Promiser, Promisee, Theme · Finnish marking · working claim, revisable
luvata is a lexical verb. Kielitoimiston sanakirja (KS) prints Kotus type 73*E. The inflection block gives the first infinitive luvata, present lupaan, past lupasi, the second participle luvannut, and the passive past luvattiin. The header cross-refers the adjective lupaava. English Wiktionary, Finnish section, derives the verb from Proto-Finnic *lubat'ak, equivalent to lupa plus -ta, IPA /ˈluʋɑtɑˣ/, and files Kotus type 73*E/salata with p–v gradation. Sense 1 there is transitive “to promise, vow”, with the allative and a first infinitive or a possessive present participle. Sense 2 there is transitive “to bode”. The Ingrian entry on the same page is a different language. It is not used here. Turkish söz vermek puts a noun in the object slot. Japanese 約束する is a verbal noun plus する. English Wiktionary labels the bode sense “usually atelic”. No telicity claim is made from that label, from the partitive, or from the total object.
KS sense 1 is vakuuttaa antavansa jklle jtak, suostua t. sitoutua tekemään jtak, antaa lupaus, sanansa jstak. The Promiser is the nominative subject. A full noun shows no case suffix. KS prints Pankki lupasi lainan, lainaa and Hän lupasi, että saamme lähteä. The person can sit on the verb alone: Lupaan, että teen sen ensi tilassa and Lupasi hoitaa asian. Iso suomen kielioppi (VISK) §910 is the agreeing nominative subject, already the subject case on myydä. No spelled minä is in the Lupaan line.
The Promisee is allative -lle, not a bare object. KS prints Luvata jklle rahaa, tukensa. jklle is the dictionary’s allative of joku. English Wiktionary names that slot allative and prints Voin luvata sinulle, ettei niin pääse enää käymään. sinulle is sinä plus -lle. VISK §1257: the allative is the tulosijainen counterpart of the adessive, and in the possessive pattern it marks the recipient (vastaanottaja). The owe page already quotes that paragraph for minulle and sinulle. A bare object Promisee, sinut or a noun with no ending in that slot, is unprinted. English promise can leave the person bare or put to on it. Swedish lova prints a bare second ngn and no preposition. German versprechen spells a dative ending.
The Theme, when the line names a thing, is one nominal, and that nominal has two case series. KS prints both in one line: Pankki lupasi lainan, lainaa. lainan is laina plus -n. lainaa is the partitive. Luvata jklle rahaa, tukensa prints the partitive rahaa. Luvata uskollisuutta and Luvata liikoja, turhia are partitive. VISK §925: the object cases are partitive, genitive, nominative, and accusative. The partitive object is the partitive. The other three are the total object. §1226 records the older name accusative for every non-partitive object case, and the name genitive accusative for the n-form. This grammar calls the n-form genitive. The t-accusative is only the personal pronoun (minut, sinut). No promise line opened here prints that t-form as the Theme. §934: a singular total object is genitive when the verb agrees with a basic subject, and a possessive suffix hides the nominative/genitive ending. tukensa wears -nsa. The ending of the case is not spelled. Luvata kirja lainaksi prints kirja with no -n, and lainaksi is translative. That citation is not given a clause subject. It is not filed here as a nominative-object rule.
A negated nominal object of luvata is unprinted in the KS entry. The negative line that is printed is En voi luvata pääseväni. The negation sits on voida, and the complement is the participle. VISK §932 states the general rule: in a negative clause the object is in the partitive. The section’s examples are not luvata. Pankki ei luvannut lainaa reuses the printed partitive lainaa, the printed subject Pankki, and the third-person past negative ei luvannut from the English Wiktionary conjugation table. It is constructed. §930 also discusses the partitive and the total object in an affirmative clause. No telicity claim is made from that discussion, or from the pair lainan, lainaa.
The pledged act, when it is an infinitive of luvata itself, is the first infinitive. KS prints Lupasi hoitaa asian. hoitaa is the short form of the A-infinitive. asian is the object of hoitaa, not a second Theme of lupasi. VISK §469 puts luvata in group (a), with haluta and päättää. That group requires a sentient subject (tajunnallinen subjekti) and can take a noun phrase, an infinitive phrase, or a clause as its object. The same section says the infinitive phrase has a shared subject (yhteinen subjekti) with the governing verb. The sentence that illustrates the shared subject is about pelätä, not a luvata line. §492 calls the A-infinitive base form an object or subject complement, and the MA-infinitive illative an adverbial complement. English Wiktionary names the first infinitive in the government of sense 1 and does not print an infinitive example. Lupaan tulla has the same A-infinitive shape as Lupasi hoitaa asian. It is constructed.
Control. Working claim, revisable. KS, VISK, and English Wiktionary do not use the word. In Lupasi hoitaa asian the one who handles the matter is the subject of lupasi. VISK’s name for that share is yhteinen subjekti. The ordinary pledge keeps the act with the Promiser. The finite clause does not. KS prints Lupaan, että teen sen ensi tilassa, where teen is the same person as lupaan, and Voin luvata, että pidät esityksestä, where pidät is a different person. English Wiktionary prints Voin luvata sinulle, ettei niin pääse enää käymään. The ettei-clause has its own subject. A rare permission line is a different infinitive. KS sense 2 is antaa jklle lupa t. suostumus tehdä jtak, and prints Hän lupasi, että saamme lähteä. Under the label Harv. it prints Lupasi lasten mennä elokuviin, lapset elokuviin. lasten is genitive, and that genitive is the one who goes. lapset elokuviin is a nominative plus an illative, with no infinitive. That pair is not the shared-subject A-infinitive of sense 1.
A third clausal shape is the referative participle. KS prints En voi luvata pääseväni. pääseväni is the present participle plus a possessive suffix. English Wiktionary names that possessive participle beside the first infinitive and does not print this sentence. VISK §473 is the general pattern: a verb that can take an että-clause can generally also take a referatiivirakenne. The section’s table is sanoa and uskoa, not luvata. The referative is not filed here as a second control type. It is a printed shape of the complement.
Prospect, no Promisee in the forecast lines. KS sense 3 is antaa aihetta odottaa jtak, antaa toiveita jstak, enteillä, olla lupauksena jstak. The examples are Teos antaa vähemmän kuin lupaa, Muutokset lupaavat hyvää, Säätiedotuksessa luvattiin sadetta, and Iltarusko lupaa poutaa. hyvää, sadetta, and poutaa are partitive. No allative Promisee is in any of the four lines. Muutokset and Iltarusko are not promisers. Säätiedotuksessa luvattiin sadetta is passive. The inessive säätiedotuksessa is the forecast, not a Promisee. English Wiktionary’s bode sense prints Nämä tapahtumat lupaavat hyvää, with the synonyms enteillä and povata. luvata hyvää is that partitive. The string Sää lupaa sadetta is not in the KS entry. It reuses sadetta and the inanimate shape of Iltarusko lupaa poutaa. It is constructed. §469’s sentient-subject requirement is for the infinitive group. These forecast lines have no infinitive. The dictionaries do not use the word raising. Working claim, revisable: the subject of the forecast is not a Promiser, and there is no Promisee.
Copular coercion. Working claim, revisable. The pledge and the forecast stay on the verb luvata. KS senses 1 and 3 are verb-built. The sense 3 definition itself writes the paraphrase olla lupauksena jstak. lupauksena is essive. That paraphrase is in the gloss. It is not a second example sentence. The noun has a printed copula of its own. KS lupaus prints Ilmassa oli jo lupaus keväästä. oli is the copula. lupaus is the predicate nominal. kevästä is elative. English Wiktionary glosses the noun as a promise or a pledge, with a first infinitive or an elative, and prints pitää lupauksensa and rikkoa lupauksensa. The adjective is a separate word. KS lupaava is toiveita antava t. herättävä, and prints Lupaava oppilas, Lupaava ura, Lupaava alku, and Tulevaisuus näyttää lupaavalta. näyttää is the verb. lupaavalta is ablative. English Wiktionary files lupaava as an adjective and as the present active participle of luvata. Tulevaisuus on lupaava reuses the printed noun and the adjective, and replaces näyttää plus the ablative with olla. It is constructed. The participle luvattu is printed as an attribute: Annettu luvattu lahja, Luvattu maa, and Espanjassa, turistien luvatussa maassa. luvatussa maassa is inessive. KS’s bracket on the gift is lupausta ei saa rikkoa. English Wiktionary’s conjugation table prints the passive perfect on luvattu. A clause Se on luvattu is not a filed example. It is constructed. Olen jo lupautunut muualle is a printed olla plus participle, and it belongs to lupautua, below. Ydinaseettomuuteen sitoutuneet maat is an attributive participle of sitoutua. A finite on sitoutunut clause is unprinted in the KS examples opened here.
lupautua is a separate intransitive verb, not a reflexive pronoun beside luvata. KS lupautua is Kotus type 52*F, antaa lupaus jhk t. jksik ryhtymisestä. The examples are Lupautua avustajaksi, Lupautua tekemään jtak, and Olen jo lupautunut muualle. avustajaksi is translative. tekemään is the illative of the third infinitive. muualle is illative. Olen jo lupautunut is olla plus the participle. English Wiktionary derives the verb as luvata plus -utua and glosses it “to promise (to), agree (to)”, with a translative or the illative of the third infinitive. The printed sentence is Lupauduin heille kuljettajaksi. heille is allative. kuljettajaksi is translative. The same note says the difference from luvata is more one of use than of meaning, and rewrites that sentence as lupasin olla heidän kuljettajansa. No reflexive pronoun is in any of these lines. The conjugation table prints olen lupautunut as the perfect cell. The KS clause adds jo and the illative muualle.
vannoa is the oath, not this frame. KS vannoa is vakuuttaa, todistaa valalla; vakuuttaa, luvata ehdottomasti. It prints Hän vannoi minulle ikuista rakkautta, allative plus partitive, and Vannoi, ettei ikinä enää ryyppäisi. English Wiktionary glosses “to swear, vow” and prints vannoa vala, vannoa plus a genitive plus nimeen, a government note that puts an allative with vannoa uskollisuutta, and Olisin voinut vannoa, että…. The luvata article lists vannoa as a synonym of sense 1. The frames are not the same. The oath lines name a vala or nimeen. The pledge lines do not.
taata is the guarantee. KS taata, the verb, is Kotus type 73*D. Sense 1 is sitoutua vastaamaan jkn velvoituksista, vars. velasta, and prints Takasi poikansa lainan. lainan is the n-form. No allative is in that line. Sense 3 is antaa lupaus, vakuutus, takuu, and prints Taata jkn rehellisyys and Takaan, että tämä solmu pitää. Kuningas takasi saarelle itsehallinnon puts the allative on saarelle. That allative is a place, not a Promisee. An allative Promisee of taata is unprinted in the examples opened. English Wiktionary glosses the Finnish verb “to guarantee, warrant” and does not print an allative person.
sitoutua is the commitment, and the complement is illative. KS sitoutua sense 2 is antaa sitoumus, lupautua t. luvata sitovasti. It prints Sitoutua noudattamaan ohjeita, Sitoutui toimeen määräajaksi, and Sitoutua vastaamaan jkn veloista. noudattamaan is the illative of the third infinitive. toimeen is illative. määräajaksi is translative. veloista is elative. Ydinaseettomuuteen sitoutuneet maat is the illative on an attributive participle. English Wiktionary glosses the verb as intransitive “to pledge, engage, adhere, commit”, with an illative or the illative of the third infinitive, and prints hakijamaan tulee sitoutua unionin perusperiaatteisiin. The conjugation table prints olen sitoutunut as the perfect cell. KS does not print a finite on sitoutunut clause in the examples opened. Hän on sitoutunut toimeen reuses the printed illative toimeen and that perfect cell. It is constructed. The chemistry sense, bound to something, is not the pledge.
501 Finnish Verbs was not opened. No telicity claim is made.
Where this frame diverges from English promise. English promise her a book is one bare person and one thing, and English can also put to on the person. English promise to V puts to on the act, and promise that is the finite clause. Finnish Luvata jklle rahaa and Voin luvata sinulle put the person in the allative. A bare object in that slot is unprinted. The thing is partitive or a total object, and KS prints both lainan and lainaa. Under negation the object is partitive by the general rule in §932. The ordinary pledged act is an A-infinitive, and the promiser does it. An että-clause has its own subject, and that subject can differ, as in pidät. Muutokset lupaavat hyvää, Iltarusko lupaa poutaa, and Säätiedotuksessa luvattiin sadetta have no Promisee. lupautua takes a translative or a third-infinitive illative, and prints olla plus the participle. sitoutua takes the illative. vannoa is the oath. taata is the guarantee. luvata hyvää is the partitive of the forecast.