Arguments

Promiser, Promisee, Theme · Korean marking · working claim, revisable

약속하다 · 約束하다 · yaksokhada. The Standard Korean Language Dictionary files it as 「동사」. The pronunciation is [약쏘카다]. The conjugation line is 약속하여 (약속해), 약속하니. The patterns are 【(…과) …을】, 【(…과) -기로】, 【(…과) -고】, 【…에/에게 …을】, 【…에/에게 -기로】, and 【…에/에게 -고】. The note on the pattern line is that when …과 does not appear, a plural expression is the subject. The definition is 다른 사람과 앞으로의 일을 어떻게 할 것인가를 미리 정하여 두다. The synonym label is 권약하다. That entry prints only 【…을】 and the same definition, and it gives no example. No telicity claim is made from -았, from -었, or from 약속하였다 beside 약속했다.

The Promiser is the subject. The printed lines topicalize it: 삼촌은, 나는, 우리는, 역사는, 그는, 선생님은, 그 두 연인은. The article 께서 names 가/이 as the subject particles whose honorific is 께서. Those two articles were not opened. -이/가 is unprinted on the pledge lines opened here. 선생님은 … 약속하시고 puts the subject-honorific -시- on the predicate. That -시- honors the Promiser. It is not a mark of the Promisee.

The other person is not a bare object. One pattern writes the partner in …과, the comitative: 삼촌은 어린 조카와 대공원에 놀러 갈 것을 약속하였다, 나는 친구들과 … 하기로 약속했다, 나는 … 아내와 약속했다. Another pattern writes the person in …에/에게: 역사는 한 집단에게만 영원한 번영을 약속하지는 않는다, 그는 약혼녀에게 … 찾아간다고 약속했다, 선생님은 우리에게 … 편지하겠다고 약속하시고. When the comitative is absent, the subject is plural, as the pattern note says: 그 두 연인은 결혼을 약속하였다, 우리는 … 만나기로 약속하였다. English promise her a book is one bare person and one thing. These patterns write one object, …을. A bare person beside that object is unprinted.

The Theme, when it is a noun, is that one object. 결혼을 약속하였다. 영원한 번영을. 놀러 갈 것을. The pattern writes …을. The vowel-final form -를 is unprinted on these lines. A second bare nominal beside the person is unprinted. 대공원에, 도서관에서, and 우리 집에서 are places inside the pledged act. They are not the Promisee.

-기로, subject control. Working claim, revisable. The sources do not use the word. The pattern writes -기로. 우리는 내일 오전 10시에 도서관에서 만나기로 약속하였다: the ones who meet are 우리, the subject. 나는 친구들과 우리 집에서 숙제를 같이 하기로 약속했다: the ones who do the homework are 나 and the comitative 친구들. The separate headword -기로 is a connective ending of reason or concession, 행동이 타의 모범이 되기로 and 아무리 바쁘기로. That ending is not this pattern. The articles for -기 and -로 were not opened.

The quoted clause. The pattern writes -고. 나는 다시는 술을 마시지 않겠다고 아내와 약속했다 is -겠다고, and the partner is comitative 아내와. The one who would not drink is 나. 그는 약혼녀에게 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다 is 찾아간다고, and the Promisee is dative 약혼녀에게. The one who visits is 그, not 약혼녀. 선생님은 우리에게 가끔 편지하겠다고 약속하시고 is -겠다고 again, and 우리 is not the one who writes. 우리는 … 다시 만나자고 굳게 약속했다 is -자고. The quotative article was not opened. A line in which the dative person is the one who acts is unprinted.

Honorific Promisee. The entry 에게 lists 께 as 높임말. The entry 께 is that honorific, 형님께, 부모님께, 선생님께. 한테 is the colloquial of 에게, and the entry says it is more colloquial than 에게. 한테 is unprinted on the pledge lines. 약속하다 does not print a clear -께 Promisee. 이 결정권을 잡은 조 대비께 유리한 조건을 제공하기로 약속하고 has 께, and 제공하다 is the verb that takes a recipient of the conditions. This page does not file 조 대비 as the Promisee of 약속하다. The printed honorific Promisee is on 맹세하다: 그는 부모님께 다시는 도박을 하지 않기로 맹세했다. 도박을 하지 않기로 has no recipient of its own. 부모님께 is the person sworn to. 드리다 sense 2 is the humble verb for a speech act to a superior, and the definition names 약속 among those acts. The pattern is 【…에/에게 …을】. The examples use 께: 부모님께 문안을 드리다, 선생님께 말씀을 드리다. A headword 약속드리다 is unprinted. The spelling note on 드리다 is about compounds with 주다. It does not register 약속드리다. The auxiliary is -어 드리다, 어머님께 소식을 알려 드리다.

다짐하다 is the confirming vow, and one sense can omit the Promisee. The patterns are 【…에/에게 …을】 and 【…에/에게 -고】. Sense 1 is 이미 한 일이나 앞으로 할 일에 틀림이 없음을 단단히 강조하거나 확인하다: 그는 아내에게 지난번에 한 약속을 몇 번이나 다짐하고, 아버지는 우리들에게 다시는 담배를 피우지 않겠다고 다짐하셨지만, 그는 우리에게 … 애써 보겠노라고 다짐했다. The Promisee is dative. Sense 2 is 마음이나 뜻을 굳게 가다듬어 정하다: 그는 … 학문에 전념할 것을 다짐했다 has no Promisee, 나는 속으로 나 자신에게 … 다짐하였다 and 자신에게 다짐하곤 하였다 put the Promisee on oneself, and 왜놈 밑으로 가서는 안 된다고 다짐했다 has no person. The self-directed vow is this second sense. The Promisee there is absent, or it is 자신.

맹세하다 · 盟誓하다 is the oath. The definition is 일정한 약속이나 목표를 꼭 실천하겠다고 다짐하다. The patterns are 【…에/에게 …을】, 【…에/에게 -기로】, and 【…에/에게 -고】. 국가에 충성을 맹세하다 uses -에. 아내에게 금연을 맹세하다 and 그는 형에게 비밀을 지킬 것을 맹세했다 use -에게. 그들은 서로에게 … 않기로 맹세했다. 그는 어머니에게 … 살겠다고 맹세했다. 우리는 끝까지 변심하지 말자고 맹세하였다 has no spelled Promisee. 신부님 앞에서 is a place, not the dative. The synonym label is 서맹하다. That entry was not opened. In 부모님께 … 하지 않기로 맹세했다 the one who would not gamble is 그. 부모님 do not gamble in that line. That is the same working claim as -기로 on 약속하다.

Keep and break. The noun 약속 is 다른 사람과 앞으로의 일을 어떻게 할 것인가를 미리 정하여 둠. 또는 그렇게 정한 내용. It prints 약속을 깨다, 약속을 어기다, and 약속을 지키다. 지키다 sense 3, pattern 【…을】, is 규정, 약속, 법, 예의 따위를 어기지 아니하고 그대로 실행하다, and the example is 약속을 지키다. 어기다 sense 1, the same pattern, is 규칙, 명령, 약속, 시간 따위를 지키지 아니하고 거스르다, and the example is 약속을 어기다. The promise is the object. No Promisee is in these lines. 어기다 sense 2, passing on a road, is not this frame. The other senses of 지키다 are guard, watch, integrity, and maintaining a state. They are not the pledge.

Raising. Unclear on 약속하다. No article opened prints a weather subject of 약속하다 with an infinitive of becoming, and none uses the word raising. 역사는 한 집단에게만 영원한 번영을 약속하지는 않는다 is an inanimate subject, and it still has a dative and a nominal Theme. It is the pledge pattern. English it promises to rain and German das Wetter verspricht schön zu werden are the forecast with no Promisee. This page does not say Korean lacks that reading. The 약속하다 article does not show it.

Copular coercion. Working claim, revisable. The pledge stays on the verb 약속하다. The evaluative reading is not that verb. 유망하다 1, 有望하다, is 「형용사」, 앞으로 잘될 듯한 희망이나 전망이 있다: 장래가 유망한 기업, 전도가 유망하다, 장래성이 유망한 학과. The head is the adjective. No copula 이다 is in these lines. 밝다 as 「형용사」, the sense 예측되는 미래 상황이 긍정적이고 좋다, prints 전망이 밝다 and 장래성이 밝다. The noun 전망 3, sense 2, prints 전망이 밝은 사업 and 전망이 어둡다, and the idiom 전망(이) 있다 is glossed 전망이 밝다. 촉망되다 2, 屬望되다 / 囑望되다, is labeled 「동사」, 잘되기를 바라게 되고 기대하게 되다, and the example is 장래가 촉망되다. The subject is 장래. No Promiser and no Promisee are in that line. 유망하다 2 and 3, 촉망되다 1, and 전망 1 and 2 are other words. They are not this sense. The flag for the evaluative reading is state-built: English builds “promises to be” and “show promise” on promise, and these Korean lines are an adjective, or 되다 with 장래 as subject. Japanese 有望だ is the state on the Japanese page. The commitment head on this page stays 약속하다.

Where this frame diverges from English promise. English promise her a book is one bare person and one thing, or to plus the person. 약속하다 writes one object, …을. The person is dative -에게, or a comitative partner -와/과 when the two parties settle the act. A bare second object is unprinted. The honorific of that dative is -께, printed on 맹세하다 and unprinted as a headword 약속드리다. -기로 keeps the act with the Promiser. 다짐하다 sense 2 can drop the Promisee, or put it on 자신. 약속을 지키다 and 약속을 어기다 make the noun the object. 전도가 유망하다, 전망이 밝다, and 장래가 촉망되다 are the state where English uses promise. Japanese に and と split a one-directional person from a partner. Korean’s split is -에게 and -와/과.

Places · who wears which marking

The Promiser is the subject. Printed lines use the topic -은/는. The Promisee of a one-directional pledge is -에게. A partner who settles the act with the Promiser is -와/과. The Theme is one noun in -을, or -기로, or a clause in -고. 께 is the honorific of 에게. 유망하다 and 밝다 are adjectives. A bare second object is unprinted.

약속하다 · dative · comitative · -기로 · quoted -고

✓ 삼촌은 어린 조카와 대공원에 놀러 갈 것을 약속하였다. · 그 두 연인은 결혼을 약속하였다. 표준국어대사전 · comitative 와 · plural subject · one object 을

✓ 나는 친구들과 우리 집에서 숙제를 같이 하기로 약속했다. · 우리는 내일 오전 10시에 도서관에서 만나기로 약속하였다. 표준국어대사전 · -기로 · the subject does the act

✓ 나는 다시는 술을 마시지 않겠다고 아내와 약속했다. · 그는 약혼녀에게 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다. · 우리는 10년 후에 이 자리에서 다시 만나자고 굳게 약속했다. · 선생님은 우리에게 가끔 편지하겠다고 약속하시고 전근 가셨다. 표준국어대사전 · -겠다고 · -ㄴ다고 · -자고 · -시- on the Promiser

✓ 역사는 한 집단에게만 영원한 번영을 약속하지는 않는다. 표준국어대사전 · 에게 · one nominal · inanimate subject · still the pledge pattern

the uncle promised his young nephew that they would go to the park · the two lovers promised marriage · I promised my friends we would do the homework together at my house · we promised to meet at the library at 10 · I promised my wife I would not drink again · he promised his fiancée he would visit within the week · we firmly promised to meet again in this place in ten years · the teacher promised us he would write now and then, and transferred · history does not promise eternal prosperity to one group only

다짐하다 · 맹세하다 · keep / break · state

✓ 그는 아내에게 지난번에 한 약속을 몇 번이나 다짐하고 길을 떠났다. · 그는 그동안 미뤄 두었던 학문에 전념할 것을 다짐했다. · 나는 속으로 나 자신에게 다시는 그런 실수를 범하지 않을 것을 거듭 다짐하였다. 표준국어대사전 · sense 1 has a Promisee · sense 2 omits it or uses 자신

✓ 아내에게 금연을 맹세하다. · 그는 부모님께 다시는 도박을 하지 않기로 맹세했다. · 그는 어머니에게 앞으로 성실하게 살겠다고 맹세했다. 표준국어대사전 · 에게 · honorific 께 · -기로 · -겠다고

✓ 약속을 지키다. · 약속을 어기다. · 약속을 깨다. 표준국어대사전 · 지키다 sense 3 · 어기다 sense 1 · the noun 약속

✓ 전도가 유망하다. · 장래가 유망한 기업. · 전망이 밝다. · 장래가 촉망되다. 표준국어대사전 · 형용사 · 되다 · state-built

✓ 선생님께 찾아간다고 약속드리다. constructed · 선생님께 is the 께 of 선생님께 말씀을 드리다 · 찾아간다고 is the clause of 찾아간다고 약속했다 · 약속드리다 is not a headword · 드리다 sense 2 names 약속

✓ 그는 약혼녀한테 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다. constructed · the printed line has 약혼녀에게 · 한테 is the colloquial of 에게

he confirmed to his wife the promise he had made, and left · he resolved to devote himself to the studies he had put off · I resolved to myself that I would not make that mistake again · swear to one’s wife to stop smoking · he swore to his parents that he would not gamble again · he swore to his mother that he would live honestly · keep a promise · break a promise · break a promise · the prospects are promising · a firm with a promising future · the outlook is bright · the future is held in high expectation · he humbly promises the teacher that he will visit · he promised his fiancée, colloquial dative, that he would visit

Places of Korean promise verbs, the marking each one wears, and what the sources print
PlaceIntroduced by (working)Korean markingStatus in the sourcesNot this place
Headlexical verbs · one adjective약속하다 · 다짐하다 · 맹세하다 · 지키다 · 어기다 · 유망하다 · 밝다 · 촉망되다표준국어대사전 · 「동사」 on the pledge · 「형용사」 on 유망하다 and on this sense of 밝다권약하다 prints no example · 서맹하다 was not opened · 약속드리다 is not a headword · no telicity claim
Promisersubjecttopic -은/는 on the printed lines삼촌은 · 나는 · 우리는 · 그는 · 선생님은 · 역사는-이/가 is named by 께서 and unprinted here · -시- honors the Promiser · 께서 is not the Promisee
Promiseeone-directional person-에게 · honorific -께 · colloquial -한테한 집단에게 · 약혼녀에게 · 우리에게 · 부모님께 on 맹세하다not a bare object · 한테 is unprinted · 조 대비께 is not filed as this Promisee · 국가에 is on 맹세하다
Partnercomitative-와/과조카와 · 친구들과 · 아내와not the dative · when it is absent the subject is plural · Japanese と is the sibling split
Themeact or thingone noun -을 · -기로 · quoted -고결혼을 · 번영을 · 만나기로 · 마시지 않겠다고 · 찾아간다고 · 만나자고-를 is unprinted · English bare thing beside a bare person · the connective -기로 is a different ending
Bare second objectperson and thing, both bareunprintedevery pattern writes one …을, or no objectEnglish promise her a book · no constructed bare pair is filed
Controlwho acts in -기로 or the quotethe Promiser, in the printed lines우리 meet · 나 and 친구들 do the homework · 그 visits · 그 would not gamblethe sources do not say control · the dative person is not the doer · 조 대비께 … 제공하기로 does not make 조 대비 the provider
다짐하다confirm, or a self-directed vowsense 1 dative · sense 2 no person, or 자신아내에게 … 약속을 · 전념할 것을 · 나 자신에게sense 1 is not the absent-Promisee vow · -노라고 is printed and was not given its own article
Keep / breakthe noun as object약속을 · 【…을】약속을 지키다 · 약속을 어기다 · 약속을 깨다no Promisee on these lines · other senses of 지키다 and 어기다 are not the pledge
Raisinginanimate forecastunprinted on 약속하다 · unclearno weather line · 역사는 … 에게 … 을 is still the pledgedo not file “there is no such reading” · the dictionaries do not say raising
Copular coercionadjective, or 되다state-built · not 약속하다전도가 유망하다 · 전망이 밝다 · 장래가 촉망되다이다 is unprinted · 촉망되다 is labeled a verb · the pledge stays 약속하다 · Japanese 有望だ is a different state

Marking map. Read the person by the particle. -에게 is the one-directional Promisee. -께 is its honorific. -한테 is its colloquial form, unprinted on the pledge lines. -와/과 is the partner of a mutual settling. -을 is the one object. -기로 and quoted -고 are the act, and the doer in the printed lines is the Promiser. 유망하다 and 밝다 are adjectival states. They are not objects of 약속하다.

KO clothes, and the English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Russian, Japanese, Turkish, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and Mandarin pages

Each row lines up one Korean slot with the mark English promise prints, with Spanish prometer, with German versprechen, with French promettre, with Italian promettere, with Russian обещать, with Japanese 約束する, with Turkish söz vermek, with Portuguese prometer, with Polish obiecać, with Dutch beloven, with Swedish lova, with Finnish luvata, and with Mandarin 答应. The alignment is = where the pages share a subject, a person, a thing, or a clause, and shift where English uses a bare person or a to-infinitive and Korean uses -에게 or -기로. Printed lines come first. A constructed Korean line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed.

Korean promise verbs against English promise and the sibling pages, one row per argument
SlotKO formEN formES formDE formFR formIT formRU formJA formTR formPT formPL formNL formSV formFI formZH formAlignKO example
Headlexical verb · 다짐하다 and 맹세하다 beside itlexical verblexical verblexical verblexical verblexical verblexical verb · aspect labelsverbal noun + するnoun + light verblexical verblexical verb · aspect pairlexical verblexical verblexical verblexical verbs= of a lexical verb · shift in how the vow splits off약속하다 표준국어대사전
Promisersubject · topic -은/는 printed · -이/가 unprintedsubjectsubjectnominative subjectnominative subjectsubjectnominative subjectはnominativenominative subjectnominative subjectsubjectsubjectnominative subjectsubject · no case ending= of a subject그는 표준국어대사전
Promisee-에게 · -께 · -와/과 is the partner · not a bare objectbare object, or todative · a+DPbare dativeà+DP · dative clitica+DP · dative cliticbare dativeに · partner とdative -(y)Aa+DP · lhebare dativebare indirect objectbare second ngnallative -lleinside the VP, or on the nounshift · English can leave the person bare · Korean’s printed person is -에게 or comitative -와/과약혼녀에게 표준국어대사전
Themeone -을 · -기로 · quoted -고one DP · to-infinitive or thatone accusative · infinitive · queone accusative · zu or dassone object · de+infinitiveone accusative · di+infinitiveone accusative · infinitivequotative とdative actone object · infinitiveaccusative · infinitiveone object · teone nominal · attpartitive or total object · A-infinitiveVP · clause · one nominalshift · one object, not a bare thing beside a bare person · -기로 is not a to-infinitive결혼을 표준국어대사전
ControlPromiser does the -기로 act and the quoted actsubject controlsubject controlsubject controlsubject controlsubject controlsubject controlpromiser actspromiser actspromiser actspromiser actspromiser actspromiser actsshared subjectsubject does the printed VP= on the ordinary act · the sources do not say control · the dative is not the doer만나기로 표준국어대사전
Keep / breaknoun 약속을 is the object · no Promiseekeep / break a promiseother verbs on that pageother expressionsother expressionsother expressionsother expressions約束を守る / 破るother expressionsother expressionsother expressionsother expressionsother expressionsother expressionsnominal 履行 / 承诺= of a noun object · the Korean lines print no person약속을 지키다 표준국어대사전
Prospectnot on 약속하다 · unclearverb promises to be · no Promiseeverb · no Promiseeverb · no Promiseeverb · no Promiseeverb · no Promiseeverb · no Promisee on the day linestate 有望だverb and stateno Promisee on the weather linesinanimate verbno Promisee on the weather lineno Promiseeno Promiseeunprinted · unclearthe other pages print a forecast on the pledge verb · 약속하다 does not · 역사는 … 에게 is still a pledgeunprinted unclear
Copular coercionstate-built · 유망하다 · 밝다 · 촉망되다verb promises to be · noun showed promiseverbverbverbverbverbstate 有望だverb and stateverb and stateverb and stateverb · adjectiveverb · adjectiveverb · adjectiveverb-built pledge · 有约在先shift · the pledge is verb-built · the evaluative sense is an adjective or 장래가 촉망되다전도가 유망하다 표준국어대사전

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame. The 에게 card is the one-directional Promisee. The English card is the bare double object. The -기로 card is subject control. The 다짐하다 card is the vow that can omit the person. The honorific card is 께. The keep/break card is the noun as object. The copular card is the state.

KO · 약속하다 · dative

약혼녀에게

그는 약혼녀에게 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다. 역사는 한 집단에게만 영원한 번영을 약속하지는 않는다.

표준국어대사전 · -에게 · one object or a quoted clause · not a bare person

RolesHide roles PromiserPromiseeTheme
Promiser 그는 · 역사는 · subject Promisee 약혼녀에게 · 한 집단에게 · dative Theme 찾아간다고 · 영원한 번영을

Move 약혼녀 is not a bare object. The one who visits is 그. English promise her leaves the person bare.

EN · two bare objects

a new car

Her parents promised her a new car.

Cambridge · [ + two objects ] · on the English page

RolesHide roles PromiserPromiseeTheme
Promiser Her parents · subject Promisee her · bare · before the Theme Theme a new car · one DP

Move One bare person and one bare thing. No Korean pattern opened here is that pair. The printed person is -에게 or -와/과, and the object slot is one …을.

KO · -기로 · control

만나기로

우리는 내일 오전 10시에 도서관에서 만나기로 약속하였다. 나는 친구들과 숙제를 같이 하기로 약속했다.

표준국어대사전 · the subject does the act · comitative 친구들과 is included in the homework

RolesHide roles PromiserTheme
Promiser 우리는 · 나는 · the one who meets or studies Theme 만나기로 · 하기로 · not a to-infinitive

Split The sources do not say control. The working claim is that the Promiser does the act. A dative who would do it instead is unprinted. The connective ending -기로 is a different article.

KO · 다짐하다 · vow

자신에게

그는 학문에 전념할 것을 다짐했다. 나는 나 자신에게 다시는 그런 실수를 범하지 않을 것을 다짐하였다.

표준국어대사전 sense 2 · Promisee absent, or 자신 · sense 1 still has 아내에게

RolesHide roles PromiserTheme
Promiser 그는 · 나는 · same person as 자신 when that word is there Theme 전념할 것을 · 실수를 범하지 않을 것을

Split Sense 1 confirms a pledge to someone else. Sense 2 is the self-directed vow. English promise does not split those two as two senses of a second verb.

KO · honorific 께

부모님께

그는 부모님께 다시는 도박을 하지 않기로 맹세했다.

표준국어대사전 · 맹세하다 · 께 is the honorific of 에게 · 그 is the one who would not gamble

RolesHide roles PromiserPromiseeTheme
Promiser 그는 · subject · not 부모님 Promisee 부모님께 · honorific dative Theme 도박을 하지 않기로

Move 약속드리다 is not a headword. 선생님께 찾아간다고 약속드리다 is constructed from 선생님께 말씀을 드리다 and 찾아간다고 약속했다. The Promisee stays dative.

KO · 지키다 · 어기다

약속을

약속을 지키다. 약속을 어기다. 약속을 깨다.

표준국어대사전 · the noun is the object · no Promisee

RolesHide roles Theme
Theme 약속을 · object of 지키다, 어기다, 깨다

Split Keeping and breaking take the noun. They do not reprint the dative of 약속하다. Japanese 約束を守る is that noun-object frame on the Japanese page.

KO · copular flag

유망하다

전도가 유망하다. 전망이 밝다. 장래가 촉망되다.

표준국어대사전 · 형용사 · 되다 · state-built · not 약속하다

RolesHide roles Head
Head 유망하다 · 밝다 · 촉망되다 · 전도 / 전망 / 장래 is the subject

Move English builds the forecast on promise. These lines do not. 이다 is unprinted. 촉망되다 is labeled a verb, and the subject is 장래. The pledge stays 약속하다.

Examples

Argument difference. English promise her a book is a bare person and a bare thing. 약혼녀에게 … 찾아간다고 약속했다 puts the person in -에게. 조카와 … 갈 것을 약속하였다 puts the partner in -와. 만나기로 keeps the meeting with the subject. 부모님께 … 맹세했다 is the honorific dative. 전도가 유망하다 is the adjective where English uses promise. A bare second object is unprinted.

Printed dictionary lines come first. A constructed line reuses a printed marking. It is labelled constructed, with Korean, transliteration, gloss, and translation.

Real · 표준국어대사전

✓ 그는 약혼녀에게 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다. · 그 두 연인은 결혼을 약속하였다. · 우리는 내일 오전 10시에 도서관에서 만나기로 약속하였다. dative · one noun · -기로

✓ 그는 부모님께 다시는 도박을 하지 않기로 맹세했다. · 그는 학문에 전념할 것을 다짐했다. · 약속을 지키다. · 약속을 어기다. 께 · no Promisee · noun object

✓ 전도가 유망하다. · 전망이 밝다. · 장래가 촉망되다. · 역사는 한 집단에게만 영원한 번영을 약속하지는 않는다. state · the 역사 line is still a pledge

Constructed · a printed marking, relabelled

✓ 선생님께 찾아간다고 약속드리다. constructed · seonsaengnimkke chajagandago yaksokdeurida · humbly promise the teacher that one will visit · 약속드리다 is not a headword

✓ 그는 약혼녀한테 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다. constructed · geuneun yakhonnyeohante … chajagandago yaksokaetda · he promised his fiancée, colloquial dative · the printed particle is 에게

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing. The dative drawing puts the Promisee in -에게 and refuses a bare second object. The -기로 drawing keeps the act with the Promiser. The vow drawing splits sense 1 of 다짐하다 from sense 2. The state drawing is 유망하다 and 밝다. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

약속하다 · dative or comitative · one object

약혼녀에게 찾아간다고 · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √약속하다
     [ 그는 ]                 ← subject · topic 는
     [ 약혼녀에게 ]           ← dative · not a bare object
     [ 찾아간다고 ] ] ]       ← quoted -ㄴ다고 · 그 visits
[ —
  [ √약속하다
     [ 삼촌은 ]
     [ 조카와 ]               ← comitative · not the dative
     [ 놀러 갈 것을 ] ] ]     ← one object
[ —
  [ √약속하다
     [ 그 두 연인은 ]         ← plural · no 과
     [ 결혼을 ] ] ]           ← one object
                               ← bare person + bare thing unprinted
                               ← -이/가 unprinted

The pattern note says that when …과 is absent, a plural expression is the subject.

✓ 그는 약혼녀에게 이번 주 안에는 꼭 찾아간다고 약속했다. 표준국어대사전

✓ 그 두 연인은 결혼을 약속하였다. 표준국어대사전

-기로 · the Promiser does the act

만나기로 · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √약속하다
     [ 우리는 ]
     [ 만나기로 ] ] ]         ← 우리 meet
[ —
  [ √약속하다
     [ 나는 ]
     [ 친구들과 ]             ← included in the homework
     [ 하기로 ] ] ]
[ —
  [ √맹세하다
     [ 그는 ]
     [ 부모님께 ]             ← honorific dative · not the gambler
     [ 하지 않기로 ] ] ]
                               ← sources do not say control
                               ← connective -기로 is another ending

선생님께 찾아간다고 약속드리다 is constructed. The Promisee in that line is still 께.

✓ 우리는 내일 오전 10시에 도서관에서 만나기로 약속하였다. 표준국어대사전

✓ 그는 부모님께 다시는 도박을 하지 않기로 맹세했다. 표준국어대사전

다짐하다 · Promisee, or none

sense 2 · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √다짐하다 1
     [ 그는 ]
     [ 아내에게 ]
     [ 약속을 ] ] ]           ← confirm to someone
[ —
  [ √다짐하다 2
     [ 그는 ]
     [ 전념할 것을 ] ] ]      ← no Promisee
[ —
  [ √다짐하다 2
     [ 나는 ]
     [ 나 자신에게 ]
     [ 것을 ] ] ]             ← the person is the Promiser
                               ← 지키다 / 어기다 take 약속을 only

Sense 1 and sense 2 are both printed. The absent Promisee is sense 2.

✓ 그는 그동안 미뤄 두었던 학문에 전념할 것을 다짐했다. 표준국어대사전

✓ 약속을 지키다. 표준국어대사전

State · 유망하다 · 밝다 · 촉망되다

Copular coercion · working, revisable

[ —
  [ √약속하다 ] ]              ← pledge · verb-built
[ —
  [ √유망하다 ]                ← 형용사 · 전도가 유망하다
[ —
  [ √밝다 ]                    ← 형용사 · 전망이 밝다
[ —
  [ √촉망되다
     [ 장래가 ] ] ]            ← labeled 동사 · no Promiser
                                 ← 이다 unprinted
                                 ← weather infinitive of 약속하다 unprinted

The flag for the evaluative sense is state-built. The flag for the pledge is verb-built.

✓ 전도가 유망하다. 표준국어대사전

✓ 장래가 촉망되다. 표준국어대사전

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Korean micro-entry

약속하다 puts the Promisee in -에게 and the partner in -와/과. One object is -을. -기로 keeps the act with the Promiser. 다짐하다 sense 2 can omit the Promisee. 전도가 유망하다 is the state.

KO micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 verb-built pledge · state-built 유망하다 · bare second object unprinted · raising unclear

Sense × language: promise · Korean · 약속하다 / 다짐하다 / 맹세하다. The Promisee is dative -에게, honorific -께, not a bare object. The comitative -와/과 is the partner. -기로 and the quoted clause are subject control on a working claim. Shows-promise is state-built. Sisters: promise · English · promise · Spanish · promise · German · promise · French · promise · Italian · promise · Russian · promise · Japanese · promise · Turkish · promise · Portuguese · promise · Polish · promise · Dutch · promise · Swedish · promise · Finnish · promise · Mandarin · promise · Hungarian · promise · Bulgarian · promise · Norwegian · 팔다.

Open items

  • 약속하다 is a lexical verb. 約束하다. [약쏘카다]. 약속하여 (약속해), 약속하니. No telicity claim is made.
  • The Promiser is the subject. Printed lines use -은/는. 께서 names 가/이 as the subject particles. Those articles were not opened. -이/가 is unprinted on the pledge lines. -시- in 약속하시고 honors the Promiser.
  • The Promisee stays dative. -에게. Honorific -께, printed on 부모님께 … 맹세했다. Colloquial -한테 is unprinted. The partner is comitative -와/과. A bare second object is unprinted. English promise her a book is that pair. No constructed bare pair is filed.
  • -기로 is subject control on a working claim. 만나기로. 하기로. 하지 않기로. The sources do not say control. The connective headword -기로 is reason or concession, not this pattern.
  • The quote is -겠다고, -ㄴ다고, or -자고. 마시지 않겠다고. 찾아간다고. 만나자고. 편지하겠다고. The dative person is not the doer.
  • 다짐하다 sense 2 can omit the Promisee. 전념할 것을 다짐했다. 나 자신에게. Sense 1 still has 아내에게.
  • 맹세하다 is the oath. 아내에게 금연을. 국가에 충성을. 부모님께 … 기로. 서맹하다 was not opened.
  • Keep and break take the noun. 약속을 지키다. 약속을 어기다. 약속을 깨다. No Promisee.
  • Raising is unclear. No weather line of 약속하다 is printed. 역사는 … 에게 … 을 is still the pledge. The dictionaries do not say raising. This page does not say the reading is absent.
  • Copular coercion: the pledge is verb-built, and the evaluative sense is state-built. 전도가 유망하다. 장래가 유망한 기업. 전망이 밝다. 장래가 촉망되다. 이다 is unprinted. 약속드리다 is not a headword. 선생님께 찾아간다고 약속드리다 is constructed.
  • Sources left closed. The learner dictionary was not opened. 501 Korean Verbs was not opened. 서맹하다 was not opened. The 가 and 이 articles were not opened. No causative was opened.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Korean frames: National Institute of Korean Language, Standard Korean Language Dictionary (표준국어대사전), for 약속하다 ([약쏘카다], the six patterns, 조카와, 결혼을, 만나기로, 마시지 않겠다고, 찾아간다고, 만나자고, 편지하겠다고, 한 집단에게), 다짐하다 (sense 1 아내에게, sense 2 전념할 것을 and 나 자신에게), 맹세하다 (부모님께, 아내에게 금연을, 국가에), 지키다 sense 3, 어기다 sense 1, the noun 약속, 유망하다 1, 밝다, 전망 3, 촉망되다 2, 드리다 sense 2, 권약하다, and the particles 에게, 께, 한테, and 께서. The connective -기로 was opened and is not the commitment pattern. The entries were read from stdict.korean.go.kr. The learner dictionary (한국어기초사전) was not opened. 501 Korean Verbs was not opened. 서맹하다 was not opened. The 가 and 이 articles were not opened. 께서 names them as the subject particles. No constructed bare pair of person and thing is filed. The two constructed lines reuse 선생님께, 찾아간다고, and 한테. No telicity claim is made.

Records 약속하다 with a dative Promisee, a comitative partner, and one object. Records -기로 and the quoted clause as subject control on a working claim. Records 다짐하다 sense 2 with the Promisee absent or on 자신. Records 께 on 맹세하다. Records a bare second object as unprinted. Records raising as unclear. Records the pledge as verb-built and 유망하다, 밝다, and 장래가 촉망되다 as state-built. No telicity claim is made.