Arguments

Sender, Theme, Recipient or Goal · Hungarian cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Sender] + low Appl(Recipient) or a case-marked Goal inside the verb’s domain + complement of the root (Theme)

küld · Sender nominative · Theme accusative -t · Recipient dative -nak/-nek · person-as-destination allative -hoz/-hez/-höz · place illative -ba/-be or sublative -ra/-re · fetch -ért · bare infinitive

elküld · átküld · beküld · visszaküld · the same cloths where the articles print them · the preverb fixes the direction the article defines · the preverb splits from the stem

A sending, on this reading, has a Sender, a Theme, and a third participant that is not one case. Voice adds the Sender. The root’s complement is the Theme, accusative -t: the parcel, the cake, the child, or the person who is sent. The third slot splits. A dative -nak/-nek is drawn as a Recipient, a low Appl inside the verb’s domain, the person who receives the thing. A case-marked place, and a person standing as the destination of the one who is sent, are drawn as a Goal inside the verb’s domain. The person-as-destination is allative. A place is illative or sublative. That split is a working drawing. It is not a settled analysis. The dictionaries print the dative, the allative, the illative, and the sublative as different lines. They do not print them as four spellings of one recipient.

What the dictionaries print for the thing, and for the person who receives it. ÉrtSz sense II.1 of küld is “<Tárgyat, dolgot> más személy által juttat vhova, vkihez, vkinek.” The formula names a place, an allative of a person, and a dative, side by side. The filled dative of a thing is Csomagot, virágot küld vkinek (vkivel) and Barátjának egy tortát küldött a neve napjára. tortát and csomagot are accusative. barátjának and vkinek are dative, with no postposition on that dative. a neve napjára is the sublative of the name-day. It is the occasion. It is not a place goal. Krúdy, in the same article, is Nyomban sürgönyt küldök a fiú apjának. sürgönyt is accusative. apjának is dative. ÉKsz sense 3 prints Virágot ~ a menyasszonyának and Üdvözletét ~i vkinek. English Wiktionary glosses küld as “to someone: -nak/-nek.”

What the dictionaries print for a place, and for a person as the destination. ÉrtSz sense I.1 prints Az udvarra küldték and Csapatokat küldtek a frontra. Both places are sublative. Ambrus, in the same sense, is Richárd bátyám egy hordárt küldött hozzánk. Richárd bátyám is the nominative Sender. hordárt is the accusative of the person who is sent. hozzánk is the first-person plural allative, the -hoz series. The porter is going to us. We are not the dative recipient of a parcel. ÉKsz sense 3 also names the allative of a person for a thing: “A posta útján juttat vhova, vkihez vmit.” The example under that line is only Pénzt ~. The formula vkihez is unfilled. A noun in -höz is unprinted. Illative places are filled. Elküldi a gyereket az iskolába. ÉKsz Képviselőket ~enek a parlamentbe. Beküldte a fiát a belső szobába and Beküldte a fiát a városba.

The dative can stand with an illative. ÉrtSz beküld prints Beküldte az uzsonnát a férjének a dolgozószobába. uzsonnát is accusative. férjének is dative. dolgozószobába is illative. The three markings are one clause. Mikszáth, in the same article, is A szakács beküldte neki az ebédet [a szobájába]. The brackets are the dictionary’s. The unbracketed stack is the snack line. A dative beside an allative, in one clause, is unprinted. Utána küldött a férjének is the postposition utána plus a dative. It is not an allative.

What is different from the English gloss. Cambridge prints the person of send as a double object, labeled [+ two objects], in I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. A place in to is send them to the phone recycling company. We're sending the kids to stay with my parents is labeled [+ to infinitive]. send for a doctor is the phrasal entry send for. English send X to Y uses one to for the person who receives the thing, for the person who is the destination of someone sent, and for the place. Hungarian does not give those slots one case. The person who receives the thing is dative -nak/-nek: menyasszonyának, barátjának, apjának, nagynénjének, férjének, feladónak. A person as the destination of someone who is sent is allative: the formula vkihez, and the filled hozzánk beside hordárt. A place is illative -ba/-be or sublative -ra/-re: iskolába, dolgozószobába, frontra, címedre. English send for is the case suffix -ért: orvosért, tortáért, vízért, pénzért. The English to-infinitive is a bare infinitive: nyaralni, tanulni, játszani.

What is different from Russian послать and from Polish wysłać. On послать the Recipient is a bare dative, and a person-as-destination is к plus dative, the same case as the recipient plus a preposition. Hungarian matches the bare dative ending. Hungarian does not match к. The person-as-destination is a different case, the allative. Russian prints no citation that stacks кому and в Москву in one letter clause. Hungarian prints the dative and the illative in one clause, a férjének a dolgozószobába. The Russian fetch is за plus instrumental. The Hungarian fetch is -ért. On wysłać the Recipient is a bare dative, and a person-as-destination is do plus genitive. The Polish fetch is po plus accusative. The Polish errand the articles print is a żeby-clause. The Hungarian infinitive is bare, and it is printed.

Places · who wears which marking

Barátjának egy tortát küldött prints the dative and the Theme, and the sublative in that clause is the name-day. Elküldi a gyereket az iskolába prints the illative and the Theme, and prints no dative. egy hordárt küldött hozzánk prints the allative on the people who are the destination, and the accusative is the porter. Beküldte az uzsonnát a férjének a dolgozószobába is the clause that stacks the dative recipient and an illative place.

Printed küld · dative Recipient · accusative Theme

✓ Barátjának egy tortát küldött a neve napjára ÉrtSz · küld II.1 · dative barátjának · accusative tortát · sublative of the name-day

he sent his friend a cake for his name-day · the person is a dative · the cake is the Theme · napjára is the occasion

Printed stack · dative Recipient · illative place · accusative Theme

✓ Beküldte az uzsonnát a férjének a dolgozószobába ÉrtSz · beküld · accusative uzsonnát · dative férjének · illative dolgozószobába

she sent the snack in to her husband, into the study · the husband is the recipient · the study is a separate illative

Printed person who is sent · allative

✓ Richárd bátyám egy hordárt küldött hozzánk ÉrtSz · Ambrus · nominative Sender · accusative hordárt · allative hozzánk

my brother Richárd sent a porter to us · hozzánk is where the porter is going · not a dative recipient of a thing

Places of Hungarian send: introducer, marking, status, English, Russian, and Polish marking
PlaceIntroduced by (working)Hungarian markingStatus in the sourcesEnglish, Russian, Polish
SenderSpec,Voicenominative subjectRichárd bátyám … küldött · Georgina elküldte · A szakács beküldte · sürgönyt küldök · Elküldtem · küldöm besubject of send · nominative of послать · subject of wysłać
Recipient · dativelow Appl · the person who receives the thing · revisabledative -nak/-nek · vkinek · menyasszonyának · barátjának · apjának · nagynénjének · úrnak · férjének · neki · feladónak · IllésinekÉKsz a menyasszonyának and vkinek · ÉrtSz barátjának, Krúdy apjának, a nagynénjének, Gárdonyi az öspörös úrnak, a férjének, Mikszáth neki, a feladónak, Tolnai Illésinek · English Wiktionary “to someone: -nak/-nek” · an address in this slot is unprintedfirst object of Cambridge’s [+ two objects] (her) · Russian bare dative брату · Polish bare dative mu
Goal · illativecase inside the verb’s domain · a place · revisable · not a second spelling of the dativeillative -ba/-be · iskolába · parlamentbe · belső szobába · dolgozószobába · szomszédba · városba · szerkesztőségbe · pénzügyminisztériumba · boltba · MátrábaÉrtSz a gyereket az iskolába, a fiát a városba, a lányát a szomszédba, a pénzügyminisztériumba, a fiát a boltba, A Mátrába küldték üdülni · ÉKsz a parlamentbe · the dative can stand beside this case: a férjének a dolgozószobábaEnglish to + place · Russian в+accusative · Polish do+genitive
Goal · sublativecase inside the verb’s domain · a place · revisablesublative -ra/-re · udvarra · frontra · kútra · címedre · címre · bíróságra · főosztályra · partra · piacraÉrtSz Az udvarra küldték, a frontra, Elküldtem a címedre egy csomagot, erre a címre, a főosztályra, a másik partra, a piacra · ÉKsz A kútra, vízért ~ vkit and Az iratait ~i a bíróságra · Szabadságra ~ vkit is the leave, the same suffix, and it is not a place · Kapura ~i a labdát is the sports lineEnglish to · Russian на+accusative · Polish na+accusative · German an eine Adresse is accusative, and the Hungarian address is sublative címedre
Person as destination · allativecase inside the verb’s domain · the person is the place the one who is sent is going · revisable · not the dative Recipientallative -hoz/-hez/-höz · formula vkihez · filled hozzánk · a noun in -höz is unprintedÉrtSz I and II name vkihez beside vhova and, in II.1, beside vkinek · the filled allative of a person as destination is Ambrus hordárt … hozzánk, the -hoz series · ÉKsz names vkihez for a thing and prints only Pénzt ~ · a filled allative noun beside a letter is unprintedEnglish to + person, the same to as the place and as the recipient · Russian person-as-destination is к+dative, the recipient’s case plus a preposition · Polish do+genitive
Terminativeunprinted-igunprinted on the ÉrtSz and ÉKsz articles of küld, elküld, átküld, beküld, and visszaküld · nothing is constructedEnglish as far as is not this page · Japanese escort まで is a different frame, on 送る
Themecomplement of the rootaccusative -t · hordárt · tortát · csomagot · gyereket · uzsonnát · forintot · levelet · virágot · fiát · lányát · iratait · sürgönytpositive clauses · Wiktionary Már elküldtem az üzenetet · a genitive of a negated Theme is unprinted · nothing is constructed for itobject of send · accusative of послать · accusative of wysłać
Fetch · -értthe one to fetch, or the thing to fetch · revisable · not the Recipientcase suffix -ért · orvosért · borért · szerelőért · papért · értem · értünk · cigarettáért · tortáért · vízért · pénzért · érteÉrtSz “Vkiért, vmiért küld” · Orvosért küld, Szerelőért küldte a lányt, A gyereket cigarettáért küldte, a szobalányt a tortáért, a papért, az orvosért, a szomszédba vízért · ÉKsz ~jetek értem, ~tek a pénzért, Majd ~ök érte · kenyérért is unprintedEnglish send for · Cambridge send for a doctor · Russian за+instrumental · Polish po+accusative · German nach+dative
Infinitivethe errand · bare infinitive · revisable · not a fourth argumentbare infinitive · játszani · kapálni · üdülni · nyaralni · tanulniÉrtSz “Vmit tenni küld vkit” · Játszani, kapálni küldték, küldte üdülni, nyaralni küldte, Elküldte a feleségét nyaralni, A Mátrába küldték üdülni · ÉKsz schema “(vhova, ill. vmit csinálni)” and tanulni ~i a fiát · vásárolni is unprintedCambridge [+ to infinitive] · Russian bare infinitive · French bare infinitive on envoyer · Italian a + infinitive · Polish żeby-clause
Means · carriernot a fourth argumentvkivel · (népies, régies) vkitől · postán · repülőgépenÉrtSz “Vmit küld vkivel v. (népies, régies) vkitől” and vkinek (vkivel) · küldöm be postán · Repülőgépen küldték a gyógyszert · the vkitől of the carrier is the dictionary’s archaic alternative of vkivel · a pénztártól on visszaküld is a source of turning someone backEnglish by · Russian с кем and по почте

Marking map. One letter can belong to several heads. Read the lemma, then the case.

EN ⇄ HU valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Hungarian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a bare English object ↔ a Hungarian dative, or to / for ↔ a case suffix). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Hungarian sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. Russian послать is the live sibling for a bare dative beside a separate person-as-destination. Polish wysłać is the live sibling for a bare dative beside do+genitive.

English–Hungarian valency alignment for send, one row per argument
SlotEN formHU formAlignEN exampleHU example
SenderSUBJ of sendnominative subject=I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week Cambridge · [+ two objects]Richárd bátyám egy hordárt küldött ÉrtSz · Ambrus · the subject is the Sender
Recipient · personfirst object of [+ two objects]dative -nak/-nekshift · Hungarian spells a dative ending · English spells a bare object · Russian and Polish also spell a dativeI'll send her a letter Cambridgea menyasszonyának · barátjának egy tortát ÉKsz · ÉrtSz
Themeobject of sendaccusative -t=I'll send her a letter Cambridgetortát · csomagot · hordárt ÉrtSz
Goal · illativeto + placeillative -ba/-beshift · English to also covers a person · Hungarian illative is not the dative Recipientsend them to the phone recycling company Cambridge Business · send sth to sthaz iskolába · a dolgozószobába ÉrtSz · elküld · beküld
Goal · sublativeto + placesublative -ra/-reshift · an address is címedre · terminative -ig is unprintedsend them to the phone recycling company Cambridgea frontra · a címedre · a bíróságra ÉrtSz · ÉKsz
Person as destination · allativeto + personallative · vkihez · hozzánkshift · English to does not separate this person from the dative recipient · Russian spells к+dativeWe're sending the kids to stay with my parents Cambridge · [+ to infinitive]hordárt … hozzánk ÉrtSz · Ambrus · formula vkihez
Fetchsend for + the person or the thing-értshift · English spells for · Hungarian spells -ért · kenyérért is unprintedDo you think we should send for a doctor? Cambridge · send fororvosért · a tortáért · vízért ÉrtSz · ÉKsz a pénzért
Errandto-infinitivebare infinitiveshift · English spells to · the printed Hungarian infinitive is bare · vásárolni is unprintedWe're sending the kids to stay with my parents Cambridgenyaralni · tanulni ÉrtSz · ÉKsz
Address as the dativesend the address a parceldative of the addressunprinted on both sides* send the address a parcel constructed · not a dictionary line* a címnek a csomagot constructed · an address is a címedre

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Hungarian under it. A card that quotes a dictionary line has no added name.

EN · HU · dative

-nak/-nek + accusative

I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week

Virágot küld a menyasszonyának

EN · Cambridge · [+ two objects] · HU · ÉKsz · dative · accusative Theme · the tilde is expanded from the article’s Virágot ~ a menyasszonyának

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme
Recipient her · menyasszonyának Theme a letter · virágot

Move menyasszonyának is dative · English spells a bare object · the full ÉrtSz clause of the same pairing is Barátjának egy tortát küldött

EN · HU · illative

-ba/-be

send them to the phone recycling company

Elküldi a gyereket az iskolába

HU · ÉrtSz · elküld · illative · no dative in the line

RolesHide roles ThemeGoal
Theme the child · gyereket Goal the company · az iskolába

Move az iskolába is illative · barátjának is the person who receives the thing · they meet in a férjének a dolgozószobába

EN · HU · sublative

-ra/-re

send them to the phone recycling company

Elküldtem a címedre egy csomagot

HU · ÉrtSz · elküld · sublative address · accusative Theme

RolesHide roles ThemeGoal
Theme a parcel · csomagot Goal a címedre

Move an address is sublative · -ig is unprinted · the printed places include a frontra and a bíróságra

EN · HU · allative

-hoz · vkihez

We're sending the kids to stay with my parents

Richárd bátyám egy hordárt küldött hozzánk

HU · ÉrtSz · Ambrus · accusative porter · allative hozzánk · the formula is vkihez

RolesHide roles ThemeGoal
Theme the kids · hordárt Goal my parents · hozzánk

Move hozzánk is a destination · English to also covers the dative recipient · Hungarian vkihez is this destination, and vkinek is the recipient of the thing

EN · HU · -ért

-ért

Do you think we should send for a doctor?

Orvosért küld

EN · Cambridge · send for · HU · ÉrtSz · -ért · also a tortáért and a pénzért

RolesHide roles Fetch
Fetch a doctor · orvosért

Move English for · Hungarian -ért · Russian за+instrumental · Polish po+accusative

EN · HU · infinitive

bare infinitive

We're sending the kids to stay with my parents

Elküldte a feleségét nyaralni

HU · ÉrtSz · elküld · bare infinitive · ÉKsz tanulni ~i a fiát

RolesHide roles ThemeErrand
Theme his wife · feleségét Errand nyaralni

Move English spells a to-infinitive · the Hungarian line spells a bare infinitive · vásárolni is not the printed holiday line

EN · HU · dative ≠ address

an address is -re

* send the address a parcel

* Pat elküldte a címnek a csomagot

constructed · dative of an address · the printed address is a címedre · the dictionaries do not star the line

RolesHide roles GoalTheme
Goal the address · címnek Theme a parcel · csomagot

Move the dative is a person · an address takes the sublative

Examples

Argument difference. English send her a letter puts the person in a bare object. English send them to a place and English send someone to a person put the third slot in one to. English send for a doctor puts the fetch in for. English sending the kids to stay puts the errand in a to-infinitive. Hungarian küld puts the Theme in the accusative -t. The person who receives the thing is dative -nak/-nek. That dative can stand with an illative place. A place on its own is illative -ba/-be or sublative -ra/-re. A person as the destination of the one who is sent is allative, vkihez and hozzánk. The fetch is -ért. The errand is a bare infinitive. Terminative -ig is unprinted. Russian послать puts the person-as-destination in к plus dative. Polish puts it in do plus genitive. German schicken puts the recipient in a bare dative or in an plus accusative. The dative is inside the verb’s domain on the working drawing. The case-marked Goal is also inside that domain. The drawing does not decide that barátjának and hozzánk are one participant.

Senses kept off this frame. A ball, a curse, a death, and a dismissal are not a letter.

Dictionary frames and lines · quoted as printed

Vkit vhova küld · Az udvarra küldték · Csapatokat küldtek a frontra · Richárd bátyám egy hordárt küldött hozzánk ÉrtSz · küld I.1 · Ambrus

Vmit tenni küld vkit · Játszani, kapálni küldték · Az orvos magaslati levegőre küldte üdülni ÉrtSz · küld I.1.a

Vkiért, vmiért küld · Orvosért küld; borért küld · Szerelőért küldte a lányt · Értem küldte a fiát · Küldjetek értünk · A gyereket cigarettáért küldte ÉrtSz · küld I.2

juttat vhova, vkihez, vkinek · Csomagot, virágot küld vkinek (vkivel) · Barátjának egy tortát küldött a neve napjára · A levelet küldd erre a címre · sürgönyt küldök a fiú apjának ÉrtSz · küld II.1 · Krúdy

Elküldi a gyereket az iskolába · Elküldte a feleségét nyaralni · Elküldtem a címedre egy csomagot · Georgina elküldte az ötven forintot · Már elküldtek a papért · Elküldte a szobalányt a tortáért · el kell küldeni az orvosért ÉrtSz · elküld · Krúdy Georgina

Átküldte a lányát a szomszédba vízért · Átküldte a csomagot a nagynénjének · Átküldi a csónakot a másik partra · Nyolcszáz pöngő forintot köllene átküldenem az öspörös úrnak · küldd majd át · a pénzügyminisztériumba · a főosztályra · Átküld a szomszéd faluba orvosért · küldj át érte · nem küldte át a síneken · átküldi a Dunán ÉrtSz · átküld · Gárdonyi

Beküldte a fiát a belső szobába · Beküldte az uzsonnát a férjének a dolgozószobába · A szakács beküldte neki az ebédet [a szobájába] · Beküldte a fiát a városba · küldöm be postán · két képviselőt küld be a parlamentbe ÉrtSz · beküld · Mikszáth · the brackets are the dictionary’s

Visszaküld vkinek vmit · visszaküldi a feladónak · visszaküldte a fiát a boltba · visszaküldték a pénztártól · visszaküldi az ajtóból ÉrtSz · visszaküld · Móricz a feladónak

A kútra, vízért ~ vkit · tanulni ~i a fiát · ~jetek értem · Virágot ~ a menyasszonyának · juttat vhova, vkihez vmit · Pénzt ~ · Üdvözletét ~i vkinek · Képviselőket ~enek a parlamentbe · ~d ide azt a könyvet ÉKsz · küld · ts ige · the értem line is marked (t. n.)

~ött a szomszédba · ~tek a pénzért · Majd ~ök érte · Az iratait ~i a bíróságra · egy képviselőt küld be a parlamentbe ÉKsz · elküld · átküld · beküld

I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. · send them to the phone recycling company. · We're sending the kids to stay with my parents. Cambridge · send

Do you think we should send for a doctor? Cambridge · send for

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not dictionary lines. Pat and Chrisnek continue the named-participant series on elad. A name does not spell function. Chrisnek spells the dative. csomagot follows the accusative collocation. kenyérért follows the printed -ért slot. vásárolni follows the printed infinitive slot.

✓ Pat elküldte Chrisnek a csomagot.

RolesHide roles SenderRecipientTheme
Sender Pat Recipient Chrisnek Theme csomagot

constructed · dative modelled on a nagynénjének and on barátjának · accusative csomagot is the collocation · the printed parcel line is Átküldte a csomagot a nagynénjének

✓ Pat elküldte a gyereket az iskolába. Pat elküldte a csomagot a címedre.

RolesHide roles SenderThemeGoal
Sender Pat Theme gyereket · csomagot Goal az iskolába · a címedre

constructed · a gyereket az iskolába and a címedre egy csomagot are the printed lines, here with a named sender · not the dative barátjának

✓ Pat elküldte a fiát kenyérért.

RolesHide roles SenderThemeFetch
Sender Pat Theme fiát Fetch kenyérért

constructed · the -ért slot is printed (tortáért, vízért, cigarettáért, orvosért, pénzért) · fiát follows Értem küldte a fiát · kenyérért is not a dictionary line

✓ Pat elküldte a feleségét vásárolni.

RolesHide roles SenderThemeErrand
Sender Pat Theme feleségét Errand vásárolni

constructed · Elküldte a feleségét nyaralni is the printed line · tanulni and játszani are the other printed infinitives · vásárolni is not a dictionary line

* Pat elküldte a címnek a csomagot.

RolesHide roles GoalTheme
Goal címnek Theme csomagot

constructed · dative of an address · the printed address is a címedre and erre a címre · the printed dative is a person · a town in the dative is likewise unprinted, and the printed town is a városba

  1. ✓ a menyasszonyának · barátjának egy tortát ÉKsz · ÉrtSz · dative Recipient · accusative Theme
  2. ✓ a férjének a dolgozószobába ÉrtSz · dative and illative in one clause
  3. ✓ a gyereket az iskolába ÉrtSz · illative · no dative
  4. ✓ a címedre egy csomagot · a frontra ÉrtSz · sublative
  5. ✓ hordárt … hozzánk ÉrtSz · Ambrus · allative person-as-destination · not the letter’s vkinek
  6. ✓ orvosért · a tortáért · vízért ÉrtSz · -ért
  7. ✓ Elküldte a feleségét nyaralni ÉrtSz · bare infinitive
  8. ✓ nem küld el · küldd majd át · küldöm be Wiktionary · ÉrtSz · the preverb splits

What the case and the preverb show

The case is an operation on the same places. It does not add a participant. menyasszonyának, barátjának, apjának, nagynénjének, férjének, and feladónak are dative. They are the person who receives the thing. They are not a bare accusative first object, and they are not an address. hozzánk is allative. It is the destination of the person who is sent. iskolába is illative. címedre is sublative. orvosért is the fetch.

A dative beside a place is printed, in the illative. a férjének a dolgozószobába keeps both. A passive that promotes the Theme and keeps the dative is unprinted on the pages opened. Nothing is constructed for it.

The preverb fixes the direction the article defines, and it splits. el- is “Jelenlegi helyéről vmely más helyre.” át- is “tartózkodási helyéről más helyre,” and sense 2 is through an obstacle, superessive a síneken and a Dunán. be- is “vminek a belsejébe.” English Wiktionary prints nem küld el and el is küld. ÉrtSz prints küldd majd át, küldj át érte, küldöm be, and küld be. Rögtön el kell küldeni az orvosért splits the preverb: el stands before kell, and the infinitive is küldeni. ÉrtSz lists küldet, elküldet, átküldet, and visszaküldet among the derivatives, and prints no clause. English Wiktionary’s causative cell of elküld is elküldet, and the archaic passive shared that suffix. The derivative is named. It is not given a Causee here.

vkivel, postán, and ide / oda do not add a co-argument. vkivel is the carrier, and the government writes it beside the dative: vkinek (vkivel). The archaic alternative is vkitől. postán is the means. ide and oda are adverbs. The Recipient remains the dative.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Sender to Voice, the dative Recipient to low Appl, the illative, sublative, and allative Goals to phrases inside the verb’s domain, and the Theme to the root. The dictionaries print the cases. They do not print that head. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection.

Voice · the Sender is the external argument

Constructed · the finite verb in C · one external argument

[CP Pat_1
  [C' elküldte
    [TP t_1
      [VoiceP t_1 Voice                     ← Sender = Spec,Voice
        … küld … ]
      T ]]]

✓ Pat elküldte Chrisnek a csomagot. constructed

The external argument is the Sender. English keeps that one subject on send. The printed subject is Richárd bátyám, Georgina, A szakács. A passive that keeps the dative is unprinted. Nothing is constructed.

Low Appl · the Recipient · the root takes the Theme

Recipient dative · illative, sublative, and allative are case phrases · accusative Theme · working, revisable

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [Chrisnek]_DAT Appl             ← Recipient · -nak/-nek
    [VP √küld-
       [Theme csomagot ]]]]                  ← Theme · accusative -t

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √elküld-
     [Theme gyereket ]
     [PP az iskolába ]]]                     ← Goal · illative · not the dative

[VoiceP Richárd Voice
  [VP √küld-
     [Theme hordárt ]
     [PP hozzánk ]]]                         ← person as destination · allative

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √küld-
     [PP orvosért ]]]                        ← fetch · -ért · not for

The infinitive sits in the verb’s domain. Sublative címedre is a second Goal phrase. The printed stack puts the dative and the illative in one clause. A filled allative of a letter is unprinted, and it is not this hozzánk.

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [férjének]_DAT Appl
    [VP √beküld-
       [Theme uzsonnát ]
       [PP a dolgozószobába ]]]]             ← dative + illative · printed

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √elküld-
     [Theme feleségét ]
     [Inf nyaralni ]]]                       ← bare infinitive · printed
                                              · vásárolni is constructed

✓ Barátjának egy tortát küldött ÉrtSz · dative Recipient

✓ az iskolába ÉrtSz · illative Goal

✓ hozzánk ÉrtSz · allative

✓ orvosért ÉrtSz · -ért

* Pat elküldte a címnek a csomagot. constructed · an address is not the dative the articles print

English counterpart · double object, to, for, and a to-infinitive · Russian к+dative · Polish do+genitive

Working · no English send page is opened · Russian is послать · Polish is wysłać · German is schicken · French is envoyer · Spanish is enviar · Italian is mandare · Portuguese is enviar · Japanese is 送る

[VoiceP Pat Voice                              ← Sender
  [ApplP_LOW her Appl                           ← Recipient · bare object
    [VP √SEND
       [Theme a letter ]]]]                    ← I'll send her a letter
                                                · Cambridge [+ two objects]
                                                · Hungarian dative -nak/-nek
                                                · not a bare accusative noun

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √SEND
     [Theme them ]
     [PP to [ the company ]]]]                 ← send them to the company
                                                · Hungarian illative or sublative
                                                · not the dative

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √SEND
     [Theme the porter ]
     [PP to [ us ]]]]                          ← send the porter to us
                                                · Hungarian allative hozzánk
                                                · Russian к+DAT
                                                · not the dative recipient

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [VP √SEND
     [PP for [ a doctor ]]]]                   ← send for a doctor
                                                · Hungarian -ért
                                                · Russian за+INSTR

Cambridge’s [+ two objects] line puts a person in the first object. The to line puts a place in the PP, and the same to is what English uses for a person who is the destination. An address in the first object is unprinted. Hungarian barátjának is the Recipient as a dative. Hungarian az iskolába and a címedre are direction. Hungarian hozzánk is the person as destination. Hungarian orvosért is the fetch. Russian брату and к врачу share the dative case, and the preposition makes the split. Hungarian vkinek and vkihez are different cases. A Hungarian full noun in the recipient slot has a dative ending. It is not English to, and it is not the allative.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English send, Hungarian küld, Russian послать, and Polish wysłać
Layersend (EN) · no pageküldпослать · wysłać · live
Spec,VoiceSenderSender · nominativeSender
Recipientbare first object, where the entry prints [+ two objects]dative -nak/-nek · vkinek · barátjának · can stand with an illativeRussian bare dative · Polish bare dative · German bare dative or an+accusative
Themeobjectaccusative -tRussian accusative · Polish accusative, genitive under nie
Placetoillative -ba/-be · sublative -ra/-re · -ig unprintedRussian в+accusative or на+accusative · Polish do+genitive or na+accusative
Person as destinationto · the same preposition as the place and as a recipientallative · vkihez · hozzánk · separate from the dative · a noun in -höz unprintedRussian к+dative · Polish do+genitive · German zu
Fetchfor-ért · orvosért · tortáért · kenyérért unprintedRussian за+instrumental · Polish po+accusative · German nach+dative
Errandto-infinitivebare infinitive · nyaralni · tanulni · vásárolni unprintedRussian bare infinitive · Polish żeby-clause · French bare infinitive · Italian a + infinitive

On küld the dative is the Recipient and the allative is a further case of a person as destination. The analogy with the added dative on послать and on wysłać is the bare case ending. It is not a claim that Russian к is the Hungarian allative, and it is not a claim that Polish do is vkihez.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Hungarian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Sending in Hungarian is not one case of the third slot. Sender (Voice, nominative subject), Theme (complement of the root, accusative -t), and either a Recipient (low Appl, dative -nak/-nek, working and revisable) or a Goal (a case inside the verb’s domain: illative -ba/-be, sublative -ra/-re, or allative of a person as destination). The dative can stand with the illative. -ért is the fetch. A bare infinitive is the errand. el-, át-, and be- fix direction and split. English send her a letter is a double object. English send X to Y collapses the dative, the allative, and the place. send the address a parcel is unprinted.

HU micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 dative Recipient versus allative DE schicken live FR envoyer live ES enviar live IT mandare live PT enviar live PL wysłać live JA 送る live RU послать live

Sense × language: send · Hungarian (küld; elküld, átküld, beküld, visszaküld). The transfer sense is the page. The fetch and the infinitive stay on the page because that is where -ért and the infinitive sit. The ball, the curse, and the dismissal stay off the frame. No English send hub. Geometry neighbors: send · послать, for a bare dative beside a separate person-as-destination, send · wysłać, for a bare dative beside do+genitive, sell · elad, for a Hungarian dative beside an accusative, and lend · kölcsönad, for a dative Recipient. Index 2 does not list küld. Hungarian send is not an Index 2 inventory.

Working paper. Hungarian micro-entry, ninth language of send. Dictionary frames were read on the online ÉrtSz for küld, elküld, átküld, beküld, and visszaküld, on the online ÉKsz for the same five, on English Wiktionary for küld and elküld, and on Hungarian Wiktionary for the prefixed-form list, with Cambridge for the English double object, for to, for the to-infinitive, and for send for. The Nagyszótár search for küld returned no article.
Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Every other full clause is marked constructed. Chrisnek a csomagot, kenyérért, and vásárolni are constructed on printed frames. The dative of an address is starred because the filled marking is a címedre.
Arity. Index 2 does not list this lemma. Surface count can name a sender, a person, a thing, and a place. The lexicon does not list four co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Sender. Low Appl adds the dative Recipient. A case-marked Goal is inside the verb’s domain. The root takes the Theme. -ért, the infinitive, vkivel, and postán are inside that domain.
What this page does not do. It does not open a separate page for elküld, átküld, beküld, or visszaküld. It does not open an English page of send. The ball, the curse, and the dismissal stop at the citation. The preverb records the direction the articles define, and the split the articles print.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not one case frame copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Sender. Low Appl adds the Recipient where the cloth is a dative. A case phrase adds the Goal, inside the verb’s domain: illative, sublative, or allative. The root takes the Theme. The drawing is working and revisable.

What Hungarian changes, against English send her a letter, is that the person is a dative, not a bare accusative object. What Hungarian changes, against English send X to Y, is that the person who receives the thing, the place, and the person who is the destination do not share one marker. The dative is the person who receives the thing. Illative and sublative are the place. The allative is the person as destination, vkihez and hozzánk, and that person is not the recipient of the Theme. A printed clause can put the dative beside a separate illative, a férjének a dolgozószobába. What Hungarian changes, against Russian послать, is the case of the person-as-destination. Russian к врачу is dative plus a preposition. Hungarian vkihez is allative. What Hungarian changes, against English send for, is -ért. What Hungarian changes, against the English to-infinitive, is a bare infinitive.

Geometry · send beside the live Russian dative and the Polish do-phrase

  • English send. Person as the first object of [+ two objects]. Place in to. Person-as-destination in the same to. Fetch in for. Errand in a to-infinitive. send the address a parcel is unprinted. No English page is opened.
  • küld. Accusative Theme. Dative Recipient, menyasszonyának, barátjának, férjének. Place illative and sublative. Person-as-destination allative. Fetch -ért. Bare infinitive. The dative and the illative stack.
  • elküld, átküld, beküld, visszaküld. The same cases where the articles fill them. el- from the present place to another. át- to another place, or through, on the superessive. be- into the interior. The preverb splits. Not separate pages.
  • послать. Accusative Theme. Bare dative Recipient. Place в+accusative and на+accusative. Person-as-destination к+dative. Fetch за+instrumental. Bare infinitive. Hungarian allative is the divergence on the person-as-destination. Hungarian -ért is the divergence on the fetch. Hungarian prints the dative beside an illative. The Russian stack of кому and в is unprinted.
  • wysłać. Accusative Theme. Bare dative Recipient. Goal do+genitive, including a person-as-destination. Fetch po+accusative. Errand żeby. Hungarian allative is the divergence on the person-as-destination. Hungarian -ért is the divergence on the fetch. The Hungarian infinitive is printed.
  • schicken. Accusative Theme. Bare dative Recipient, or an+accusative. Place nach, in, zu. A person-dative beside a place is printed. Hungarian matches that stack with a dative and an illative. German an plus accusative is not the Hungarian allative. The German fetch is nach+dative.
  • envoyer. Direct-object Theme. Recipient à or lui. A place takes y. The infinitive is bare, which the Hungarian infinitive matches.
  • enviar. Recipient a+NP doubled by le. Place a or para.
  • mandare. Recipient a or gli/le. a plus an infinitive. That a is the Italian divergence. Hungarian prints a bare infinitive.
  • enviar. Recipient a, para, or lhe. A full noun has no case ending. A Hungarian full noun in the recipient slot does.
  • 送る. Theme を. The person who receives the thing is に, and へ is also printed on a person. The analogy is the extra marking of the person. It is not a claim that に is a dative ending, and it is not a claim that へ is the Hungarian allative.

Open items

  • Whether low Appl is the right head for the dative. The drawing puts the Recipient inside the verb’s domain. The dictionaries print barátjának and menyasszonyának. They do not print that head. The ranking stays open.
  • Whether vkihez is the same participant as vkinek. ÉrtSz II.1 lists vhova, vkihez, vkinek in one formula. The filled allative is hozzánk with a porter. The filled dative is the recipient of a thing. ÉKsz names vkihez for a thing and does not fill it. The articles do not rank the phrases beyond the lines they print. English to does not make the split.
  • A noun in -höz. Unprinted. hozzánk is the -hoz series. The formula vkihez is -hez. Nothing further is constructed.
  • -ig. Unprinted. Nothing is constructed.
  • kenyérért. Unprinted. The printed thing-errands are tortáért, vízért, cigarettáért, borért, and pénzért. The constructed line uses the printed -ért slot and is marked constructed.
  • vásárolni. Unprinted as an infinitive. The printed infinitives are nyaralni, tanulni, játszani, kapálni, and üdülni. The constructed line is marked constructed.
  • A stack of the dative and the allative. Unprinted. The printed stack is dative and illative. Nothing is constructed for dative plus allative.
  • A passive that keeps the dative. Unprinted. Nothing is constructed.
  • küldet. Named on ÉrtSz, with elküldet, átküldet, and visszaküldet. Wiktionary names elküldet as the causative cell. No clause was printed. No Causee is constructed.
  • Nagyszótár. The search for küld returned no article. The served volumes are a–ez. No frame is taken from it.

Corpus filenames and sources

Dictionary frames: ÉrtSz küld, elküld, átküld, beküld, and visszaküld, as served at ertelmezo.oszk.hu. ÉKsz, Magyar értelmező kéziszótár, as served at eksz.nytud.hu, HUN-REN Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont, Lexikológiai Intézet. English Wiktionary küld and elküld. Hungarian Wiktionary küld, prefixed forms, no case line. Nagyszótár search, no article. English lines: Cambridge send and send for. Constructed clauses put a printed marking on a named sender. Chrisnek, kenyérért, and vásárolni are the working limits of the printed frames. Index 2 does not list this lemma. Russian send is послать.

Records the accusative Theme of küld. Records the dative as the person who receives the thing, and the allative as a person standing as the destination, including hozzánk. Records the dative beside an illative. Records illative and sublative for a place. Records -ért and the bare infinitive. Records the preverb as the direction the articles define, and as a split. Does not open an English page.