owe · Portuguese · dever

Related · credit, the cause, the modal, and pay

Credit stays on dever, and the object is not a sum. Michaelis, sense 3, “Estar em débito de agradecimento ou gratidão”: Também devo muitos favores a ele. Aulete, sense 3, “Estar em dívida (de gratidão) com alguém (por favor ou bem contraído)”: Devia muitos favores aos parentes, Deve o caráter ao pai. The classical line of the same clothes is O filho deve amor aos pais, and D. João deveu a vida a D. Pedro, mas deveu o trono a João das Regras e Nuno Álvares. a ele has no fused article. aos parentes and aos pais are a plus the article. English I owe my success to my teachers is this row of clothes. Devo o meu sucesso a meus professores reuses devo muitos favores a ele and deve a celebridade à batalha. The noun sucesso is not on those lines. It is constructed.

The active cause shares the clothes and changes what a marks. Aulete, sense 4, “Ter ou desfrutar de (algo) graças a”: Deve o bom desempenho à afetividade, Deve sua fortuna à sorte. The classical lines are Ourique deve a celebridade à batalha que nos seus campos se feriu and Herculano, as Aulete prints it: A esta crise natural das grandes dores morais deveu o infante os alentos que o arrastaram até ao leito de D. Sancha. The direct object is the benefit. a is the cause. It is not the creditor of muito dinheiro.

dever-se a drops the Creditor. Infopédia’s pronominal sense is “ter como causa; ser resultado de,” and the line is O nosso êxito deveu-se a um longo trabalho. The success is the subject. The long work is in a. A different pronominal has the person as subject. Michaelis: Ela se devia à família e à pátria. Aulete, sense 7: Deve-se à esposa e aos filhos, Deve-se à família, and the classical O bom cidadão deve-se à pátria, o religioso deve-se a Deus. Aulete’s mutual line, Os amigos devem -se lealdade, is an obligation between the friends. The space before -se is in that bracket. It is not the creditor of a debt.

devido a is the fixed expression, not a filed copula frame. Priberam, participle and adjective devido, “Que se deve,” with o pagamento das prestações devidas, and the noun venho pagar o devido. The fixed expression devido a is “em consequência de,” “em virtude de,” “por causa de”: a emissão foi suspensa devido a problemas técnicos, devido à elevação da produção de leite, devido ao pequeno número de amostras recolhidas. Infopédia glosses devido a as por causa de, em consequência de, graças a, and prints no finite clause of its own under that heading. No entry opened here prints é devido a with the thing caused as subject. That copula is not filed as a frame. The participle devido on the debt side is Priberam’s “o que se deve,” venho pagar o devido. The payer is the one who comes to pay. It is not the cause reading.

The modal is a separate sense. Michaelis: without de, obligation, Você deve ter mais cuidado; with de, probability, Você deve de ter feito algo inusitado. The same entry prints Todos devemos trabalhar, Deve comprar o presente no sábado, Todos devemos morrer algum dia, and deve de sofrer muito. Aulete’s modal note: obligation Você deve respeitar os mais jovens; probability Amanhã deve fazer calor and Ela deve (ou deve de) estar feliz; the inevitable Todos devem morrer. Sense 2 of the same entry is the infinitive of obligation, A polícia deve proteger a população. Ciberdúvidas: dever de plus infinitive is probability, Camões Deveis de ter sabido claramente, Régio Eu devia de ter um vago olhar louco; dever plus infinitive, without de, is obligation, tu não deves fumar, and Camões virtude deve ser prezada. The Aurélio line is what that page prints: Deve de chover hoje, and modern speech more often deve chover hoje. In Portugal, the same answer says, the absence of de is more current. The book was not opened. Wikcionário: As crianças devem ir para a cama cedo, and Eles devem estar achando difícil se adaptar ao novo país. English Wiktionary, Portuguese dever, sense 3, “will likely,” prints Deve chover. Sense 4, “owe (to be in debt),” prints no debt sentence. Those infinitive rows stay off the debt places.

The noun dever is not the verb frame. Priberam’s senses 8–10 are the duty, the obligation, and the homework. Infopédia files the same noun. Wikcionário’s noun glosses to English duty. The debt places are the verb.

pay_GIVE · pagar is the transfer. Dever names the debt. Pagar is the page where a payer’s payment puts the amount with a recipient. This page does not treat Devo muito dinheiro a meus parentes as that transfer. pay_BILL · pagar takes the bill or the debt as its object.

Which object the clause treats as the object is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note. The direct object of dever in the debt reading is the theme. The Creditor is a or the dative clitic. It is not that direct object.

Examples

Argument difference. English owe allows a double object, owe her money, and owe money to her. Portuguese dever has a subject Debtor, one direct-object Theme, and a Creditor in a or in the dative clitic lhe. The school grammar also names lhes. No debt sentence opened here prints it. Spoken Brazilian, on Bagno and on Brasil Escola, prefers a or para plus a tonic pronoun where that norm writes lhe. The modal is the same verb, and it is a separate sense. The cause reading is dever-se a, and the fixed expression devido a.

Printed dictionary lines come first. A constructed line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing. The debt drawing gives the Debtor to the subject, the Theme to one direct object, and the Creditor to a or to lhe. The speech drawing is the grammar’s a or para plus a tonic pronoun, constructed on this verb. The credit drawing keeps the same clothes and changes the object. The dever-se a drawing drops the Creditor. The modal drawing is an infinitive. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

[ —
  [ √dever
     [ muito dinheiro ]
     [ a meus parentes ] ] ]   ← subject Debtor: devo
                                    ← Theme one direct object
                                    ← Creditor a + noun
                                    ← or lhe, Devo-lhe muito
                                    ← not a bare Maria

[ —
  [ √dever
     [ muito dinheiro ]
     [ para ele ] ] ]          ← subject Debtor
                                    ← Theme one direct object
                                    ← para ele is the grammar’s popular indirect object
                                    ← the dever clause is constructed
                                    ← lhes is the school plural, also constructed
                                    ← Bagno: speech does not use lhes

[ —
  [ √dever
     [ sua fortuna ]
     [ à sorte ] ] ]           ← subject has the benefit
                                    ← a is the person or the cause
                                    ← direct object is not a sum
                                    ← still dever
                                    ← sucesso is constructed

[ —
  [ √dever-se
     [ a um longo trabalho ] ] ]  ← subject: o êxito
                                    ← a is the cause
                                    ← no lhe who is owed a sum
                                    ← devido a is the fixed expression
                                    ← é devido a is unprinted
                                    ← deve-se à pátria is dedication

[ —
  [ √dever
     [ ter feito ] ] ]         ← subject of the modal
                                    ← infinitive, not a sum
                                    ← de: probability, Michaelis
                                    ← no de: obligation, Você deve ter mais cuidado
                                    ← Deve chover: English Wiktionary, no de
                                    ← debt places are outside this row