Arguments

Four places · shared inventory · German cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Bettor] + (Opponent mit+DAT) + Proposition(darauf, dass ∨ auf+ACC side) + √WETT-( Stake MeasureP ⟨Amount, Denomination⟩ACC ∨ um+ACC ) + (Platform auf+ACC)

A wager has four participants: the Bettor, the Opponent, the Stake, and the Proposition. They are not four equal sisters of wetten, and the platform is not a fifth. Voice adds the Bettor. In the working strings the root’s measuring object is one accusative MeasureP ⟨n, U⟩. Dictionaries also print that stake as um + accusative. The two cloths are both real, and no checked entry stacks them in one clause. The ranking stays open. The Proposition is darauf plus a dass-clause, or a side in auf + accusative. The Opponent is oblique: mit + dative. It is not a bare dative object, and it is not the subject. Platform (auf Prizepicks, auf DraftKings) is a locative in the working notes. Dictionaries print auf for the contest or the side, not for a bookmaker.

What is different in German. The Opponent is a mit-phrase. The Stake can surface as an accusative or as an um-phrase. English bet Paul 5 BTC uses two bare objects. German does not.

Four places · who wears which preposition

Duden, DWDS, and PONS print the pieces. None of them prints Bettor, Opponent, Stake, Proposition, and platform in one clause. The Group D notes assemble those pieces. English puts two of the four in bare noun phrases. German gives the verb one measuring phrase, and it introduces the person with mit.

Printed multi-place line · Opponent, um-Stake, dass-clause · no platform

✓ Ich wette mit dir um 10 Euro, dass morgen schönes Wetter wird. PONS Deutsches Rechtschreibwörterbuch · wetten I

I · bet · you-mit · [10 euros]-um · that tomorrow fine weather becomes

The four places of wetten: introducer, German marking, structural or oblique, English marking
PlaceIntroduced by (working)German markingCase statusEnglish marking
BettorSpec,Voice (outer)subject; one prefield under V2structuralsubject
OpponentP-layer on the event: comitative. English DOC: low ApplCPmit + dative (mit jemandem, mit dir)obliquebare first object (DOC) · with
Stakecomplement of √WETT- (MeasureP ⟨n, U⟩), or the open um clothaccusative (10 Euro, einen Kasten Bier, notes’ 0,0041 BTC) · um + accusative (um eine Flasche Sekt, um 10 Euro)structural when accusative · oblique when um · not both in one printed clausedirect object
PropositionCONTENT on the same eventdarauf, dass · dass-clause · auf + accusative sidecomplement / obliquethat-clause · on + NP
Optional (Platform)LOCauf + place, in the notesoblique · optional · not a dictionary frameon Prizepicks

Preposition map. One marker can belong to several heads. Read the head, then the marker.

EN ⇄ DE valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with its German slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (structural ↔ oblique), or a packaging change inside one status. Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other German sentence is constructed from the Group D notes. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–German valency alignment for bet / wetten, one row per argument
SlotEN formDE formAlignEN exampleDE example
BettorSUBJsubject=I’ll bet that you can’t.ich wette, dass du das nicht kannst Duden · sense 1a · brackets of the entry dropped
OpponentDOC first objectmit + DATshift · structural → obliqueI bet you 10 euros that the weather will be fine. constructed EN · PONS glosses the German line as “to bet [sb] sth”Ich wette mit dir um 10 Euro, dass morgen schönes Wetter wird. PONS Rechtschreibung
Opponent + accusative StakeDOC + objectmit + accusativeshift on the person · Stake =I bet you a crate of beer. constructed ENIch wette mit dir einen Kasten Bier! PONS Rechtschreibung · no um in this line
Stake (um)OBJum + ACCshift · structural → obliquebet a bottle of sparkling wine constructed EN glossum eine Flasche Sekt, 100 Euro, eine Lage Bier wetten DWDS · ⟨um etw. wetten⟩
Stake (accusative)OBJaccusative=bet 10 euros, a crate of beer constructed EN gloss10 Euro, einen Kasten Bier wetten Duden · sense 1b
Proposition (clause)that-CPdass / darauf, dass= complement clauseto bet [sb] that[mit jdm] darauf wetten, dass PONS Deutsch–Englisch · frame, not a full clause
Proposition (side)on + NPauf + ACC= obliquebet on a horseauf ein Pferd wetten Duden sense 2 · DWDS Rennsport
Platformon Prizepicksauf Prizepicks= obliqueon Prizepicksauf Prizepicks constructed · notes · not a dictionary frame
AGAINSTagainst + Poss-DPgegen + DP= obliquebet a whole bitcoin against Shaneeqa’s DOGEeinen ganzen Bitcoin gegen Shaneeqas DOGE constructed · notes · not in the dictionaries checked
Four placesDOC + object + that + onmit + ACC + darauf, dass + aufshift on the OpponentTom bet Dick 0.0041 BTC that Trump would beat Biden on Prizepicks.Hat Tom mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt, auf Prizepicks? constructed · notes’ S1, coordinates dropped

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and German under it. The Opponent chip is the one that moves: it is a bare object in English and a mit-phrase in German. The Stake card is the one that splits: accusative in one printed line, um in another.

EN · DE · printed um

mit + um + dass

I bet you 10 euros that the weather will be fine.

Ich wette mit dir um 10 Euro, dass morgen schönes Wetter wird.

DE · PONS Rechtschreibung · EN constructed from the PONS gloss

RolesHide roles BettorOpponentStakeProposition
Bettor I · ich Opponent you · mit dir Stake 10 euros · um 10 Euro Proposition that … · dass …

Shift bare you → mit · Stake in um

EN · DE · printed accusative

mit + accusative

I bet you a crate of beer.

Ich wette mit dir einen Kasten Bier!

DE · PONS Rechtschreibung · EN constructed · no um

RolesHide roles BettorOpponentStake
Bettor I · ich Opponent you · mit dir Stake a crate of beer · einen Kasten Bier

Shift bare you → mit · Stake stays accusative

EN · DE · four places

Notes’ S1

Tom bet Dick 0.0041 BTC that Trump would beat Biden on Prizepicks.

Hat Tom mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt, auf Prizepicks?

constructed · notes’ S1 · coordinates dropped

RolesHide roles BettorOpponentStakePropositionPlatform
Bettor Tom Opponent Dick · mit Dick Stake 0.0041 BTC · 0,0041 BTC Proposition that … · darauf, dass … Platform on Prizepicks · auf Prizepicks

Shift bare Dick → mit

EN · DE · AGAINST

gegen ≠ mit

bet a whole bitcoin against Shaneeqa’s DOGE on Prizepicks

einen ganzen Bitcoin gegen Shaneeqas DOGE darauf wetten, auf Prizepicks

constructed · notes’ Lamont string, core

RolesHide roles AGAINSTStakePlatform
AGAINST against Shaneeqa’s DOGE · gegen Shaneeqas DOGE Stake a whole bitcoin · einen ganzen Bitcoin Platform on Prizepicks · auf Prizepicks

= against ↔ gegen

Examples

Argument difference. English can package the Opponent and the Stake as two bare objects: bet Paul 5 BTC, a double object plus a that-clause. German puts the Opponent in mit + dative. The Stake is an accusative in one set of printed lines and an um-phrase in another. Those lines are not one clause with both stake cloths. A packaging with the person and the stake as two bare objects, neither under mit or um, is not a frame in the dictionaries checked here, and it is not a string the Group D notes derive. Romance takes another route: the person is a dative or a contra / contre / contro phrase. Japanese puts the Opponent in comitative と and keeps one を on the Stake. Mandarin puts the Opponent in preverbal 跟. See bet · Japanese and bet · Mandarin.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

mit jemandem [um etwas] wetten · worum/um wie viel wetten wir? · wetten, dass er dich früher oder später betrügen wird? · ich wette [hundert zu eins], dass du das nicht kannst · sie wetteten, wer zuerst fertig sein würde Duden online · sense 1a · eine Wette abschließen · brackets are Duden’s

10 Euro, einen Kasten Bier wetten · darauf wette ich meinen Kopf/Hals! Duden online · sense 1b · als Preis für eine Wette einsetzen · the darauf line is the entry’s idiom

auf ein Pferd wetten · auf Platz, Sieg wetten Duden online · sense 2 · einen Tipp abgeben

er wettete (zwanzig Euro), dass er das Glas in einem Zug austrinkt · um eine Flasche Sekt, 100 Euro, eine Lage Bier wetten · worum wollen wir wetten? · auf ein Pferd wetten · auf Platz wetten · auf Sieg wetten DWDS · wetten · the parenthetical stake and the um-list are separate examples · Rennsport marks the auf sense

[mit jdm] um etw. Akk. wetten — to bet [sb] sth · etw. wetten — to bet sth · [mit jdm] darauf wetten, dass — to bet [sb] that · auf ein Tier wetten — to bet on an animal PONS Deutsch–Englisch · the English gloss “to bet [sb] sth” translates the mit + um frame · it is not a German double object

Ich wette meinen Kopf, dass er verliert. · Ich wette mit dir um 10 Euro, dass morgen schönes Wetter wird. · Ich wette zehn Euro! · Ich wette mit dir einen Kasten Bier! · Er wettet immerzu auf Pferde. PONS Deutsches Rechtschreibwörterbuch · um and the accusative are different example sentences

Grammar line, all three: wettet, wettete, hat gewettet. Duden · DWDS Weak verb. The participle is gewettet.

Published sentences on the DWDS entry · not four-place frames

✓ Ich möchte wetten, daß Sie jetzt zwölf Minuten zu früh erschienen sind, ich hatte Sie für zehn Uhr fünfundvierzig bestellt, nicht wahr? DWDS usage · Erik Neutsch, Spur der Steine, Halle: Mitteldeutscher Verl. 1964, S. 149 · daß as printed · no Stake, no mit

✓ Überall wettete man, wie hoch unser Sieg wohl ausfallen würde. DWDS usage · Franz Beckenbauer, Einer wie ich, München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag 1977, S. 285 · indirect question, cousin of Duden’s wer-clause

✓ Wenn er stürzt, braucht man auf Rot-Grün im Norden nicht mehr wetten. DWDS usage · Die Zeit, 25.02.1999 · auf names a side · no Stake printed

Strings below are constructed, from the Group D notes or modelled on them. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Names and tickers are the notes’ working transcription.

✓ Hat Tom mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt, auf Prizepicks?

RolesHide roles BettorOpponentStakePropositionPlatform
Bettor Tom Opponent mit Dick Stake 0,0041 BTC Proposition darauf, dass … Platform auf Prizepicks

constructed · notes’ S1 · the notes also coordinate the Opponent (Dick oder Harry) and the Stake (0,0041 BTC oder 5000 DOGE) · one of each seat · hat is in C

✓ Kann Lamont einen ganzen Bitcoin gegen Shaneeqas DOGE darauf wetten, dass die Padres gewinnen, auf Prizepicks?

RolesHide roles BettorAGAINSTStakePropositionPlatform
Bettor Lamont AGAINST gegen Shaneeqas DOGE Stake einen ganzen Bitcoin Proposition darauf, dass … Platform auf Prizepicks

constructed · notes’ Lamont string · gegen is the opposing stake · mit Shaneeqa would be the Opponent, a different seat · masculine accusative as the notes write it

✓ Darshawn sollte mit Brooke ein ganzes Bitcoin darauf wetten, … auf DraftKings, nicht auf Prizepicks.

RolesHide roles BettorOpponentStakePlatform
Bettor Darshawn Opponent mit Brooke Stake ein ganzes Bitcoin Platform auf DraftKings

constructed · notes’ (S-DE) · ellipsis kept · sollte is the modal, above the wager · neuter ganzes as this string writes it · the other platform is negated, not a second place

  1. ✓ Ich wette mit dir um 10 Euro, dass morgen schönes Wetter wird. PONS Rechtschreibung · um-Stake · no platform
  2. ✓ Ich wette mit dir einen Kasten Bier! PONS Rechtschreibung · accusative Stake · no um · no clause
  3. ✓ er wettete (zwanzig Euro), dass er das Glas in einem Zug austrinkt DWDS · accusative in parentheses · dass-clause · no mit
  4. ✓ um eine Flasche Sekt wetten DWDS · um-Stake alone
  5. ✓ auf ein Pferd wetten Duden · DWDS · side, not a bookmaker
  6. ✓ 0,0041 BTC wettete Tom mit Dick darauf, dass Trump Biden schlägt. constructed · modelled on the Larson line · Stake in the prefield · subject still Tom · clause filled
  7. ✓ Mit Dick hat Tom 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt. constructed · modelled on the notes’ prefield table · one XP before the finite verb
  8. ✓ Ein ganzer Bitcoin kann gegen Shaneeqas DOGE darauf gewettet werden. constructed · notes · werden promotes the Stake · gegen stays
  9. ✓ Worauf hat Kim 5 BTC gewettet? constructed · notes · worauf resumes the proposition, not BTC
  10. ✓ Womit wurden 0,0041 BTC gewettet? constructed · notes · subject is the Stake · womit resumes mit

Events · settlement not entailed

✓ Tom hat mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt is true when the commitment is made. constructed

WIN(e,w) holds iff CONTENT(e) is true in w and e is settled in w. wetten(e) does not entail WIN or LOSE. Duden’s conviction idioms (wetten, dass …, darauf wette ich meinen Kopf) are the same commitment read as certainty. The later taking of the stake is not part of that commitment. sollte and würde in the Darshawn strings sit above the wager. They are not places of wetten.

um and the accusative

The open cell is the Stake’s clothing, not a fifth participant. The dictionaries print both cloths. They do not print them together.

Printed stake frames of wetten, accusative beside um
ClothPrinted lineSourceWhat it does not contain
um + ACCmit jemandem [um etwas] wettenDuden 1ano bare accusative stake in this frame
um + ACCum eine Flasche Sekt, 100 Euro, eine Lage Bier wettenDWDSno mit, no dass
um + ACCIch wette mit dir um 10 Euro, dass morgen schönes Wetter wird.PONS Rechtschreibungno second stake
accusative10 Euro, einen Kasten Bier wettenDuden 1bno um, no mit
accusativeer wettete (zwanzig Euro), dass …DWDSparentheses, not um
accusativeIch wette zehn Euro! · Ich wette mit dir einen Kasten Bier!PONS Rechtschreibungno um

Duden even splits the glosses: 1a is “eine Wette abschließen”, and the um-phrase sits there; 1b is “als Preis für eine Wette einsetzen”, and the bare accusative sits there. That split is a dictionary cut. It is not yet an argument-structure result. The Group D notes build the four-place wager on the accusative (0,0041 BTC, ein ganzes Bitcoin / einen ganzen Bitcoin). The hierarchy thread still asks for a fuller paradigm: dative affectee versus mit-partner versus um-Stake. That request does not add a place, and it does not license a clause with um and an accusative stake both measuring the same bet. No such clause is printed here.

Odds are a third shape, not a stake and not AGAINST. DWDS prints wette zehn gegen eins. PONS prints acht zu eins wetten, glossed “to bet at eight to one”. gegen in the odds idiom is not gegen Shaneeqas DOGE.

mit, gegen, auf, darauf

Four markers sit near this verb. mit, auf, and darauf are in the dictionaries. gegen as an opposing stake is a working claim from the notes. All of it stays revisable.

Readings of mit, gegen, auf, and darauf next to wetten
ClothReadingEvidenceStatus
mit + personOpponent (comitative)Duden mit jemandem · PONS mit dir · notes mit Dick, mit Brookeprinted · notes agree
bare dativenot the Opponentno jemandem wetten frame without mit in the entries checked · notes: ihm is a different mergeworking claim · unprinted as a grammatical Opponent
gegen + Poss-DPopposing stake (AGAINST)notes: gegen Shaneeqas DOGE · same P is Theme₂ on tauschenconstructed · notes · not a dictionary frame
darauf, dassPropositionDuden idiom · PONS frame · notes’ wrapperprinted frame · full four-place clause is constructed
auf + sidecontest / sideauf ein Pferd · auf Sieg · Die Zeit auf Rot-Grünprinted
auf + platformlocativenotes: auf Prizepicks, auf DraftKingsconstructed · notes

mit is the Opponent (revisable). The dative is the case mit governs. Duden writes jemandem inside that PP. PONS writes dir. The person is not a second accusative, and the person is not the subject. On bezahlen the person who comes to HAVE the amount is a morphological dative, with no mit. A wager’s Opponent does not come to HAVE the Stake, because settlement is not entailed. Recruiting that dative next to wetten would be a different numeration. The notes say so. The dictionaries checked here do not print it.

gegen is AGAINST (revisable). English against covers the person and, with a possessive, the opposing stake. The notes split those the way they split mit from gegen: mit Shaneeqa is the partner; gegen Shaneeqas DOGE is the opposing stake. The same shape gegen on tauschen is the other theme of an exchange. Two roots, one preposition — the French contre cell again. In the notes, Wogegen hat er gewettet? and Wogegen hat er getauscht? resume different roots. wogegen resumes the P. It does not resume the unit inside the Stake. This page does not open a tauschen entry.

Two auf-heads (revisable). Dictionary auf is the side you back. The notes’ platform auf is the place of the book. darauf is the correlate that introduces the dass-clause, not a third name for the platform. When the notes put darauf, dass and auf Prizepicks in one clause, they are two heads. worauf is ambiguous between those heads. It is not a resume of BTC.

Same name, two clothes · constructed

✓ Kim hat mit Paul 5 BTC darauf gewettet, dass es regnet. constructed · Paul is the Opponent

✓ Kim hat gegen Paul 5 BTC darauf gewettet, dass die Padres gewinnen. constructed · against Paul · parallel to gegen Shaneeqas DOGE, person not stake

✓ Kim hat 5 BTC auf Paul gewettet. constructed · Paul is the side backed · dictionary auf, not mit and not gegen

The Proposition · darauf, dass and auf · platform is locative

English has one complement clause, that-CP, or on plus a noun phrase. German prints both, and the notes keep the bookmaker off both.

werden, bekommen, one prefield

V2, the passive, and the R-pronouns are operations on the same four places. They do not add a participant.

One prefield. The finite verb is in C: wettete, hat, sollte, kann. Exactly one phrase sits in front of it. The notes allow that phrase to be the subject, the mit-PP, the MeasureP, darauf, or an auf-PP. The Stake in front (0,0041 BTC wettete Tom …) is still the Stake. Tom is still the subject. Two phrases in front of the finite verb are not a second subject position. The notes treat that order as unavailable. It is not printed here.

werden promotes the Stake. The notes’ passive is Ein ganzer Bitcoin kann gegen Shaneeqas DOGE darauf gewettet werden. The accusative MeasureP is the subject. gegen stays a PP. mit stays a PP when the stake is the subject, as in the womit question below. The Opponent does not become that subject. The platform does not become that subject. A person as the subject of werden, with the stake left behind, is the contrast the notes refuse. The string is not reprinted here. Womit wurden 0,0041 BTC gewettet? keeps the Stake as subject and puts the partner’s P in the prefield. That is the notes’ evidence that the prefield and the subject are not the same slot.

bekommen is out, and still open as a paradigm. bekommen tracks a dative HAVE argument. On this site that promotion belongs to a recipient, not to a mit-phrase; the deduct page already refuses it for a von-domain. The Group D notes predict the same refusal for wetten: the Opponent does not come to HAVE the Stake. The hierarchy thread still lists a filled bekommen paradigm among the Volume 7 gaps. No bekommen sentence with wetten is printed in the dictionaries checked here. None is constructed on this page.

R-pronouns resume a P. womit resumes mit (the Opponent). worauf resumes darauf or auf (Proposition or platform). wogegen resumes gegen (the opposing stake). None of them resumes the denomination inside the MeasureP. On berechnen / belasten, worauf resumes a card. That is a different verb’s P. V2 and these pronouns are not a fourth argument.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The notes’ point is the one prefield and the one measuring phrase. Open one sketch at a time.

V2 · subject in the prefield · mit and one accusative

Constructed · modelled on Hat Tom mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass …, auf Prizepicks

[CP Tom_1
  [C' hat
    [TP t_1
      [VoiceP t_1
        [PP mit Dick ]_3                 ← Opponent · oblique · dative inside mit
        [VP √wetten
           [MeasureP 0,0041 BTC ]_2      ← Stake · one accusative
           [darauf [CP dass … ]]_4       ← Proposition · assembled before V
           [PP auf Prizepicks ]_5 ]      ← Platform · locative
        Voice ]]]]

✓ Tom hat mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt, auf Prizepicks. constructed · declarative of the notes’ S1

∃e [ COMMIT_WAGER(e) ∧ INIT(e, tom) ∧ MEAS(e, ⟨0.0041, BTC⟩)
     ∧ CONT(e, ∧trump_beats_biden) ∧ OPP(e, dick) ∧ LOC(e, prizepicks) ]

OPP is a relation on the same event, P-headed by mit. It does not get a structural object case. The only structural object in this drawing is the MeasureP. Swapping the prefield for mit Dick or for the MeasureP changes order. The subject and the single accusative stay. An um-Stake would replace that accusative in a different numeration. This tree does not contain both.

English counterpart · two structural objects below Voice

Kim bet Paul 5 BTC that it would rain · working, parallel to English bet and to payGIVE

[TP Kim_1  T
  [VoiceP t_1 Voice                               ← Bettor = Spec,Voice
    [ApplP_LOW Paul_3 Appl_CP                      ← Opponent = low Appl (DOC)
      [VP √BET
         [MeasureP [ Amount 5 ] [ N BTC ] ]_2      ← Stake = one MeasureP
         [CP that it would rain ]_4 ]]]]           ← Proposition = CONTENT

Structural case in English goes to two phrases below Voice: the applied object (Paul) and the MeasureP (5 BTC). German does not take that step. The person is a mit-phrase. The MeasureP, when it is accusative, is the one object. PONS’s English gloss “to bet [sb] sth” is a translation of [mit jdm] um etw. wetten. The German side of that gloss is still mit plus um.

Layer-by-layer parallel: German bezahlen, English bet, German wetten, Japanese 賭ける, Mandarin 赌
LayerpayGIVE · bezahlenbet (EN)wetten賭ける赌
Spec,VoicePayerBettorBettorBettor · が/はBettor
person layerdative Recipient · HAS Amountlow ApplCP · bare object · no HAVEmit+DAT · oblique · no HAVEと / に対して · oblique跟 · oblique · no HAVE
complement of rootMeasureP · accusativeMeasureP · Stakeaccusative MeasureP, or open umMeasureP · をMeasureP · one 把
relation on the same eConsideration · fürProposition · CONTENTdarauf, dass / auf side…ことに / …と赌 + clause / 赌在
AGAINST—againstgegen · notesに対して对
objects in the clauseone (the money) plus a dativetwo in the DOCone measuring phraseone (the Stake)one (the Stake)

bezahlen and wetten can both take an accusative MeasureP. The person marker splits them. The dative on bezahlen is HAVE. mit on wetten is the Opponent. Japanese -sase- stays a derivational outer wrap on the Japanese page. It is not a place of wetten, and it is not restaged here. lassen, if it wraps this verb, is an outer Voice in the notes. The inner clause keeps mit and the measuring phrase.

werden · the Stake becomes the subject

Passive of the accusative · notes’ Lamont passive

[TP [MeasureP ein ganzer Bitcoin ]_2
  [ kann
    [VoiceP_PASS
       [PP gegen Shaneeqas DOGE ]_3
       [VP t_2  gewettet
          [darauf [CP dass … ]] ]
       werden ]]]

✓ Ein ganzer Bitcoin kann gegen Shaneeqas DOGE darauf gewettet werden. constructed · notes

✓ Womit wurden 0,0041 BTC gewettet? constructed · notes · Stake is the subject · womit is the prefield

The promotee is the MeasureP that was accusative. gegen stays a PP. mit stays a PP. The platform is not the subject. The Opponent is not the subject. An um-phrase is not given a passive in the notes or in the dictionaries checked here, and this drawing does not invent one. bekommen is not a second passive of this tree.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · German micro-entry · Risk / Betting · Group D

Four-place risk geometry in German: Bettor (Voice, subject), Opponent (mit + dative, oblique), Stake (accusative MeasureP ⟨Amount, Denomination⟩, or the open um + accusative cloth), and Proposition (darauf, dass, or auf + accusative for the side). Platform under auf is a locative in the notes, not a fifth place, and not the dictionary’s auf ein Pferd. Settlement is not entailed. The difference from English is the person and the stake’s second cloth. English bet Paul 5 BTC stacks a bare Opponent next to the Stake. German keeps the Opponent in mit. Dictionaries print the Stake as an accusative and as um, in different lines. gegen is AGAINST in the notes, homonymous with Theme₂ gegen on tauschen. werden promotes the Stake. bekommen is predicted out. Twin of English bet, Japanese 賭ける, and Mandarin 赌.

DE micro-entry live Index 2 Risk / Betting Group D · V2 um vs accusative · open EN bet live JA 賭ける live ZH 赌 live ES apostar live FR parier live IT scommettere live

Sense × language tick: bet · German (wetten). One sense, so no subscript. Not paged from this tick: tauschen (the gegen homonym), Dutch wedden, Norwegian satse. Twins: English bet · Japanese 賭ける · Mandarin 赌 · Spanish apostar · French parier · Italian scommettere. Paired citation: wager. Measuring companions already live in German: payGIVE · bezahlen · creditFIN · gutschreiben · chargeFEE · berechnen / belasten · deduct · abbuchen. Attitude stays zuschreiben and beschuldigen. Index 2 German Risk cites wetten — Vols. 2, 7.

Working paper. German-only micro-entry. Dictionary frames were checked on Duden online, DWDS (including the WDG text DWDS hosts), and PONS (Deutsch–Englisch and the German spelling dictionary). Those sources print mit, um, an accusative stake, auf, darauf, and dass. They do not print the four-place platform clause. Constructed diagnostics come from the Group D bet notes. They are working analyses, not locked judgments, and not spontaneous-speech citations.
Constructed examples. Dictionary lines and the three DWDS usage sentences are marked as printed. Every other full clause is marked constructed. Commitment-true is e0–e2. Settlement (win/lose) is not a default of √WETT-. Unavailable packagings are described in prose. They are not printed as strings.
Arity: four places, not a four-place atom. Index 2 lists German wetten under Risk / Betting with hierarchy Agent > Stake > Proposition > Platform. This page counts four places of the event: Bettor, Opponent, Stake, Proposition. Platform is an optional locative. Voice adds the Bettor. The root takes the Stake. CONTENT relates the Proposition. mit carries the Opponent. gegen carries AGAINST when the notes use it. Only one measuring phrase is in any printed clause. Denomination is not a fifth sister. um and the accusative are two cloths of that one phrase, not two Stakes.
What this page does not do. tauschen stays a homonym note. Dutch wedden and Norwegian satse are not opened. Navajo is not given a stem.

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English bet, the Romance twins, Japanese 賭ける, and Mandarin 赌. The four places are not four co-arguments of one flat grid. A flat grid would predict two structural objects and a bare Opponent. German shows one measuring phrase, one structural subject (the Bettor), and prepositions for the Opponent, for AGAINST, for the side, and for the platform.

0,0041 BTC = one MeasureP. n and U compose inside that phrase. The notes’ coordinates (0,0041 BTC oder 5000 DOGE) are two full measures in one seat, not a split of amount from unit. worauf, womit, and wogegen resume a preposition. They do not resume the unit. Composition of the verb in the accusative cloth is V(MeasureP), not V(n)(U).

Hierarchy the notes use: Agent > Stake⟨n,U⟩ > Proposition > Platform, with the Opponent as an oblique outside that ranking. What German changes is the cloth: mit + dative, one measuring phrase, and a second printed shape of that phrase under um. What it does not change is the inventory. Settlement is still not entailed. The platform still does not become the object. The prefield is not the diagnostic. mit Dick before the finite verb and mit Dick after the subject are the same oblique.

One measuring phrase · printed and constructed

✓ Ich wette zehn Euro! PONS · accusative alone

✓ um eine Flasche Sekt wetten DWDS · um alone

✓ Worauf hat Kim 5 BTC gewettet? constructed · the answer the notes give is the dass-clause, not BTC

The notes also describe packagings in which the person and the stake would both be bare objects, or the unit would be resumed by an R-pronoun, or two phrases would fill the prefield. Those packagings are unavailable. This page does not print them.

Geometry · wetten beside the live German roots

In Tom hat mit Dick 0,0041 BTC darauf gewettet, dass Trump Biden schlägt, auf Prizepicks, the measuring object is the stake at risk under a proposition. That is a commitment. It is not a completed transfer.

  • English bet Paul 5 BTC. Two bare objects. German’s match is mit plus one Stake phrase. See the argument-difference paragraph above.
  • 賭ける and 赌. One structural object on the Stake. The Opponent is oblique (と, 跟). AGAINST is a different marker (に対して, 対). German’s mit / gegen / darauf / auf are the Group D cloth of that inventory.
  • bezahlen. Accusative money, dative Recipient, für as consideration. The Recipient comes to HAVE the amount. wetten uses mit, not that dative. Settlement is not HAVE. überweisen stays an unfilled companion of pay, not a stake.
  • berechnen / belasten. mit there introduces an amount (cloth B). mit here introduces the Opponent. worauf there resumes a card. worauf here resumes darauf or platform auf. Same pronoun shape, different head.
  • abbuchen. werden promotes the accusative measure. bekommen of the domain is out. wetten follows that passive cut for a different reason: the person is a PP, not a dative account.
  • gutschreiben. Accusative measure, dative account or auf + accusative account. auf there is the account. auf here is a side or, in the notes, a platform. HAS_ON_BOOKS is not a wager.
  • Exchange. gegen on tauschen is the other theme. gegen on wetten is the opposing stake. The notes keep the roots apart. This page does not open tauschen.
  • Commitment-true is e0–e2. A follow-up that nothing was put at risk denies the commitment. A follow-up that the proposition came out false denies CONTENT or settlement, not the bet event itself.

Open items

  • um versus the accusative. Both are printed. They are not stacked. The notes use the accusative for the four-place wager and still ask Volume 7 for the um-Stake cell. Unranked here.
  • Dative affectee. The hierarchy thread names it beside mit and um. The cloth notes say a bare dative on wetten is not listed. No dictionary line checked here has jemandem as a bare object of wetten.
  • gegen. Working claim from the notes. Not in the Duden, DWDS, or PONS wetten entries checked. Odds gegen eins / zu eins are a different idiom.
  • Gender of Bitcoin. The notes write both ein ganzes Bitcoin and einen ganzen Bitcoin / ein ganzer Bitcoin. This page keeps each string as written and does not settle the loanword.
  • One auf or two. Dictionary auf is the side. The notes add platform auf. When only one auf appears, attachment is open. worauf inherits that ambiguity.
  • bekommen. Predicted out. Volume 7 still lists the paradigm as open. No sentence is printed.
  • werden and um. The passive strings promote an accusative. Whether an um-Stake can be that subject is not in the notes and not in the dictionary lines.
  • sollte versus würde. The should/would notes put sollte and würde above the wager, the same height cut as other groups. Not places of the root.
  • Corpus beyond the dictionaries. No separate newspaper search was run past the usage sentences DWDS prints on the entry. A clause that stacks mit, an accusative Stake, darauf, dass, and platform auf was not found in those sentences. The four-place line stays constructed.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Duden online wetten; DWDS wetten (modern entry and the WDG text); PONS Deutsch–Englisch; PONS Deutsches Rechtschreibwörterbuch. Constructed argument frames were read in the Group D chat transcripts of the working-paper archive, not copied as published German: the Larson shelling thread (partner mit Dick, content darauf, dass, Stake in the prefield, werden on the QP, bekommen out, gegen as AGAINST); the PrizePicks / DraftKings should/would thread ((S-DE) / (W-DE), one prefield); the disambiguated PrizePicks thread (S1 cloth, Lamont gegen, R-pronouns, werden); the verb-argument hierarchy thread (worauf resumes the clause, um-Stake still open). File cards named in those transcripts, not opened as docx here: Bet_GroupD_Larson_Shells, Bet_Thread_Sentences_GroupD_Germanic, Bet_Thread_Sentences_GroupD_Derivations, Bet_Lamont_Against_DOGE_GroupD_Germanic. Index 2 lists wetten under Risk / Betting, Vols. 2, 7. Unavailable strings in those notes are not copied onto this page.

Series placement: German sense×language twin of English bet, Japanese 賭ける, Mandarin 赌, Spanish apostar, French parier, and Italian scommettere. Records the four places, the mit Opponent, and the open accusative / um Stake. Does not reopen causation-chain papers. Does not invent a Navajo stem.

Index 2 citations for this class

Risk / Betting citations from Index 2
CodeLanguageIndex 2 citationAs printed
ENEnglishbet EN micro-entry, wagerVols. 1, 2, 3
ESSpanishapostar ES micro-entryVols. 2, 5
FRFrenchparier FR micro-entryVols. 2, 5
ITItalianscommettere IT micro-entryVols. 2, 5
DEGermanwetten DE micro-entryVols. 2, 7
JAJapanese賭ける (kakeru) JA micro-entryVols. 2, 4. Index 2’s extract left the logograph blank. 賭ける is the dictionary headword.
ZHMandarin赌 (dǔ) ZH micro-entryVols. 2, 4. Index 2’s extract left the logograph blank. 赌 is the dictionary headword.
HUHungarianfogad (betting sense; also ‘receive’) HU micro-entryVols. 2, 3, 6
BGBulgarianзалагам / обзалагам се BG micro-entryVols. 2, 6
PLPolishstawiać / postawić, obstawiać, założyć się PL micro-entryVols. 2, 6
NLDutchwedden NL micro-entryVol. 7
NONorwegiansatse NO micro-entryVol. 7
NVNavajono dedicated four-place stem; periphrastic no stem givenVol. 4. Index 2 gives no stem. None is added.

The Navajo row repeats the index wording. No stem is supplied.