Headword
Language Hungarian · lop · three-place theft · ellop, kilop, rabol, kirabol, meglop, and megfoszt on this page, not separate pages · only where A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára or Wiktionary prints a theft or deprive frame
Thief, Victim, Theme · marking by lemma · Hungarian cloth · working claim, revisable
Voice[Thief] + low Appl(Victim) + complement of the root (Theme)
lop / ellop · Theme accusative -t · Wiktionary names a person in the ablative -tól/-től · the purse example of ellop does not fill it
rabol sense 1 · Theme accusative · person ablative -tól/-től · A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak
kilop · Theme accusative · container elative -ból/-ből · a zsebéből · az istállójából
kirabol / meglop · person or place accusative · a Theme beside that object is unprinted in the sense-1 examples
megfoszt · vkit accusative · vmitől ablative · deprive · the served examples are not a purse
A theft, on this reading, has a Thief, a Victim, and a Theme. They are not three equal sisters of one Hungarian verb. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl introduces the Victim, as a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain: the person who had the thing and no longer has it. That is the same kind of added argument as the dative Victim on stehlen, the indirect Victim on robar, the dative Victim on voler, the у-phrase of украсть, the a-phrase of rubare, the の possessor of 盗む, and the bare dative of kraść. It is a working drawing. It is not a settled analysis. The root’s complement is the Theme, the thing taken.
What Értelmező prints for lop. The header is LOP ige -tam, -ott, -jon. Sense 1 is tárgyas: taking a thing into one’s possession without the owner’s knowledge and consent, secretly and unlawfully. The Theme is accusative: ezüstkanalat, a pénzt, a gyümölcsöt, Fát, pénztárcákat, az áramot, a töltőtollat, lovat, játékot. The place of the act, where a line fills one, is inessive or superessive: Fát lopott az erdőben, pénztárcákat lopott a villamoson, Áruházakban lop. Sense 1.a is tárgy nélkül: Áruházakban lop, Éjjel jár lopni. Sense 1.b, marked ritka, is Vkit lop: taking things bit by bit from someone’s property. The example is Lopta a gazdáját. The person is the accusative. A Theme is absent from that line. Tömörkény’s loptak már játékot a kis unokáknak has a dative, unokáknak, beside the accusative toys. The dative is the people the toys are for. The line does not name a person stolen from.
What is different from the English gloss, and from the Polish dative. English Wiktionary prints the source of steal in from (stolen from the gallery, stolen from us, They stole all my money (from me)). One English preposition covers the person and the place. kraść splits them into a bare dative for the person and z plus genitive for the place. Hungarian does not print that bare dative as the person stolen from. English Wiktionary’s Hungarian entry for lop names the person as “from someone: -tól/-től”, and the example is Másoktól lop ötleteket. The things are ideas. Értelmező sense 5, the plagiarism sense, prints the same pair in the government line Lop vmiből, vkitől (vmit): Ezt a jelenetet Szigligetitől lopta is ablative of a person, and Egész szakaszokat lopott más tudósok műveiből is elative of the works. Sense 5 stays off the purse. Sense 1 of lop does not print -tól/-től.
What Értelmező prints for ellop. The header is ELLOP tárgyas ige. Sense 1 is taking and appropriating a thing that is someone else’s property, unnoticed and secretly. The Theme is accusative: a szemét, az esernyőjét, valamit, mindent, ami lopható. Ellopták az esernyőjét puts the owner in the possessive suffix -jét on the Theme. There is no separate ablative in that line. English Wiktionary names “from someone: -tól/-től” and prints A bűnöző ellopja a pénztárcát. The wallet is accusative. The ablative is named and unfilled. The etymology is el- + lop. The conjugation note says the prefix can split: nem lop el, el is lop. The future cell prints el fog lopni. Értelmező sense 1 already writes the prefix apart from the verb under ne: Mikszáth’s valamit el ne lopjon. Sense 2, using someone else’s idea without naming the source, prints the ablative and the split together: Ezt a gondolatot, ötletet tőlem lopta el. That line is an idea. It is off the purse. The same sense also prints a dative possessor of the Theme: Ellopta vkinek a találmányát. Sense 3 is time, off the purse, and it prints both cases with the prefix after the verb: elloptak tőle két órát, Két órát lopott el ezzel a hivatalos munkaidőből, Móra’s lopok el a munkámtól. Wiktionary labels lop imperfective and ellop perfective. Értelmező does not print those labels. This page quotes Wiktionary’s labels and does not turn them into a telicity claim. Értelmező lists ellop among the igekötős igék of lop.
What rabol and kilop print of the person and the place. Értelmező rabol sense 1 is tárgyas: taking valuables by force or threat, usually more than once, from someone. The government in the wording is vkitől. The examples fill it: Pénzt, ékszereket rabol is accusative Theme, with no person; A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak a banditák is ablative bankártól plus accusative pénzt. That ablative is the theft-sense person-source. Sense 1.b, marked ritka, puts a place in the accusative: A haramiák az elhagyott falvakat rabolják, Jókai’s rabolták a helységet. Sense 2 takes a person or an animal as the Theme, Gyermeket, embereket, leányt, nőket rabol. That is carrying someone off. It stays off the wallet. Sense 3 prints the ablative again, on money got by fraud: vagyonokat raboltak a hiszékeny áldozatoktól. Jókai’s Egy milliót raboltak rajtam is superessive rajtam, on that same sense. kilop sense 1 is taking something out of a place in order to appropriate it. The Theme is accusative and the container is elative: Kilopja a pénzt vkinek a zsebéből, Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából, Móricz’s a zsebemből kilopni a pénzt. vkinek in vkinek a zsebéből is the possessor of the pocket. The source case on the pocket is the elative. The prefix splits: ezreket loptak ki a dolgozó parasztok zsebéből. A person as the thing taken out, Kilopta a kastélyból a leányt, stays off the purse.
What kirabol and meglop print. Értelmező kirabol sense 1 is robbing someone or something by plunder. The object is accusative, a place or a person: Kiraboltak egy boltot, egy kereskedőt; kirabolták a raktárt, a vagonokat. Arany writes the prefix apart: te raboltad ki Rozgonyi sírboltját. Hunyady’s akit … kirabolt a kaliforniai expresszen has the person as the accusative relative, and the train is superessive, the place of the act. No Theme sits beside those objects. Sense 2’s definition is elvesz vkitől vmit, ablative of a person and accusative of a thing, and the example fills elatives of the body: a munkás testéből az erőt, lelkéből a bizalmat. That sense is figurative. English Wiktionary defines kirabol as loot, plunder, rob, burgle, mug, names kifoszt as a synonym, and prints the split nem rabol ki, ki is rabol, and the future ki fog rabolni. The kifoszt article was not opened. meglop sense 1 is harming someone by theft. The object is an accusative person: Meglopta az apját, Meglopták, amikor aludt, Petőfi’s meglopta az ezerszemű Istent is. No Theme is in those lines. Sense 2 is Meglop vmit: ellop vmiből vmit, and the example is Meglopták a ménest. The herd is accusative.
megfoszt and the companions named beside the articles. Értelmező sense 2 is Megfoszt vkit vmitől: withhold, take, or elrabol from someone what is due to them. The person is accusative. The thing is ablative. The served examples are time, a weapon, joy, a post, a throne, a rank: minden szabad idejétől megfosztotta, Kuncz’s fegyverétől megfosztva, Móricz’s a társasélet örömeitől. English Wiktionary glosses deprive, of something -tól/-től, and prints A tiszteket megfosztották a rangjuktól. The officers are accusative. The rank is ablative. A purse in that slot is unprinted. Sense 1, husking a cob, stays off the frame. The prefix note is nem foszt meg, meg is foszt, future meg fog fosztani. lopkod is its own article. Sense 1 takes small things repeatedly, accusative a gyümölcsöt. Sense 2’s definition says vkitől v. vhonnan, and the examples fill an accusative person or group: Lopkodja az anyját, a szövetkezetet. The ablative and the place are unfilled. ellopkod is named among the derivatives of ellop. That article was not opened. Hungarian Wiktionary’s lop is illegálisan elvesz, megszerez, with no case line. The synonyms it prints, csen, csór, megfúj, happol, have no frame on that page.
The lines do not stack every marking in one clause. Ellopták az esernyőjét prints the Theme, with the owner in -jét, and prints no ablative. A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak prints the ablative person and the accusative Theme, and prints no elative. Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából prints the elative container and the accusative Theme. Kiraboltak egy boltot, egy kereskedőt prints the place and the person as accusative objects, and prints no Theme.
Printed ellop · accusative Theme · owner on the noun
✓ Ellopták az esernyőjét. Értelmező · ellop sense 1 · accusative · possessive -jét
the umbrella is the Theme · the owner is the suffix on that noun · no ablative in the clause
Printed rabol · ablative person · accusative Theme
✓ A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak a banditák. Értelmező · rabol sense 1 · ablative -tól · accusative Theme
the banker is the person · the money is the Theme · no elative in the clause
Printed kilop · elative container · accusative Theme
✓ Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából. Értelmező · kilop sense 1 · elative -ból · accusative Theme
the stable is the container · the calf is the Theme · vkinek a zsebéből is the same elative, with a possessor of the pocket
Printed meglop · accusative person
✓ Meglopta az apját. Értelmező · meglop sense 1 · accusative person · no Theme
the father is the object · the same object slot as egy kereskedőt on kirabol
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Hungarian marking | Status in the sources | English and the live siblings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thief | Spec,Voice | nominative subject | Értelmező a banditák, A zsebtolvaj, Fehér László · Wiktionary A bűnöző · Ellopták has no overt subject | subject of steal and of rob · subject of stehlen · subject of voler · subject of robar · subject of украсть · subject of rubare · subject of 盗む · subject of kraść |
| Victim · person beside a Theme | low Appl · possessor-source · revisable | ablative -tól/-től where a theft line fills it · bankártól · Wiktionary’s name for lop and ellop | Értelmező rabol sense 1 · Wiktionary names the suffix and fills it on ideas, Másoktól · Értelmező lop sense 1 does not print it · the umbrella line uses possessive -jét | English from + the person · German dative on stehlen · French dative lui · Spanish indirect le · Italian a or a dative clitic · Russian у + genitive · Japanese の on the Theme noun · Polish bare dative |
| Theme · lop / ellop / rabol / kilop | complement of the root | accusative -t | Értelmező a gyümölcsöt, az esernyőjét, pénzt, a borjút · Wiktionary a pénztárcát | object of steal · accusative of stehlen · direct object of voler, robar, rubare · accusative of украсть · を of 盗む · accusative of kraść |
| Container · kilop | not a fourth argument in this drawing · not the person | elative -ból/-ből · a zsebéből · az istállójából · a zsebemből | Értelmező kilop sense 1 · the possessor of the pocket is dative vkinek inside that noun phrase | English from covers the person and the place · Polish z + genitive · Russian из + genitive · Italian da · Japanese から |
| Place of the act | not the Victim | inessive -ban/-ben · superessive -n/-on/-en/-ön | Értelmező az erdőben, Áruházakban, a villamoson, a kaliforniai expresszen | Polish w / na + locative · Japanese で |
| kirabol / meglop · person or place | the object the examples fill | accusative · egy kereskedőt · egy boltot · az apját · a gazdáját on rare lop 1.b | Értelmező sense 1 of kirabol and of meglop · rare rabol 1.b puts the place in this slot · falvakat, a helységet | accusative Victim of berauben · direct object of derubare · accusative of обокрасть · accusative of okraść · object of English rob |
| Theme beside megfoszt | the ablative the government names | ablative -tól/-től · vmitől · a rangjuktól · fegyverétől | Értelmező Megfoszt vkit vmitől · Wiktionary A tiszteket megfosztották a rangjuktól · the examples are rank, time, freedom, a weapon, joy · a purse is unprinted | genitive Theme of berauben · di of derubare · z + genitive of okraść · of of English rob · French Voler qqn de qqc. |
Marking map. On lop and ellop the Theme is accusative. Wiktionary names an ablative person, and the purse example leaves it empty. On rabol the person, where the line fills one, is that ablative, and the Theme is accusative. On kilop the container is elative and the Theme is accusative. On kirabol and meglop the person or the place is the accusative object. On megfoszt the person is accusative and the thing is ablative.
Each row lines up one English slot with a Hungarian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a from-phrase ↔ an ablative, an elative, or a possessive suffix). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Hungarian sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.
| Slot | EN form | HU form | Align | EN example | HU example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thief | SUBJ of steal | nominative subject | = | They stole all my money English Wiktionary · steal | A bűnöző ellopja a pénztárcát Wiktionary |
| Victim · person beside a Theme | from + person on steal | ablative -tól/-től on rabol · named on lop / ellop · possessive -jét also printed | shift · Hungarian spells a case ending · English spells from · Polish spells a bare dative · Russian spells у + genitive · Japanese spells の | stolen from us · (from me) English Wiktionary · steal | bankártól Értelmező · rabol · az esernyőjét Értelmező · ellop |
| Theme · lop / ellop | object of steal | accusative -t | = | They stole all my money English Wiktionary | a pénztárcát · az esernyőjét · a gyümölcsöt Wiktionary · Értelmező |
| Place or container | from + place | elative -ból/-ből on kilop · inessive or superessive for the place of the act | shift · English uses from for the person and for the place · Hungarian prints the ablative for the person on rabol and the elative for the container on kilop | stolen from the gallery English Wiktionary | a zsebéből · az istállójából Értelmező · kilop |
| Victim · English rob | object of rob | accusative of kirabol / meglop | shift · the person or the place is the object · on rabol that person is the ablative | He robbed three banks English Wiktionary · rob | egy boltot, egy kereskedőt · az apját Értelmező |
| Theme beside a direct Victim | of + the thing, where printed | ablative vmitől on megfoszt · unprinted beside kirabol sense 1 | shift · English spells of · German berauben spells a bare genitive · Polish spells z · Hungarian spells the ablative on megfoszt | of their pay English Wiktionary · rob | a rangjuktól Wiktionary · megfoszt · not a purse |
The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Hungarian under it. A card that quotes a dictionary line has no added name.
EN · HU · accusative Theme
They stole all my money (from me)
A bűnöző ellopja a pénztárcát.
HU · Wiktionary · ellop · accusative Theme · ablative named, unfilled
Move the Theme is accusative · English from is unfilled in this line · Értelmező puts the owner in -jét
EN · HU · ablative person
stolen from us
A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak a banditák.
HU · Értelmező · rabol · ablative person · accusative Theme
Move the person is ablative · Polish prints a bare dative · Japanese prints の · Russian prints у
EN · HU · elative container
stolen from the gallery
Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából.
HU · Értelmező · kilop · elative · accusative Theme
Move English from is one marker · Hungarian prints the elative for the container and the ablative for the person
EN · HU · accusative person
He robbed three banks
Meglopta az apját.
HU · Értelmező · meglop · accusative person · no Theme
Move kirabol prints the same accusative for a shop and for a merchant · megfoszt adds an ablative thing
Argument difference. English steal X from Y puts the Theme in the object and the source in from, whether Y is a person or a place. Hungarian lop and ellop put the Theme in the accusative. Wiktionary names the person as ablative -tól/-től. The purse example ellopja a pénztárcát does not fill it, and Értelmező’s umbrella line puts the owner in -jét. The theft line that fills the ablative person is rabol: A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak. The line that fills a container is kilop, elative -ból/-ből. Inessive -ban/-ben and superessive -n are the place of the act. English rob Y of X puts the person or the place in the object and the thing in of. kirabol and meglop put that person or that place in the accusative, and the sense-1 examples do not fill a Theme. megfoszt puts the person in the accusative and the thing in the ablative, and the served examples are a rank, a weapon, time, and joy. German stehlen matches an accusative Theme and spells the person as a dative. Polish kraść matches that dative. Hungarian prints the ablative, not that dative, for the person stolen from. German berauben matches the direct Victim and spells the Theme as a bare genitive. Russian украсть spells the person with у plus genitive and a place with из plus genitive. Japanese 盗む spells the person with の and the place with から. The possessive suffix on az esernyőjét is the nearer match to that の. The low Appl of the Victim stays inside the verb’s domain on the working drawing. On rabol the printed marking of that possessor is the ablative. On meglop the printed object is the person.
Senses kept off the wallet frame, and quoted so their objects are not reread as a purse. lop sense 2 takes time. Sense 3 takes a kiss. ellop sense 2 takes an idea, and that is the line with tőlem lopta el. Senses 3–5 take time, sleep, and a heart. rabol sense 2 takes a person as Theme. megfoszt sense 1 husks a cob.
Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed
tárgyas · lopják a gyümölcsöt · Fát lopott az erdőben · pénztárcákat lopott a villamoson · loptak már játékot a kis unokáknak Értelmező · lop sense 1 · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · lop · the dative is the grandchildren the toys are for
Vkit lop · Lopta a gazdáját Értelmező · lop sense 1.b · ritka · accusative person
Lop vmiből, vkitől (vmit) · Szigligetitől lopta · műveiből Értelmező · lop sense 5 · plagiarism · off the purse
Ellopták az esernyőjét · valamit el ne lopjon · Ellopnak mindent, ami lopható Értelmező · ellop sense 1 · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · ellop
Ezt a gondolatot, ötletet tőlem lopta el Értelmező · ellop sense 2 · ablative · prefix after the verb · an idea · off the purse
A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak · Pénzt, ékszereket rabol · az elhagyott falvakat rabolják Értelmező · rabol sense 1 and 1.b · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · rabol
Kilopja a pénzt vkinek a zsebéből · Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából · ezreket loptak ki … zsebéből Értelmező · kilop sense 1 · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · kilop
Kiraboltak egy boltot, egy kereskedőt · raboltad ki Rozgonyi sírboltját Értelmező · kirabol sense 1 · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · kirabol
Meglopta az apját · Meglopták a ménest Értelmező · meglop · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · meglop
Megfoszt vkit vmitől · A tiszteket megfosztották a rangjuktól Értelmező · Wiktionary · megfoszt · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · megfoszt · en.wiktionary · megfoszt · deprive · not a purse
nem lop el · el is lop · el fog lopni · from someone: -tól/-től · A bűnöző ellopja a pénztárcát English Wiktionary · ellop · lop · secondary · the ablative on lop is filled by ideas
Lopkodják a gyümölcsöt · Lopkodja az anyját Értelmező · lopkod · ertelmezo.oszk.hu · lopkod · vkitől unfilled
Three irreplaceable paintings were stolen from the gallery. · The problem is the two bicycles stolen from us. · They stole all my money (from me). English Wiktionary · steal · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steal
He robbed three banks. · I never robbed the soldiers of their pay. English Wiktionary · rob · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rob
der Dieb hat ihm die Uhr gestohlen · geh. jmdn. einer Sache berauben German · quoted on stehlen · dative Victim, and the bare genitive Theme
On lui a volé son portefeuille French · quoted on voler · dative Victim · direct Theme
Le robaron la cartera Spanish · quoted on robar · indirect Victim · direct Theme
Вор у вора дубинку украл · меня обокрали Russian · quoted on украсть · у + genitive, and the accusative Victim
gli rubarono il portafoglio · lo derubarono del portafogli · dal tegame Italian · quoted on rubare · dative clitic, di, and da
金品を盗む · メアリーの財布を盗んだ · 果樹園からりんごを Japanese · quoted on 盗む · Theme を · person の · place から
ukradł mi buty · ukradło z banku · okradł … mieszkankę Polish · quoted on kraść · bare dative, z + genitive, and the accusative person
Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat and Chris continue the named-participant series on kölcsönad. A name does not spell the object. Christől is the ablative, the ending of bankártól. Christ is the accusative, the ending on Christ. No constructed line puts an ablative on the purse example of ellop, stacks an ablative person and an elative container, or puts a purse in the ablative of megfoszt.
✓ Pat ellopta a pénztárcát.
constructed · modelled on Wiktionary A bűnöző ellopja a pénztárcát · accusative Theme · no ablative added
✓ Pat nem lopta el a pénztárcát.
constructed · modelled on Wiktionary nem lop el and on ellopja a pénztárcát · the prefix stands after the verb · the object is the wallet example’s
✓ Pat Christől pénzt rabolt.
constructed · modelled on Értelmező A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak · ablative person · accusative Theme · no elative added
✓ Pat meglopta Christ.
constructed · modelled on Értelmező Meglopta az apját · accusative person · no Theme added · Christ is the accusative ending used on rent · Hungarian
No line read here promotes the Theme or the person with a passive auxiliary. Ellopták az esernyőjét is definite third-person plural, and the clause prints no subject. Meglopták, amikor aludt is the same shape, with the person understood as the object. Kuncz’s fegyverétől megfosztva is the adverbial participle, and the weapon stays ablative. Wiktionary’s conjugation note says the archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative. The other-forms cell of ellop heads a causative ellopat. Értelmező names lopat, ellopat, and kiraboltat among derivatives, with no clause. Those articles were not opened. Nothing further is constructed. The note on which phrase is the structural object is Causative templates and argument selection.
What the entries print of the verb. Értelmező’s header for lop is ige -tam, -ott, -jon. The header for ellop and for kilop, kirabol, and meglop is tárgyas ige. The header for rabol is ige -t, -jon. Wiktionary prints the indefinite and the definite columns: ellop beside ellopja, ellopott beside ellopta, and the same split for lop, rabol, kirabol, and megfoszt. The infinitives it prints are lopni, ellopni, kirabolni, rabolni, megfosztani. The future cells are lopni fog, el fog lopni, ki fog rabolni, rabolni fog, and meg fog fosztani. The participles named in the tables include lopott, ellopott, kirabolt, megfosztott. Értelmező lists ellopott among the derivatives of ellop. Wiktionary labels lop imperfective, with perfective ellop, and labels ellop with imperfective lop. Értelmező does not print those labels. They are quoted here as Wiktionary’s, and they are not a telicity claim.
el- on ellop. The treatment follows the split of kölcsön on kölcsönad. Wiktionary’s etymology is el- + lop, and the conjugation note says the prefix can split from the stem: nem lop el, el is lop. The future is el fog lopni, the infinitive beside fog. Értelmező writes the prefix before ne in the theft sense, valamit el ne lopjon, and after the verb when an object is in front, tőlem lopta el on an idea and Két órát lopott el on time. The prefix is part of the lemma’s shape. It is not a fourth argument. ki- on kilop and on kirabol splits in the same way where the line prints it: loptak ki, raboltad ki, Wiktionary’s nem rabol ki. meg- on megfoszt splits in Wiktionary’s note, nem foszt meg, meg is foszt. Értelmező writes megfosztotta together in the time example. The appendix of Hungarian verbal prefixes was not opened for el-.
Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Thief to Voice, the Victim to low Appl, and the Theme to the root. The Victim is a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, analogous to the dative Victim on stehlen, to the indirect Victim on robar, to the dative Victim on voler, to the у-phrase of украсть, to the a-phrase of rubare, to the の possessor of 盗む, and to the bare dative of kraść. On rabol the marking the article prints for that possessor is the ablative. On ellop the purse lines print the Theme, and the owner, where the line marks one, is the possessive suffix. On meglop the object the example fills is the person. The elative of kilop is not that Victim head. Open one sketch at a time. Which phrase is the structural object, once meglop makes the person the accusative, is not settled here. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
Constructed · one external argument
[CP Pat_1
[TP t_1
[VoiceP t_1 Voice ← Thief = Spec,Voice
… ellop … ]]]
✓ Pat ellopta a pénztárcát. constructed
✓ A bűnöző ellopja a pénztárcát. Wiktionary · the criminal is the Thief · no ablative
The external argument is the Thief. English keeps that one subject on steal and on rob. Hungarian keeps one nominative subject on ellop and on meglop. The ablative person is not a second subject.
rabol · ablative person · accusative Theme · working, revisable
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[ApplP_LOW Christől Appl ← Victim · possessor-source · ablative -től
[VP √rabol-
[Theme pénzt ]]]] ← Theme · accusative
The elative of a container is not that Victim head. The stable is a container beside the Theme of kilop.
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[VP √kilop-
[Theme a borjút ]
[PP -ból [ istállója ]]]] ← container · Értelmező istállójából · not a person
meglop prints the person as the accusative object. The examples do not fill a Theme.
[VoiceP Pat Voice
[VP √meglop-
[Victim Christ ]]] ← accusative person · Értelmező az apját · no Theme in the line
✓ A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak Értelmező · ablative · accusative · no elative
✓ Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából Értelmező · elative · accusative · no ablative person
✓ Meglopta az apját Értelmező · accusative person · no Theme
✓ der Dieb hat ihm die Uhr gestohlen German · the person is a dative · Hungarian prints the ablative on rabol
✓ ukradł mi buty Polish · the person is a bare dative · Hungarian prints the ablative
Working · no English steal page is opened · the German page is stehlen · the French page is voler · the Spanish page is robar · the Russian page is украсть · the Italian page is rubare · the Japanese page is 盗む · the Polish page is kraść
[VoiceP Pat Voice ← Thief
[VP √STEAL
[Theme a wallet ]
[PP from [ him ]]]] ← source in from
· rabol’s ablative is that person
· kilop’s elative is the container
· not one marker for both
English Wiktionary’s steal lines put the source in from. Hungarian bankártól is the person, and istállójából is the container. German ihm and Polish mi are that person in the dative. French lui, Spanish le, and Italian gli are that person as well. Russian у вора is that person in the genitive after у, and a place is из. Japanese メアリーの is that person as の on the Theme, and a place is から. az esernyőjét puts the owner on the noun, the nearer match to の than to the Polish dative. German berauben, Italian derubare, Russian обокрасть, and Polish okraść flip the Victim to the direct object. Hungarian meglop and kirabol print that accusative. megfoszt prints the thing as well, in the ablative, and the examples are not a purse.
| Layer | steal / rob (EN) | stehlen · kraść · 盗む | украсть · rubare | lop / meglop |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spec,Voice | Thief | Thief | Thief | Thief |
| Victim | from-phrase on steal · object of rob | dative on stehlen and on kraść · の on the Theme | Russian у + genitive · Italian a or a dative clitic · direct object on derubare and on обокрасть | ablative on rabol · possessive suffix on ellop’s umbrella · accusative person on meglop and kirabol |
| Theme | object of steal · of-phrase on rob, where printed | accusative on stehlen and on kraść · を · bare genitive on berauben · z + genitive on okraść | accusative of украсть · direct object of rubare · di on derubare | accusative -t on lop, ellop, rabol, kilop · ablative on megfoszt · unprinted beside meglop sense 1 |
| Place | from on steal · object of rob in three banks | Polish z + genitive · Japanese から · aus unprinted on the literal stehlen lines | Russian из + genitive · Italian da | elative -ból/-ből on kilop · inessive or superessive for the place of the act · on kirabol the place can be the accusative object |
On kölcsönöz the borrow sense prints ablative mástól of a person and elative a könyvtárból of a place, and the lend sense prints a dative Recipient. On rabol the ablative is the Victim. On kilop the elative is the container. The dative in Tömörkény’s unokáknak is the people the toys are for, the direction of a Recipient, and the theft page does not file it as the person stolen from. On tanít one frame puts the Learner in the accusative and the Content in the sublative. A Learner and a Victim are not one role. The analogy is the added argument.
Working paper · October 2026 · Hungarian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2
Theft in Hungarian is not one function frame copied from English from. Thief (Voice, subject), Victim (low Appl, a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain, working and revisable), Theme (complement of the root). On lop and ellop the Theme is accusative. A person in the ablative is printed on rabol. A container in the elative is printed on kilop. On kirabol and meglop the person or the place is accusative. English steal takes the source in from.
Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not one function frame copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Thief. Low Appl adds the Victim, as a possessor-source inside the verb’s domain. The root takes the Theme. The function of those two dependents is the lemma’s. The drawing is working and revisable.
What Hungarian changes, against English steal X from Y, is the split of person and place. The person, on the theft line that fills one, is ablative, in A bankártól egy csomó pénzt raboltak. The container is elative, in Kilopta a borjút a szomszéd istállójából and a zsebéből. English spells both with from. The Theme stays accusative on lop, ellop, rabol, and kilop. What meglop and kirabol change, against that ablative frame, is the object. The person or the place is accusative, and the sense-1 examples leave the Theme out. megfoszt keeps the person accusative and spells the thing as ablative vmitől. German berauben makes the object flip and spells the Theme as a bare genitive. Polish okraść spells it with z. Italian derubare spells it with di. The owner on az esernyőjét is a possessive suffix, the marking Japanese prints as の.
Dictionary frames: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, lop, ellop, kilop, rabol, kirabol, meglop, megfoszt, and lopkod, as served at ertelmezo.oszk.hu. English Wiktionary, lop, ellop, rabol, kirabol, and megfoszt, secondary, and steal and rob. Hungarian Wiktionary, lop, secondary, with no case line. The German, French, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Japanese, and Polish theft frames are the lines already on steal-de.html, steal-fr.html, steal-es.html, steal-ru.html, steal-it.html, steal-ja.html, and steal-pl.html. Constructed clauses put a printed function on Pat and Chris. Index 2 does not list this lemma. The articles of ellopkod, kifoszt, elrabol, megrabol, and the other prefixed names were not opened. The appendix of Hungarian verbal prefixes was not opened for el-.
Records the accusative Theme of lop / ellop, the ablative person of rabol, the elative container of kilop, and the accusative person or place of kirabol and meglop. Does not open an English page.