Promiser, Promisee, Theme · Bulgarian marking · working claim, revisable
обещавам. Речник на българския език heads the article ОБЕЩА̀ВАМ, -аш, несв.; обеща̀я, -а̀еш, мин. св. -а̀х, св., прех. The usual complement is a following clause with да or че: Обикн. със следв. изр. със съюз да или че. The one-volume article, as served at rechnik.chitanka.info and at talkoven.onlinerechnik.com, is the same pair: обеща̀ваш, несв. и обеща̀я, св. Sense 1 government is Какво, На кого. The Promiser is the subject. A full noun has no case ending. The person is on the verb: Обещах, обещава, обещават. Spelled subjects are printed on the forecast lines and on Yavorov: Денят, Сказката, те. No telicity claim is made. The dictionary’s несв. and св. are aspect labels. Sense 2 is marked Само несв.
The Promisee, where a line fills it, is a short dative or на+DP. Talev, as РБЕ prints it: Майстор Кочо му обеща да го учи на занаята. му is the short dative. Dichev: една дъщеря обещах на манастира. на манастира is the preposition plus a noun. The noun has no dative ending. Влахова-Руйкова, Практическа граматика, morphology of the personal pronouns, says prepositional phrases replace the case forms, and that the short dative forms are clitics, words with no stress of their own. The short indirect-object forms she names are ми, ти, му, ни, ви, им, and the feminine short form beside (на) нея. Her served page writes that feminine short form й. On обещавам the filled short dative is му. ми, ти, ни, ви, им, and the feminine short dative are unprinted on this verb. The one-volume slot is На кого. It is not filled with a second noun in that article. English promise her a book is one bare person and one thing. These lines write a short dative, or на plus a noun, or no person. A bare person beside a bare thing is unprinted. No constructed bare pair is filed.
Clitic doubling of the Promisee is unprinted on this verb. Влахова-Руйкова, syntax of the object, says doubling is characteristic of the indirect object as well as the direct object. Her indirect-object lines are На тях им изпратиха покани по пощата, На детето му порасна първото зъбче, На нея й казаха резултата веднага, На Мария й дадоха главната роля. None of those verbs is обещавам. РБЕ prints му without на+DP, and на манастира without a short dative. This page does not construct a doubled Promisee.
The Theme is one direct-object DP, or a да-clause, or a че-clause. The DP is Dichev една дъщеря, and, on sense 2, добро and богато развитие. The Bulgarian–English article glosses ОБЕЩАВАМ награда and ОБЕЩАВАМ подкрепата си. Those are gloss frames, not full clauses. си there is on the noun. It is not обещавам си. The да-clause is Talev да го учи на занаята, the one-volume Обещах да се върна навреме, and the forecast lines below. The че-clause is Undzhiev че ще го изпрати в Русия да продължи учението си. пред всички in that line is пред+DP. The definition’s пред някого is the same preposition. It is not the На кого slot.
There is no infinitive Theme. Влахова-Руйкова, non-finite forms, says the verb in contemporary Bulgarian has lost the infinitive. The dictionary citation form is the first person singular of the present. Remnants she names are shortened infinitives in a negative imperative, недей ходи, недей плака, недей приказва. Those lines are not обещавам. РБЕ, the one-volume article, and the bilingual article do not print an infinitive of обещавам or обещая. The act is a finite verb after да or че. върна in да се върна is first person singular, the same person as Обещах. учи in да го учи is third person singular, the same person as обеща. изпрати in ще го изпрати is third person singular. English promise to call is a to-infinitive. This page does not construct an infinitive of обещавам.
Control. Working claim, revisable. The sources do not use the word. In Обещах да се върна both verbs are first person singular. In Talev, Кочо is the one who promises and the one who would teach: учи agrees with him, and го is the learner. му is that learner as Promisee. The line does not make му the one who teaches. A да-clause whose subject is the Promisee is unprinted.
Aspect. The header pairs imperfective обещавам with perfective обещая. Chitanka labels them несвършен вид and свършен вид. Sense 2 of РБЕ is Само несв. 3 л. ед. и мн. The forecast examples are imperfective: обещаваше, обещава, обещават. This page does not treat the perfective as an endpoint.
давам дума, давам обещание, кълна се, заклевам се, обещавам си. Notes only, where a source names them. Dichev, inside the обещавам article, prints Дума дадох in the same speech as една дъщеря обещах на манастира. The synonym article lists давам обещание, давам дума, and заклевам се beside the verb, and prints no frame of its own. РБЕ обещание prints не дадоха положително обещание. The noun is the object. No Promisee is in that line. РБЕ кълна се sense 1 is the oath, with че and with в, and the definition names заклевам се. Sense 2 is glossed Заричам се, обещавам си като с клетва да извърша нещо. The gloss names обещавам си. The examples are кълна се, not a clause of обещавам си. A clause of обещавам си is unprinted. Sense 3 prints the short dative on the oath: кълна ви се. РБЕ заклевам се prints че, пред, and Заклевам ви се. Transitive заклевам те is a different frame: the person is the accusative short form те, and the да-clause is what that person is adjured to do. It is not the Promisee of обещавам.
The reflexive се is not си. РБЕ prints a passive, обещавам се, обещая се страд., and the line Често се обещават невъзможни неща. The thing is the subject. A separate intransitive, labelled Остар., is ОБЕЩА̀ВАМ СЕ несв.; обеща̀я се св., непрех. Vazov: Обещава се да изпрати веднага по твое поискване една петнадесет хилядна войска. Stoyanov: са обещаваха с клетва, че ще да го запалят сами. Konstantinov: обещах се да ви разкажа една случка. се is the short accusative reflexive. ви in да ви разкажа is inside the да-clause. It is not a Promisee of обещах се.
Raising. Unclear. The dictionaries do not use the word. Sense 2 is an imperfective third-person forecast, with no Promisee. РБЕ: Денят обещаваше да бъде хубав, която обещаваше да доведе до добър резултат, Сказката обещава да бъде много интересна, не обещаваше добро, обещават богато развитие. The one-volume line is Денят обещава да бъде топъл. The bilingual line is денят обещава да бъде хубав. бъде agrees with Денят and with Сказката. обещава да вали is unprinted. This page does not say the rain reading is absent. It says the rain line was not in the articles opened.
Copular coercion. Working claim, revisable. The pledge is verb-built on обещавам and обещая. The head is the verb. Sense 2 is also verb-built. The forecast is the same verb plus да бъде, or a direct-object DP, not a copula. обещаващ is an adjective in РБЕ, прил., defined as Който обещава (във 2 знач.), дава надежди за нещо. The printed lines are attributive: обещаваща усмивка, обещаваща любезност. Chitanka lists обещаващ as the present active participle of the verb. The bilingual article glosses обещаващ as promising and prints ОБЕЩАВАЩ човек and ОБЕЩАВАЩ художник, both attributive. A clause е обещаващ is unprinted. The flag for the pledge and for the forecast is verb-built. A state-built clause of the adjective is unprinted.
Where this frame diverges from English promise. English promise her a book is one bare person and one thing, or to plus the person, and the act can be a to-infinitive. обещавам writes the person as a short dative, му, or as на plus a noun, and the thing as one direct object. The act is да plus a finite verb that shows person, Обещах да се върна, or a че-clause. An infinitive is unprinted. Денят обещаваше да бъде хубав is that finite да-clause with no Promisee, where English prints promises to be. обещава да вали is unprinted. Japanese に is the one-directional person on that page. Hungarian neki is the dative on the Hungarian page.