Payer, bill or sum, payee, goods, means · Finnish cloth · working claim, revisable
The payer is the nominative subject of the active. Kielitoimiston sanakirja prints Paljonko olen sinulle maksamassa and Liikkeenne on maksava yrityksellemme. olen and Liikkeenne are the subjects. The passive has no nominative payer: Palkkaa maksettiin 10 euroa tunnilta. Iso suomen kielioppi (VISK) §910 calls the agreeing subject nominative.
maksaa · sense 1 · suorittaa (raha)korvaus, hinta jstak, vars. ostamastaan hyödykkeestä, antaa jtak maksuksi jstak. The bill or the sum is the object. The dictionary’s infinitive citation prints the bill as a nominative-form total object: Maksaa lasku. The same citation form prints the sum as a nominative-form total object beside an elative: Maksaa jstak suuri summa (rahaa). A partitive object is printed on other nouns in that sense: Maksaa tullia, veroa, Maksaa 12 % korkoa, and passive Palkkaa maksettiin. maksaa laskua is the partitive of the printed bill noun. It is constructed on tullia and veroa. Maksaa velkansa is the debt, and the possessive suffix hides the ending.
Total object and partitive object are object-case marking. VISK §925: the object cases are partitive, genitive, nominative, and accusative. The partitive object is the partitive. The other three are the total object. VISK calls the n-form genitive for simplicity, and notes that other descriptions call every non-partitive object case accusative (§1226). §934: a singular total object is genitive when the verb agrees with a basic subject (Tilasin taksin), and nominative in the passive, in a necessive construction, and in the first- or second-person imperative (Meille tilattiin taksi, Nyt pitäisi tilata taksi, Tilaa meille taksi). Personal pronouns take the t-accusative (sinut). §925: the partitive object marks the situation or the referent as unbounded (rajaamaton); the total object marks a bounded whole (rajattu kokonaisuus). §931: a total object is quantitatively definite (kvantitatiivisesti määräinen); a partitive object can mark an open quantity when the referent is divisible. §930: negation is a separate condition for the partitive, and in a negative clause the other conditions are neutralized. That is the grammar’s description of the case split. The split does not add a participant. lasku and laskua are the same object, the bill. The split does not mark the payee, the thing paid for, or the means. The nominative form against the genitive form, lasku against laskun, is which clause has a basic subject (§934). It is not a second quantity distinction. Both are total objects. English pay the bill has one object form. It has no total-object / partitive-object alternation.
A personal finite clause with the genitive-form total object, Maksan laskun, is constructed on §934 and on the printed citation Maksaa lasku. English Wiktionary prints that form of the object on a pronoun: Hän maksaa sen. sen is the genitive of se. The same entry prints Maksoin lopulta opintolainani. The possessive suffix hides the ending, as VISK §934 says of kysymykseni. A negative clause with the partitive, En maksa laskua, is constructed on §930 and on the printed partitives tullia and veroa. The maksaa entry prints no negative clause. It prints no t-accusative hänet.
The payee is allative -lle. Paljonko olen sinulle maksamassa: sinulle is allative, and the clause has no bill noun. Liikkeenne on maksava yrityksellemme seuraavan laskun mukaan: yrityksellemme is allative. seuraavan laskun mukaan is mukaan plus a genitive. It is not the object. VISK §1257: the allative marks the recipient (vastaanottaja), the one who benefits, with verbs of the antaa type. English Wiktionary’s usage line names the allative as ‘to (who gets the payment)’. A clause that stacks the allative with the bill, Maksan hänelle laskun, is constructed. The stack is unprinted.
What the money is paid for is elative. The definition’s jstak and hyödykkeestä are elative. Maksaa jstak suuri summa (rahaa) and Maksaa jstak paljon, vähän put the elative beside the sum. VISK §1253 prints Julian ei tarvinnut maksaa asunnosta eikä ruuasta. asunnosta and ruuasta are elative, and that clause has no object. English Wiktionary names the elative as ‘for (a product, service, etc.)’ when the object is the payment. The elative is the case. It is not the object, and it is not an English preposition for. A rate can also be elative or ablative in the same series: kilosta, kappaleesta, beside kilolta, kappaleelta, tunnilta. That rate is not the goods.
The means is adessive. Maksaa käteisellä, kortilla. Maksaa rahalla, työllä. The kortti entry prints Voinko maksaa kortilla, glossed pankki- t. luottokortilla. The ostos entry prints Maksaa ostoksensa käteisellä. VISK §990: the most usual instrument adverbial is an adessive phrase (veitsellä, junalla). suorittaa 3, glossed maksaa, prints Suoritti käteisellä tuhat euroa.
suorittaa 3 · gloss maksaa. Suorittaa maksu, lyhennys is the nominative-form total object of the infinitive citation. Suorittaa veroa, tullia is the partitive. The means and the sum are in one finite clause: Suoritti käteisellä tuhat euroa. No payee is in these lines.
kuitata 1 · acknowledge a payment or a shipment by a signature or a mark. Kuitata maksu (saaduksi). Kuitata velka (maksetuksi). Kuitattu lasku. Sense 2 · give or do something as compensation. Kuitata velka työllään. The maksaa entry itself prints Kuitata suoritus maksetuksi. A full-text search of the dictionary for maksaa pois returns no hit. That string is unprinted.
lyhentää 2 · maksaa lyhennyksiä, kuolettaa. Lainan, vekselin lyhentäminen: the loan or the bill of exchange is the object of the verbal noun. Lyhentää velkaansa 1 000 eurolla: the debt is the object, and the amount paid down is adessive eurolla. English Wiktionary prints maksaa takaisin ‘to pay back’ and Maksoin lopulta opintolainani. The maksaa entry’s itsensä takaisin is a different line: Laite maksaa pian itse itsensä, itsensä takaisin, the device paying for itself.
Where this frame diverges from English pay (a bill). English pay the bill makes the document the object and brings the sum back as with or in. maksaa makes the bill or the sum the object, and that object alternates: nominative-form or genitive-form total object against partitive object, Maksaa lasku against maksaa laskua. English has no object-case alternation on the bill. English for names what the money is for. Finnish puts that in the elative, maksaa jostakin, and the elative is not the object. English pay someone can make the person the object of the bill event. Finnish prints the payee in the allative, sinulle, yrityksellemme. The means is adessive, kortilla, käteisellä, a case where English uses with or in.