Headword
Language Italian · dovere ‘owe’ · Debtor subject · Debt one direct object · Creditor a + noun, or dative clitic gli / le · the two clitics fuse as glielo · dislocation can double the clitic and a · modal dovere + infinitive is a separate sense · credit and essere dovuto a stay on this lemma
Debtor, Debt, Creditor · Italian marking · working claim, revisable
dovere ‘owe’. The debt reading has a subject and one direct object, and a creditor phrase. The Debtor is the subject. The verb agrees: Treccani’s present is dèvo or dèbbo, dèvi, dève, dobbiamo, dovéte, dèvono or dèbbono. The Debt is the direct object, Treccani’s compl. oggetto. The Creditor is a plus a noun, or a dative clitic. De Mauro’s schema is dovere qcs. a qcn. Third-person dative is gli for him and le for her. First and second person are mi, ti, ci, vi. When the Debt is also a clitic, third person is one word, glielo.
Treccani, verb dovere², sense 4, “Con compl. oggetto, dover dare, essere debitore,” prints quanto vi debbo per il disturbo?, mi deve ancora qualche migliaio di euro, and nulla è dovuto al fattorino per il recapito. vi and mi are the creditor. The euros are the direct object. per il disturbo and per il recapito are the ground. De Mauro, II.1, “essere tenuto a dare, essere debitore,” prints the schema dovere qcs. a qcn., then ti devo dei soldi, devo al fisco più di un milione, and quanto le devo? ti and le have no a-phrase on those lines. al fisco has no clitic. Hoepli, sense 3, “Essere debitore,” prints mi devi ancora una grossa somma and, absolute, Quanto le devo per il suo disturbo? Wikizionario’s transitive debt lines are mi deve un milione di dollari and quanto le devo? WordReference’s transitive line is ti devo 50 euro.
The clitic cluster. Treccani, La grammatica italiana, pronomi personali: when two weak pronouns stand together, third person singular uses the univerbated forms glielo, gliela, gliele, and the same article prints glieli in cantando glieli. Those forms “valgono sia per il maschile (gli), sia per il femminile (le).” Feminine le plus lo is glielo. It is the same word as masculine gli plus lo. The grammar’s pair sits before a finite verb. Glielo devo reuses that cluster on the debt verb. It is constructed. No debt line opened here prints glielo as one citation with a sum.
Clitic doubling. The debt lines print the clitic or the a-phrase. ti devo dei soldi has ti and no a. devo al fisco più di un milione has a and no clitic. Treccani’s encyclopedia, dislocazioni, says an indirect object can stand left of the verb and be resumed by a clitic, or stand right of the verb and be anticipated by one. For a phrase already marked by a preposition, that resumption is facultative: the preposition already shows the role. The grammar’s own right-hand pair is diglielo chiaramente, a Giovanna, and the clitic is parenthetical in di’(gli) qualcosa, a Giuseppe. A Luca, gli devo dieci euro is that left dislocation on the debt clothes. It is constructed. Glielo devo, a Luca is the right dislocation. It is constructed. A core line that stacks gli and a full a-phrase with no dislocation, Gli devo dieci euro a Luca, is unprinted. It is not the Spanish line Le debo dinero al banco, and it is not filed as a frame.
Where this frame diverges from English owe. English prints a double object, person then sum: owes me $5, I owe Janet $50. The same person can stand in to after the sum: She still owes £3 000 to her father. Italian prints one direct object, the debt, and the person as a or a dative clitic. Gli devo dieci euro is that single object plus gli. It is constructed. The Hoepli sum is una grossa somma with mi. The digits dieci and gli are not one citation. A line with Luca bare before the euros, English owe him ten euros, is unprinted. It is not filed as a frame. The finer cut is the cluster. English keeps the creditor and the debt as two phrases, a bare object or to. Italian, when both are third-person clitics, prints one word, and feminine le is that same glielo.
The modal is not this row. Treccani’s header limits the auxiliary note to senses 1, 2, and 3, “in cui è usato come verbo servile”: it “può coniugarsi con l’ausiliare avere o essere, secondo l’infinito con cui si unisce.” Sense 1 is obligation, dobbiamo essere onesti e leali, il cittadino deve pagare le tasse, è dovuto partire all’improvviso. Sense 3 is probability, devi essere stanco, oggi dovrebbe piovere. De Mauro files the same infinitive under I, and prints the clitic on the modal or on the infinitive: devi ascoltarlo o lo devi ascoltare, deve andarci o ci deve andare. WordReference: “assol. ha l’aus. avere; come servile ha di norma l’aus. del verbo cui si accompagna.” English Wiktionary: “As an auxiliary, dovere takes avere or essere, depending on the verb that follows it.” Those infinitive rows stay off the debt places. è dovuto partire is the modal with essere. It is not essere dovuto a.
The Debtor is the subject of the active debt clause: the ending of devo and deve, and tu where Hoepli spells it in mi devi. The Debt is the direct object: qualche migliaio di euro, dei soldi, una grossa somma, 50 euro, un milione di dollari, più di un milione. The Creditor is a plus the person or the office, or the dative clitic. per is the ground in the lines that print it. On the credit lines the direct object is not a sum. In essere dovuto a the thing caused is the subject, the cause stays in a, and the Creditor is absent.
Debt · direct object · a · clitic gli / le · per
✓ mi deve ancora qualche migliaio di euro · quanto vi debbo per il disturbo? Treccani · sense 4 · mi and vi · direct object the sum · per the ground
✓ ti devo dei soldi · devo al fisco più di un milione · quanto le devo? De Mauro · II.1 · dovere qcs. a qcn. · clitic or a, not both on one line
✓ mi devi ancora una grossa somma · Quanto le devo per il suo disturbo? Hoepli · sense 3 · le · per
✓ ti devo 50 euro · mi deve un milione di dollari WordReference · Wikizionario · dative clitic · no a-phrase
he still owes me a few thousand euros · what do I owe you for the trouble · I owe you some money · I owe the tax office more than a million · how much do I owe her · you still owe me a large sum · I owe you 50 euros · he owes me a million dollars
Credit and attribution · essere dovuto a · modal, kept apart
✓ gli debbo la vita · mi devi una spiegazione · dovete rispetto al maestro Treccani · sense 4 · in senso fig. · gli · al maestro · the object is not a sum
✓ devo a mio padre tutto quello che so · questo attore deve la sua fama al cinema · le devo tutto quello che so De Mauro · II.1 fig. and II.2 derivare · Hoepli · le
✓ il danno è dovuto al maltempo · le alluvioni sono dovute alla pioggia · la legge della relatività si deve a Einstein De Mauro · II.2 · WordReference · passive · the cause is a · no Creditor
✓ è dovuto partire all’improvviso · devi essere stanco · lo devi ascoltare Treccani · senses 1 and 3 · De Mauro · I · infinitive rows · essere is the modal auxiliary
I owe him my life · you owe me an explanation · you owe the teacher respect · I owe my father everything I know · this actor owes his fame to the cinema · the damage is due to the bad weather · the floods are due to the rain · relativity is due to Einstein · he had to leave suddenly · you must be tired · you must listen to him
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Italian marking | Status in the sources | Not this place |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debtor | subject of dovere | subject of the active; the verb agrees | devo / debbo · deve · mi devi · dobbiamo | the subject of è dovuto is the thing caused, or, in è dovuto partire, the person who must leave |
| Debt | what is due | one direct object | qualche migliaio di euro · dei soldi · una grossa somma · 50 euro · un milione di dollari | the number and the unit are not two places · an infinitive is the modal row |
| Creditor | the person the debt is toward | a + noun · or dative clitic gli / le · mi ti vi · both together under dislocation | al fisco · al maestro · mi · ti · vi · le · gli in gli debbo la vita | a bare noun before the sum is unprinted · glielo is the debt clitic plus this clitic, one word · a core stack of gli and a is unprinted |
| Ground | what the debt is for | per, where it is printed | per il disturbo · per il suo disturbo · per il recapito | a on the credit and cause lines is the person or the cause, not this per |
| Sense row | Frame | Printed line | Not merged with |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debt · money · dovere | Debtor subject · direct object · a or clitic · optional per | mi deve ancora qualche migliaio di euro · ti devo dei soldi · devo al fisco più di un milione | the infinitive rows · the credit object |
| Credit / attribution · same lemma | same clothes · the direct object is not a sum · De Mauro II.2 calls the cause reading derivare | gli debbo la vita · devo a mio padre tutto quello che so · questo attore deve la sua fama al cinema · le devo tutto quello che so | the money object · English uses owe for both, and so does this lemma |
| essere dovuto a · si deve a | thing caused as subject · cause in a · no Creditor | il danno è dovuto al maltempo · le alluvioni sono dovute alla pioggia · la legge della relatività si deve a Einstein | the debt places · nulla è dovuto al fattorino still has a creditor |
| dover avere · da | the subject is the one who is owed · da the other party | quanto devi avere ancora da me? · De Mauro dovere avere qcs. da qcn. | the debt places · the subject here is the creditor |
| Modal · obligation | dovere + infinitive · auxiliary avere or essere by the infinitive | dobbiamo essere onesti e leali · è dovuto partire all’improvviso · lo devi ascoltare | the debt objects · the probability row |
| Modal · probability | the same dovere + infinitive | devi essere stanco · oggi dovrebbe piovere · devi essere molto stanco | the obligation row · the debt objects |
Marking map. Read the noun, then the mark. One a belongs to more than one reading. One gli does too.
Each debt row lines up one Italian slot with the mark English owe prints. The alignment is = where the slot is an object in both, or shift where English uses a bare Creditor or to and Italian uses a or a dative clitic. Printed lines come first. A constructed Italian line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed. The credit row stays on dovere. It is not a second lemma.
| Slot | IT form | EN form | Align | IT example | EN example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debtor | subject | subject | = | devo · deve Treccani · De Mauro | I owe Janet $50 Cambridge |
| Creditor | a · or gli / le · dislocation can carry both | bare object, or to | shift · one Italian object · two English clothes | al fisco · le · mi De Mauro · Treccani | owes me $5 · owes £3 000 to her father Merriam-Webster · Oxford |
| Debt | one direct object | one bare object | = of one object | dei soldi · 50 euro De Mauro · WordReference | you owe me ten dollars Cambridge |
| Debt + Creditor, both clitics | one word · glielo · le shares it with gli | two phrases · bare object, or to | shift · fusion · feminine le is not kept | glielo Treccani · grammatica · the debt clause is constructed | owe it to her the English page keeps two phrases |
| Ground | per | for | = on per / for | per il disturbo Treccani | for the ticket Cambridge |
| Credit · ‘owe X to Y’ | the same verb dovere · a or gli / le | the same verb owe · to | = of one lemma · the object is not a sum | gli debbo la vita Treccani | I owe my success to my teachers Oxford |
| Modal | dovere + infinitive · avere or essere | not a frame of owe | separate sense row | è dovuto partire Treccani | the English page keeps modal ought off the debt places |
The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame. The English cards are the two Creditor clothes. The Italian debt cards are a, the clitic, and glielo. The credit card stays on dovere.
IT · a · direct object
devo al fisco più di un milione
De Mauro · II.1 · a · no clitic on this line
Move English can put the person in a bare object. This line puts the person in a.
IT · dative clitic
ti devo dei soldi
De Mauro · ti · Hoepli mi devi ancora una grossa somma · no a-phrase
Move The clitic stands for the a-phrase. This line does not also spell a.
IT · glielo
Glielo devo.
constructed · Treccani grammatica · glielo covers gli and le
Split English keeps two phrases. Feminine le plus lo is this same glielo.
IT · dislocation · clitic and a
A Luca, gli devo dieci euro.
constructed · Treccani · dislocazioni · resumption of a is facultative
Move The clitic and a meet when the phrase is dislocated. A core stack of both is unprinted.
IT · credit · same lemma
gli debbo la vita
Treccani · in senso fig. · Hoepli gli devo la vita · De Mauro la sua fama al cinema
Same slot The benefit wears the direct object the money wears. It is still dovere. Treccani marks the line figurative.
IT · essere dovuto a
il danno è dovuto al maltempo
De Mauro · II.2 · WordReference le alluvioni sono dovute alla pioggia
Split The cause is not a person who is owed a sum. nulla è dovuto al fattorino still has that person.
EN · two objects
owes me $5
English owe · Merriam-Webster · person then sum · no Italian bare twin printed
Move Italian does not print the person as a bare object before the sum. The person is a or a clitic.
EN · to
She still owes £3 000 to her father.
English owe · Oxford · the other English line is the bare father
Split English has the bare object and to. Italian has a or gli / le, and glielo when the debt is a clitic too.
Credit stays on dovere. Treccani files it under sense 4, marked in senso fig.: dovete rispetto al maestro, mi deve una risposta, mi devi una spiegazione, gli debbo la vita, deve a me se è riuscito ad avere il posto, dobbiamo al sangue freddo dell’autista se si è evitata una sciagura. De Mauro keeps the gratitude lines on II.1, “anche fig.”: gli devi infinita riconoscenza, devo a mio padre tutto quello che so, devo a lui se sono ancora vivo. Sense II.2 is a separate gloss, derivare: questo attore deve la sua fama al cinema. Hoepli’s figurative lines are dovere gratitudine, riconoscenza a qualcuno, gli devo la vita, and le devo tutto quello che so. WordReference splits the money, ti devo 50 euro, from “riconoscere qcs. come merito altrui,” gli devo tutto ciò che ho imparato. The clothes are the debt clothes. The direct object is the benefit. English I owe my success to my teachers is this row. Devo il mio successo a mio padre reuses devo a mio padre tutto quello che so and deve la sua fama. The noun successo is not on those lines. It is constructed.
essere dovuto a drops the Creditor. De Mauro, II.2, “con costruzioni passive o passivanti”: il danno è dovuto al maltempo, and the pronominal la legge della relatività si deve a Einstein. WordReference: “Con uso passivo, essere attribuito, ascritto; essere causato,” le alluvioni sono dovute alla pioggia. The damage and the floods are the subject. a is the cause. Treccani’s nulla è dovuto al fattorino per il recapito is the debt passive. The porter is still the creditor, and per is the ground. That line stays on the money row.
dover avere turns the subject into the creditor. Treccani, still in sense 4: “dover avere, essere creditore,” quanto devi avere ancora da me? De Mauro: dovere avere qcs. da qcn., “essere creditore di qcs. nei suoi confronti.” da marks the other party. The subject is the one who is owed. It is not ti devo dei soldi.
The modal is a separate sense, and the auxiliary choice belongs there. Treccani limits “ausiliare avere o essere, secondo l’infinito” to senses 1, 2, and 3. The debt sense is sense 4, outside that parenthesis. The obligation lines are dobbiamo essere onesti e leali and è dovuto partire all’improvviso. The probability lines are devi essere stanco and oggi dovrebbe piovere. De Mauro’s probability line is devi essere molto stanco. WordReference: used absolutely, the auxiliary is avere; as a servile, it takes the auxiliary of the verb it accompanies. The Accademia della Crusca, on servile verbs: choosing the auxiliary of the governed verb is the safe choice, ha dovuto mangiare, è dovuto partire; an intransitive infinitive also allows avere, è dovuto uscire or ha dovuto uscire; a clitic before the servile takes essere, and a clitic after the infinitive takes avere. English Wiktionary states the same dependence for dovere used as an auxiliary. 501 Italian Verbs (Colaneri and Luciani) is the conjugation manual for this irregular set. This page does not quote a sentence from the book. The forms above are the Treccani table and the Wiktionary note.
payGIVE · pagare is the transfer. Dovere names the debt. Pagare is the page where a payer’s payment puts the amount with a recipient. This page does not treat ti devo dei soldi as that transfer. payBILL · pagare takes the bill or the debt as its object.
Which object the clause treats as the object is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note. The direct object of dovere in the debt reading is the debt. The Creditor is a or the dative clitic. It is not that direct object.
Argument difference. English owe allows a double object, owe him ten dollars, and owe money to him. Italian dovere has a subject Debtor, one direct-object Debt, and a Creditor in a or in a dative clitic, gli for him and le for her. When the debt is a clitic too, third person is one word, glielo, and le shares that word with gli. Dislocation is where the clitic and the a-phrase are printed together. The credit reading stays on this verb.
Printed dictionary lines come first. A constructed line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed.
Real · Treccani · De Mauro · Hoepli · Wikizionario · WordReference
✓ mi deve ancora qualche migliaio di euro · quanto vi debbo per il disturbo? · gli debbo la vita Treccani
✓ ti devo dei soldi · devo al fisco più di un milione · quanto le devo? · questo attore deve la sua fama al cinema De Mauro
✓ mi devi ancora una grossa somma · le devo tutto quello che so · Quanto le devo per il suo disturbo? Hoepli
✓ ti devo 50 euro · le alluvioni sono dovute alla pioggia WordReference
✓ mi deve un milione di dollari Wikizionario
✓ il danno è dovuto al maltempo · è dovuto partire all’improvviso De Mauro · Treccani · the second line is the modal
Constructed · the working frames
✓ Gli devo dieci euro. constructed
I owe him ten euros · De Mauro prints ti devo dei soldi · Treccani prints mi deve ancora qualche migliaio di euro and gli debbo la vita · WordReference prints ti devo 50 euro · gli and the digits dieci are not one citation · English owes me $5 is the double object · this line is the dative clitic plus a sum
✓ Le devo dieci euro. constructed
I owe her ten euros · Hoepli prints le devo tutto quello che so and Quanto le devo? · the sum on the le lines opened here is not spelled · le is the feminine dative, kept apart from gli until the cluster
✓ Glielo devo. constructed
I owe it to him, or to her · Treccani’s grammar prints glielo for gli and for le · no debt entry opened here prints the cluster with dovere · English keeps it and her as two phrases
✓ A Luca, gli devo dieci euro. constructed
left dislocation · the a-phrase is resumed by gli · Treccani’s encyclopedia says that resumption is facultative when a preposition already marks the role · the name Luca and the digits dieci are not a citation
✓ Glielo devo, a Luca. constructed
right dislocation · the grammar’s printed shape is diglielo chiaramente, a Giovanna · the debt verb and the name are not that line
✓ Devo il mio successo a mio padre. constructed
I owe my success to my father · De Mauro prints devo a mio padre tutto quello che so and deve la sua fama al cinema · successo is not on those lines · English I owe my success to my teachers is this credit row
Devo Luca dieci euro. unprinted · not a filed frame
a bare person before the sum · English I owe Luca ten euros · the Italian lines print a or a clitic
Gli devo dieci euro a Luca. unprinted · not a filed frame
clitic and full a-phrase in one core clause, with no dislocation · Spanish prints Le debo dinero al banco · the Italian debt lines print one mark or the other · the grammar’s doubling is the dislocation
Each sketch is a working drawing. The debt drawing gives the Debtor to the subject, the Debt to one direct object, and the Creditor to a or to a dative clitic. The cluster drawing puts the debt clitic and the third-person dative in one word. The dislocation drawing is where those two creditor marks meet. The credit drawing keeps the same clothes and changes the object. The essere dovuto a drawing drops the Creditor. The modal drawing is an infinitive, and the auxiliary note stays on that drawing. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
De Mauro’s a and Treccani’s mi · working, revisable
[ —
[ √dovere
[ dei soldi ]
[ ti ] ] ] ← subject Debtor: devo
← Debt one direct object
← Creditor dative clitic
← or a + noun, al fisco
← not a bare Luca
ti devo dei soldi and devo al fisco più di un milione are the two clothes. Gli devo dieci euro is constructed. The tree does not put Luca in a bare object before the euros.
✓ ti devo dei soldi. De Mauro
✓ mi deve ancora qualche migliaio di euro. Treccani
✓ Gli devo dieci euro. constructed
The cluster · working, revisable
[ —
[ √dovere
[ glielo ] ] ] ← lo is the Debt
← gli or le is the Creditor
← one word
← le + lo is glielo
← Glielo devo is constructed
Treccani’s grammar prints the univerbated forms for masculine gli and feminine le. The debt dictionaries print gli and le apart, each with a full direct object. The cluster is the grammar’s form. It is not a second object.
✓ cantando glieli. Treccani · grammatica · the cluster · not a debt clause
✓ Glielo devo. constructed
Resumption · working, revisable
[ A Luca —
[ √dovere
[ dieci euro ]
[ gli ] ] ] ← a Luca is outside the core
← gli resumes it
← resumption is facultative
← Glielo devo, a Luca is the right side
← a core stack is unprinted
diglielo chiaramente, a Giovanna is the grammar’s right dislocation. di’(gli) qualcosa, a Giuseppe prints the clitic as optional. A Luca, gli devo dieci euro and Glielo devo, a Luca are constructed. Gli devo dieci euro a Luca is unprinted.
✓ diglielo chiaramente, a Giovanna. Treccani · dislocazioni · not the debt verb
✓ A Luca, gli devo dieci euro. constructed
Treccani’s figurative line · De Mauro’s derivare · working, revisable
[ —
[ √dovere
[ la vita ]
[ gli ] ] ] ← subject has the benefit
← dative or a is the person or the cause
← direct object is not a sum
← still dovere
← successo is constructed
gli debbo la vita and questo attore deve la sua fama al cinema are the printed objects. Devo il mio successo a mio padre is constructed. The ten euros stay on the money tree.
✓ gli debbo la vita. Treccani
✓ devo a mio padre tutto quello che so. De Mauro
✓ Devo il mio successo a mio padre. constructed
The thing caused is the subject · working, revisable
[ —
[ √essere dovuto
[ al maltempo ] ] ] ← subject: il danno
← a is the cause
← no gli who is owed a sum
← nulla è dovuto al fattorino stays on the debt tree
← si deve a Einstein is the pronominal line
è dovuto partire is not this tree. The participle there belongs to the modal, and partire is the infinitive. The auxiliary note stays on the modal tree.
✓ il danno è dovuto al maltempo. De Mauro
✓ le alluvioni sono dovute alla pioggia. WordReference
Senses 1 and 3 · working, revisable
[ —
[ √dovere
[ partire ] ] ] ← subject of the modal
← infinitive, not a sum
← è dovuto partire: essere, the infinitive’s auxiliary
← devi essere stanco: probability
← lo devi ascoltare: clitic on the modal
← debt sense 4 is outside this auxiliary note
Treccani’s header names senses 1, 2, and 3 for the choice of avere or essere. WordReference gives absolute dovere the auxiliary avere, and the servile the auxiliary of the verb it accompanies. The Crusca note on serviles is the same choice. The ten euros are not an infinitive.
✓ è dovuto partire all’improvviso. Treccani · sense 1
✓ devi essere stanco. Treccani · sense 3
✓ lo devi ascoltare. De Mauro · I
Working paper · October 2026 · Italian micro-entry
Dovere puts the Debtor in the subject, the Debt in one direct object, and the Creditor in a or in a dative clitic. gli and le are that third person. glielo is both clitics in one word. Dislocation is where the clitic doubles a. Money and la vita share the clothes. The modal is a separate sense.
Italian frames: Treccani, verb dovere², the header on the servile auxiliary, senses 1 and 3 for the infinitive, sense 4 for the direct object, the figurative lines, dover avere, and nulla è dovuto al fattorino. Treccani, La grammatica italiana, the roots of dovere, and pronomi personali, the univerbated glielo for gli and for le. Treccani, Enciclopedia dell’Italiano, dislocazioni, resumption of a dislocated indirect object. De Mauro, dovere, modal section I and transitive II.1–II.2, including derivare and è dovuto a. Hoepli, dovere, sense 3. Wikizionario, transitive dovere. WordReference, the transitive split, the passive, and the auxiliary note. English Wiktionary, transitive “to owe,” auxiliary “to have to,” and the auxiliary depending on the following verb. Accademia della Crusca, the auxiliary of servile verbs. 501 Italian Verbs (Colaneri and Luciani) is the conjugation manual; no sentence from it is quoted. Garzanti and Zingarelli were not opened. English clothes are the lines already on owe · English. Constructed clauses reuse a printed marking. Gli devo dieci euro, Le devo dieci euro, Glielo devo, A Luca, gli devo dieci euro, Glielo devo, a Luca, and Devo il mio successo a mio padre are not single citations. Devo Luca dieci euro and Gli devo dieci euro a Luca are unprinted.
Records dovere with the Debtor as subject, the Debt as one direct object, and the Creditor as a or as a dative clitic, gli and le. Records glielo as the fused third-person cluster, shared by gli and le. Records dislocation as the doubling of that clitic with a. Records the credit reading and essere dovuto a as separate rows on the same lemma. Records the modal, and the choice of avere or essere, off the debt places. Records Gli devo dieci euro, Glielo devo, and Devo il mio successo a mio padre as constructed.