sell · 팔다

Seller, goods, buyer, price · Korean marking · working claim, revisable

The seller is the subject. The learner-dictionary pattern writes that slot as 1이. The standard dictionary’s entry for 께서 calls 가/이 the subject particles, and calls 께서 their honorific, with -시- on the predicate. 판매하다 prints 점원이 판매하다, with -이. Several sellers of 팔다 are topics: 그는, 나는, 아버지는. The particle 는, sense 2, marks a topic after a noun with no final consonant, and the entry lists 은 as a reference form. 몇몇 농민들은 prints -은. The topic is the same person. It is a second marking of the seller, and the pattern still writes the slot as 1이. 아버지께서는 on 판매하다 stacks the honorific subject particle with -는, and the predicate is 하신다. These nouns take no case ending of their own. There is no ergative on these clauses.

팔다 · palda. The Standard Korean Language Dictionary, pattern 1 【…에/에게 …을】, sense 1: 값을 받고 물건이나 권리 따위를 남에게 넘기거나 노력 따위를 제공하다. The antonym label is 사다. The learner dictionary’s matching sense glosses 값을 받고 물건이나 권리를 남에게 넘기거나 노력 등을 제공하다, “to give an object or a right to someone, or to provide one’s effort, after receiving money for it,” and writes 1이 2에/에게 3을 팔다. The derivative listed there is 팔리다. The conjugation line is 팔아, 파니, 파오 in the standard dictionary, and 팔아, 파니, 팝니다 in the learner dictionary. One object slot is written, …을 or 3을. No pattern writes a second object.

The goods are that object. -을 follows a consonant and -를 follows a vowel. Printed objects of the sale: 책을, 땅을, 재주를, 빵을, 소를, 품을, 상품을, 물건을. 학생들에게 책을 팔다. 정부에 땅을 팔다. 그는 사람들에게 재주를 팔아서 먹고 산다. 나는 사람들에게 내가 만든 빵을 팔았다. The buyer in these lines is -에게 or, for the government, -에. The goods stay in -을/를. No line puts the buyer in that object slot.

The buyer, when the line names a person, is -에게. The particle entry, sense 2, is the target an action reaches, after a noun for a person or an animal. 학생들에게, 사람들에게, 소비자에게, 손님에게, 외국인에게, 다른 사람에게, 도매상들에게. -께 is the honorific of 에게. The particle entry’s sense 2 is that honorific, and the example is 부모님께 알려 드리고 싶어요. No sell line opened here prints -께. -한테 is the same target particle, and the entry says it is more colloquial than 에게. No sell line opened here prints -한테. A buyer in -께 or -한테 is constructed on those particle entries.

An institution can be -에. The pattern writes …에/에게 as one slot, and the examples split it. 정부에 땅을 팔다 puts the government in -에 and the land in -을. The passive prints 영화 판권이 외국 기업에 팔렸다: the film rights are the subject, and the foreign company is -에. A person in the buyer slot is -에게 on the lines opened here. A person in -에 as the buyer is unprinted. The learner line 다른 사람의 농사에 품을 팔아 puts -에 on 농사 and the object is 품. 농사 is not a person, and it is not a sum.

The price, where a learner line prints a sum, is -에. 판매하다 in the learner dictionary: 사과는 떨이라서 한 바구니에 이천 원에 판매하고 있어요. 이천 원에 is the sum. 한 바구니에 is the unit, one basket. Both wear -에. 팔리다 in the same dictionary: 그 그림은 … 높은 가격에 팔렸다. 높은 가격에 is the price, and 그 그림은 is the goods. The particle 에, sense 10, is a standard or a unit. The example is 쌀 한 말에 얼마지요? -에 there is on the measure 말, and the price is the question 얼마. That example is not a 팔다 clause, and -에 is not on the money. 만 원에 팔다 is constructed. It reuses the learner sum 이천 원에 on 팔다. The standard dictionary’s 팔다 entry prints no sum. Its 판매하다 entry prints the price noun with -으로: 물건을 생산비 이하의 가격으로 판매하는. The particle 으로 was opened. No sense there is a price, and no example is a sum. The line is recorded as printed.

팔리다 · pallida · the passive. The standard dictionary’s pattern is 【…에/에게】. Sense 1: 값을 받고 물건이나 권리 따위가 남에게 넘겨지거나 노력 따위가 제공되다. The gloss calls it ‘팔다’의 피동사. The etymology line writes -이-. The learner pattern is 1이 2에/에게 팔리다. The subject is the goods: 영화 판권이, 신상품이, 중고 제품이, 물건이, 그 그림은, 가게는. The buyer, when the line prints one, stays in -에게 or -에: 외국인에게, 다른 사람에게, 외국 기업에. The price, when the learner line prints one, is 높은 가격에. 중고 제품이 비싸게 팔렸다 prints 비싸게, an adverb, and no particle on a sum. 물건이 잘 팔리다 and 날개 돋친 듯 팔려 나갔다 name the goods and no buyer and no price. No passive line opened here makes the buyer the subject. The English page’s Wasn’t Chris sold a lawnmower has no pair in these entries.

판매하다 · 販賣하다. The headword is the Sino-Korean noun 판매, 販 and 賣, plus native 하다. The standard dictionary glosses the verb 상품 따위를 팔다 and writes the same pattern 【…에/에게 …을】. 소비자에게 상품을 판매하다. The learner pattern line is 1이 2를 판매하다, subject and object only, and the same entry still prints 손님에게 판매하다 and 이천 원에 판매하다. The similar-word label is 발매하다. That entry was not opened.

Where this frame diverges from English sell X to Y for Z. The English page prints Pat sold a lawnmower to Chris, Pat sold Chris a lawnmower for twenty dollars, and Wasn’t Chris sold a lawnmower for twenty dollars. The goods are an object. The buyer is to plus a noun, or a bare first object. The price is for plus the sum. The passive can make the buyer the subject. 팔다 puts the goods in -을/를, as English puts them in an object. The pattern writes one object. A bare buyer beside the goods is unprinted. English sold Chris a lawnmower has no pair in these entries. The person who buys is -에게, and the honorific and the colloquial forms are -께 and -한테, unprinted on the sell lines. An institution is -에, 정부에 and 외국 기업에. The price on the learner lines is the same -에, 이천 원에 and 높은 가격에, and one standard-dictionary line prints 가격으로. 팔리다 makes the goods the subject and keeps a printed buyer in -에/에게. The Japanese page records the buyer as に and the price as で, and it blocks a second object. Korean -에게 is the person-buyer, in that same role as に. Korean price -에 stays off the object, in that same role as で. The particles are not the same. Japanese に on that page is the buyer, and an institutional buyer in Korean can be -에, the particle the learner price also wears.