sell · credit MERIT · causative note · not edited

Records owe with the Debtor as subject, the Creditor as a bare object or as to, the Amount as one object, and the Consideration as for. Records success with to. Records a double object for everything and my life. Records I owe him ten dollars, I owe ten dollars to him, I owe you, and I owe ten dollars as constructed. Records no Japanese clause.