Arguments

Borrower, Theme, Source · one lemma · Bokmål cloth · working claim, revisable

Borrow · Voice[Borrower] + ThemeOBJ + Sourceav+person · Bokmålsordboka 1 hun lånte bilen av moren sin · NAOB 1.1 han får lånt noen kroner av Bernhard · Språkrådet av/ hos broren min · hos is that entry’s muntlig stil

Place and institution, as printed · library på biblioteket · bank i banken · institution fra inside the definition of låne inn · fra annen (kultur)institusjon · a person after fra is unprinted · fra biblioteket and fra banken are unprinted

Lend · the same låne · Lender subject · Theme object · Recipient a bare object pronoun, or til+DP · låne bort · låne ut · Bokmålsordboka 4 kan du låne meg en tier? · hun lånte bort sykkelen sin · bankene låner ut penger · NAOB til folk · see lend · låne

A borrowing, on this reading, has a Borrower, a Theme, and a Source. Bokmålsordboka’s sense 1 is få noe til bruk en viss tid. NAOB’s sense 1 is få seg overlatt til midlertidig bruk. The time wording is the definition’s. This page quotes it and does not turn it into an aspect claim. The Borrower is the subject. The Theme is the object: bilen, bøker, en bok, penger, noen kroner. Full noun phrases show no case ending. The person-Source is av plus a noun phrase: av moren sin, av Bernhard, av broren min. Voice adds the Borrower. The root’s object is the Theme. av adds the person. A library sits in på. A bank sits in i. The institution in the låne inn definition sits in fra. Those three prepositions are not one English from.

Where the frame sits against the English gloss. English borrow X from Y uses one verb and one preposition. The borrower is the subject. From covers a person and a place. Lend is a different verb, with a bare recipient or to. låne keeps both directions on one lemma. The get reading is sense 1 in both dictionaries. The give reading is Bokmålsordboka sense 4 and NAOB sense 2. A line with only a theme does not spell the direction by itself. Bokmålsordboka files låne penger and låne bøker på biblioteket under the get sense, and files kan du låne meg en tier? under the give sense. English from a person is av in the lines of the returnable thing. English from a library is not printed as fra. The library line is på biblioteket. The bank line is i banken. English lend is not a second Norwegian lemma. The give marker is a bare object pronoun, låne bort, or låne ut, and a named Recipient on the particle line sits in til.

The person-Source is av. fra is printed, and its complements in the lines read are not that person. Bokmålsordboka sense 1 prints hun lånte bilen av moren sin. NAOB sense 1.1 prints han får lånt noen kroner av Bernhard. Språkrådet’s Bokmål line is jeg fikk låne boka av/ hos broren min (hos er muntlig stil). The parentheses and the label are the entry’s. NAOB’s Bernt Lie citation is låne kokkepiken hos Foksens, with no muntlig label in the line as read. hos is not ranked against av. Bokmålsordboka sense 2 prints ordet er lånt fra engelsk and bandet låner elementer fra jazzen. Sense 3, subtraction, prints låne fra tallet foran. NAOB sense 3 prints ordet «universitet» er lånt fra latin and skikken er lånt fra keltisk kultur. The låne inn definition is låne (kunstverk e.l.) for en begrenset periode fra annen (kultur)institusjon. That fra is an institution. The examples under the definition are låne inn et maleri til en utstilling and låne inn en bok til biblioteket. Those examples do not repeat fra. A person after fra is unprinted. fra biblioteket and fra banken are unprinted. They are not filled in from English from.

The lend reading is the same root. The marker is not av. Bokmålsordboka sense 4 is la noen få bruke noe en viss tid. The examples are kan du låne meg en tier?, hun lånte bort sykkelen sin, bankene låner ut penger, and låne navnet sitt til et opprop. NAOB sense 2 adds også med partikkelen ut. Jacobsen’s line is Adolf låner ikke ut båtene sine, fremfor alt ikke til folk som ikke kan ro. Ibsen’s Peer Gynt line under sense 2.3 is [jeg] låner pengene til tyrken. The bare forms in the give examples are pronouns. Bokmålsordboka prints meg. NAOB prints henne, mig, dem, deg, and meg. They do not spell a dative ending. A bare full noun in the meg slot is unprinted. Dutch lenen makes the same kind of cut, with van against aan or a bare indirect object, and uitlenen is a separate lend-only lemma. Norwegian ut stays on låne. Bulgarian вземам назаем is an adverb on a take verb, and the person-Source от is printed on заемам, the same lemma as the lend clitic. Norwegian prints av on låne itself. Which theta role is the object when a bare pronoun sits beside the Theme on the give reading is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Places · who wears which marking

Bokmålsordboka and NAOB do not put a borrower, a thing, a person-source, and a recipient in one clause. Sense 1 is the borrow frame. Sense 4 and NAOB sense 2 are the lend frame. Pat and Chris continue the named-participant series on selge. A name does not spell case. av Chris and til Chris are the prepositions. The time wording in the definitions is quoted and is not given an aspect label. The articles do not print a V2 rule. The order below is the order of the clauses they print.

låne · get · av of the person · the thing is the object

✓ få noe til bruk en viss tid · hun lånte bilen av moren sin · låne penger · låne bøker på biblioteket Bokmålsordboka · sense 1 · av moren sin · på biblioteket · no fra

✓ få seg overlatt til midlertidig bruk · låne en bok på biblioteket · han får lånt noen kroner av Bernhard NAOB · sense 1 and 1.1 · Michelet · av Bernhard · på biblioteket

✓ låne penger i banken, i obligasjonsmarkedet · låne penger til høy rente NAOB · sense 1.1 · i of the bank · til høy rente is the rate phrase · not a Recipient

✓ jeg fikk låne boka av/ hos broren min (hos er muntlig stil) Språkrådet · preposisjonsbruk · Bokmål line · the label is the entry’s

✓ [presten kunne] låne kokkepiken hos Foksens NAOB · sense 1 · Bernt Lie · hos · no muntlig label in this line

to get something for a time. She borrowed the car from her mother. He gets a few kroner from Bernhard. The person is av. The library is på. The bank is i.

fra · an institution in a definition · a word, a domain, a digit · not the person of av

✓ låne (kunstverk e.l.) for en begrenset periode fra annen (kultur)institusjon · låne inn et maleri til en utstilling · låne inn en bok til biblioteket NAOB · sense 1 expression · fra is in the definition · the examples’ til is the exhibition or the library · inn is the get-side particle

✓ ordet er lånt fra engelsk · bandet låner elementer fra jazzen · låne fra tallet foran Bokmålsordboka · sense 2 linguistic · sense 3 subtraction · off the returnable thing

✓ ordet «universitet» er lånt fra latin · skikken er lånt fra keltisk kultur NAOB · sense 3 · a language · a culture · not av moren sin

to take a work in from another institution, in the definition. The word is borrowed from English. Those fra phrases are not the person of the car.

The same låne · give · bare object pronoun · bort · ut · til of the Recipient

✓ la noen få bruke noe en viss tid · kan du låne meg en tier? · hun lånte bort sykkelen sin · bankene låner ut penger Bokmålsordboka · sense 4 · bare meg · bort · ut · no person in the particle lines

✓ låne bort noe Bokmålsordboka · adverb bort 4 · fra én persons eie til en annen person · the fra and til are the adverb’s definition · beside leie bort

✓ også med partikkelen ut · Adolf låner ikke ut båtene sine, fremfor alt ikke til folk som ikke kan ro · [jeg] låner pengene til tyrken NAOB · sense 2 and 2.3 · Jacobsen · Ibsen, Peer Gynt · til folk · til tyrken · ikke stands between the verb and ut

to let someone use something for a time. Can you lend me a ten-kroner note? The banks lend money out. He does not lend his boats out to people who cannot row.

Places of låne: introducer, Norwegian marking, case status, English and sibling marking
PlaceIntroduced by (working)Norwegian markingCase statusEnglish and sibling marking
BorrowerSpec,Voice of the get framesubject · no ending on a full nounhun lånte, han får lånt, jeg fikk låne · a line with only a theme does not spell the direction · Bokmålsordboka files låne penger under sense 1subject of borrow · subject of lenen beside van · subject of вземам назаем · subject of заемам sense 2 beside от
Themecomplement of lånethe one object · no case endingbilen, bøker, en bok, penger, noen kroner, boka · a sum in the object slot is one objectdirect object of borrow · the one object of lenen · the object of вземам, no case ending
Source, personav on the get frameav + DP · hos printed, Språkrådet’s muntlig stil on one lineav moren sin, av Bernhard, av broren min · hos broren min, hos Foksens · a person after fra is unprinted · it is not filled in and it is not starredfrom of borrow · Dutch van · Bulgarian от on заемам · Polish od + genitive
Library, bank, institutionprinted prepositions, unranked against avpå · i · fra of an institution in a definitionpå biblioteket · i banken, i obligasjonsmarkedet · fra annen (kultur)institusjon · fra biblioteket and fra banken unprinted · the examples of låne inn do not repeat fraEnglish from a place is one preposition · Norwegian prints three · Dutch bij de bibliotheek is the other one-lemma place phrase, unranked there against van
LenderSpec,Voice of the give framesubject of that frame, and of låne ut / låne bortthe lemma does not change · bankene låner ut · hun lånte bort · the lend filing is lånesubject of lend · subject of lenen when the other human is aan or a bare indirect object
Recipientlow ApplHAVE of the give frame · not a place of the get framea bare object pronoun · or til + DP · beside låne ut when the person is namedmeg en tier · til folk, til tyrken · full DPs show no ending · a bare full DP in the pronoun slot is unprinted · the dictionaries print no colloquial label on the pronounbare object of lend, or to · Dutch aan or a bare indirect object · Bulgarian dative clitic or на · a full noun has no dative ending here either

Marking map. Read the other phrase. av is the person one borrows from. på and i are the library and the bank. fra in the returnable-thing material is the institution in the låne inn definition. til and a bare object pronoun are the Recipient of the give reading.

EN ⇄ NO valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with its Norwegian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (English from a person ↔ av; English from a library ↔ på, not fra; a bare recipient or to of lend ↔ a bare object pronoun or til), or one lemma where English uses two. Dictionary lines come first. The constructed Norwegian sentence is modelled on a printed line. It shows the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Norwegian valency alignment for borrow, one row per argument
SlotEN formNO formAlignEN exampleNO example
BorrowerSUBJ of borrowsubject of the get sense of låne= the subject takes · the lemma also has the lender’s subjectShe borrowed the car from her mother. glosshun lånte bilen av moren sin Bokmålsordboka
ThemeOBJthe one object · no case ending=the car · books glossesbilen Bokmålsordboka · en bok NAOB
Source, personfromav + DP · hos is Språkrådet’s muntlig stilshift · the lemma does not change · fra of this person is unprinted · Dutch van is the other one-lemma person-sourceborrow the car from her mother Englishav moren sin Bokmålsordboka · av Bernhard NAOB
Libraryfrom / at the librarypå biblioteketprinted · fra biblioteket is unprinted · not filled inborrow books from the library Englishlåne bøker på biblioteket Bokmålsordboka
Bankfrom the banki bankenprinted · fra banken is unprintedborrow money from the bank Englishlåne penger i banken NAOB
Institutionfrom an institutionfra + institution, in the låne inn definitionprinted in the definition · the examples do not repeat fra · til there is the exhibition or the libraryborrow a work from another institution gloss of the definitionfra annen (kultur)institusjon NAOB · definition
LenderSUBJ of lend · a different English lemmasubject of the same låneone Norwegian lemma for a direction English keeps on lendCan you lend me a ten-kroner note? glosskan du låne meg en tier? Bokmålsordboka
Recipientbare object, or tobare object pronoun · or til + DP · beside låne ut / låne bortshift · not the Source · Dutch aan or a bare indirect object · Bulgarian clitic or наlend the boats to people glosstil folk NAOB · Jacobsen · meg Bokmålsordboka
Person after frafrom a personfra + personunprinted · the person-source is av · not starredborrow the book from Chris Englishfra Chris unprinted · not a dictionary line · not constructed as a frame

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Norwegian under it. The subject chip is the borrower when the other phrase is av, på, or fra of an institution, and the lender when the other human is til or a bare pronoun.

EN · NO · Source av

av moren sin

She borrowed the car from her mother.

hun lånte bilen av moren sin

NO · Bokmålsordboka · sense 1 · av is the person-source · Dutch van is the other one-lemma person-source

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower 3sg Source av moren sin Theme bilen

Move av where English has from a person and a second verb

EN · NO · library på

på biblioteket

Borrow books at the library.

låne bøker på biblioteket

NO · Bokmålsordboka · sense 1 · NAOB prints låne en bok på biblioteket · fra biblioteket is unprinted

RolesHide roles ThemePlace
Theme bøker Place på biblioteket

Move the library is på · not the person-source av

EN · NO · institution fra

fra annen institusjon

Borrow a work from another institution for a limited period.

låne (kunstverk e.l.) for en begrenset periode fra annen (kultur)institusjon

NO · NAOB · definition of låne inn · the examples do not repeat fra · til en utstilling is the place the work comes into

RolesHide roles ThemeSource
Theme kunstverk Source fra annen (kultur)institusjon

Move fra of an institution · a person after fra is unprinted

EN · NO · same låne · lend · til

låner ikke ut … til folk

He does not lend his boats out to people who cannot row.

Adolf låner ikke ut båtene sine, fremfor alt ikke til folk som ikke kan ro

NO · NAOB · Jacobsen · ut on the same lemma · til Recipient · Dutch uitlenen is another lemma

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme
Lender Adolf Recipient til folk Theme båtene sine

Move give reading · til is not av · the lend filing is låne

Examples

Argument difference. English borrow X from Y does not mean lend. The source of borrow is from, for a person and for a place. The recipient of lend is a bare object or to. låne is one lemma. The get frame has the borrower as subject, the thing as object, and the person as av. A library is på. A bank is i. An institution in the låne inn definition is fra. The give frame has a bare object pronoun, låne bort, or låne ut, and til when the Recipient is named. Dutch lenen uses van against aan or a bare indirect object. Bulgarian вземам назаем prints the thing and the adverb, and the person-Source от is on заемам.

Dictionary lines · quoted as printed

hun lånte bilen av moren sin Bokmålsordboka · bm/34687 · sense 1

låne bøker på biblioteket · låne en bok på biblioteket Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · låne

han får lånt noen kroner av Bernhard · låne penger i banken NAOB · sense 1.1 · Michelet

fra annen (kultur)institusjon NAOB · definition of låne inn

jeg fikk låne boka av/ hos broren min (hos er muntlig stil) Språkrådet · preposisjonsbruk

kan du låne meg en tier? · lånte bort sykkelen sin · låner ut penger · til folk Bokmålsordboka sense 4 · NAOB · Jacobsen

The clause below is constructed, modelled on hun lånte bilen av moren sin and av Bernhard. It is not a dictionary line. Pat and Chris do not spell case.

✓ Pat låner boken av Chris.

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower Pat Source av Chris Theme boken

constructed · modelled on Bokmålsordboka av moren sin and NAOB av Bernhard · not a citation

✓ hun lånte bilen av moren sin

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower hun Source av moren sin Theme bilen

Bokmålsordboka · sense 1 · subject, finite verb, object, av · the article does not label that order V2

Diagnostic checklist

  1. ✓ av moren sin · av Bernhard person-Source · Bokmålsordboka · NAOB
  2. ✓ på biblioteket · i banken place · not fra
  3. ✓ fra annen (kultur)institusjon NAOB · definition · institution
  4. ✓ fra engelsk · fra latin a word · not this av
  5. ✓ meg · bort · ut · til folk give reading of the same lemma
  6. ✓ hos Språkrådet · muntlig stil · NAOB Lie prints hos Foksens with no such label
  7. ✓ å låne, låner, lånte, har lånt Bokmålsordboka · inflection table · morphology · not an aspect claim

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Borrower to Voice and the Theme to the root. av is the person-Source. på, i, and the definition’s fra stay the prepositions the articles print. The lender drawing gives a bare pronoun or til to the Recipient. Open one sketch at a time.

Voice · borrower · av of the person

One external argument · the person is av · not a bare indirect object

[VoiceP hun Voice                     ← Borrower · lånte
  [VP
     [PP av moren sin ]                 ← Source · av + DP
     [√låne-
        [Theme bilen ]]]]               ← object · no case ending
                                         · Bokmålsordboka sense 1

hun lånte bilen av moren sin Bokmålsordboka

The subject takes. av is the person. A bare moren in the recipient slot is the give shape, and it is unprinted as a full noun. Dutch van me is the same kind of source phrase: the pronoun sits inside the preposition. Bulgarian от is that source on заемам, and the take-plus-adverb lines of вземам do not fill it.

på, i, and fra · three printed phrases

Not one English from · unranked against av

på biblioteket                         ← Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · library
i banken                               ← NAOB · sense 1.1 · bank
fra annen (kultur)institusjon          ← NAOB · definition of låne inn
fra engelsk / fra latin                ← a word · off the returnable thing
fra biblioteket / fra banken / fra Chris ← unprinted · not constructed

✓ på biblioteket · i banken · fra annen (kultur)institusjon Bokmålsordboka · NAOB

English from does not split into av, på, i, and fra. The articles print those four, and they do not print fra of the person, the library, or the bank. The gap is recorded. It is not filled in.

The same lemma · bare pronoun · bort · ut · til

Give reading · the marker is not av · order as printed

kan du låne meg en tier?               ← Bokmålsordboka · bare meg
hun lånte bort sykkelen sin            ← verb, bort, object
bankene låner ut penger                ← verb, ut, object · no Recipient
låner ikke ut båtene sine … til folk   ← ikke between verb and ut · til after the object
[jeg] låner pengene til tyrken         ← til of the person · no particle

✓ til folk · meg NAOB · Bokmålsordboka

The finite verb stands where those clauses put it. ikke stands between the verb and ut in the Jacobsen line. Bokmålsordboka’s table is å låne, låner, lånte, har lånt. That table is morphology. The articles do not print a V2 rule. This page does not add one. The lend filing of the same strings is låne.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Norwegian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Borrowing in Bokmål is the get reading of låne. The Borrower is the subject. The Theme is the object. A person is av. A library is på. A bank is i. An institution in the låne inn definition is fra. A person after fra is unprinted. The lend reading of the same lemma is a bare object pronoun, låne bort, or låne ut with til plus the Recipient.

NO micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 fra of a person unprinted NL lenen live BG вземам назаем live

Sense × language: borrow · Norwegian (låne). The returnable-theme sense is the page. A word, a custom, and the subtraction digit stay off that frame, except where fra shows which source preposition is printed. låne ut, låne bort, and låne inn stay particles of this lemma. No English borrow hub. Geometry neighbors: lend · låne, borrow · lenen, and borrow · вземам назаем. Index 2 Norwegian Transfer cites bytte; gi — not låne.

Working paper. Norwegian micro-entry, Bokmål. The frames were read in Bokmålsordboka under låne and under the adverb bort, in NAOB under låne, and in Språkrådet’s preposition list. The Recipient of the give reading is a low ApplHAVE argument, a working claim shared with the lend filing, and it is revisable.
Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Pat låner boken av Chris is marked constructed. fra of a person, of a library, and of a bank is unprinted and is not constructed as a frame.
Arity. Index 2 does not list låne. Surface count can name a subject, an av-phrase or a på-phrase or an i-phrase, and a theme. The lexicon does not list a Source and a Recipient as two sisters of one flat clause. Voice adds the subject. On the get frame, av adds the person. The root takes the Theme.
What this page does not do. It does not open låne ut, låne bort, or låne inn as pages. It does not open an English page of borrow. It does not give the get reading a dative ending or a reflexive. The lend frames stay on låne. The Dutch frames stay on lenen. The Bulgarian frames stay on вземам назаем and заемам. The rent frames stay on leie ut. Nynorskordboka was not opened.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of borrower, source, theme, and recipient. The entries read here do not print that clause. låne shows one object, the Theme, and one other party: av when the subject borrows from a person, a bare object pronoun or til when the subject lends.

noen kroner = one object. The sum sits in the theme slot. til høy rente is the rate wording on the get sense. It is not a second object, and it is not the Recipient.

What Norwegian shows, against the English gloss borrow X from Y, is where the direction lives. English uses borrow or lend, and from covers a person and a place. låne uses one lemma. The person on the get frame is av. The library is på. The bank is i. The institution in the låne inn definition is fra. The give marker is a bare object pronoun, låne bort, or låne ut with til.

Geometry · beside lenen and вземам назаем

In hun lånte bilen av moren sin, the subject takes the car from her mother. In kan du låne meg en tier?, the subject is asked to hand a note over. The definitions name a stretch of use. This page quotes that wording and does not add an aspect label.

  • English borrow and lend. Two verbs. Borrow takes from. Lend takes a bare recipient or to. No English page is opened. The Norwegian match of both verbs is låne. The match of from a person is av. The match of from a library is på, not fra. The match of to is til. The match of the bare recipient is an object pronoun.
  • Dutch · lenen. One lemma. The Source is van. A bare indirect object, or aan, is the Recipient of the lend reading. uitlenen is a separate lemma and is lend-only. låne is that kind of one-lemma verb. The Norwegian markers are av against a bare object pronoun or til. ut stays on låne. til does not flip to the person-source of the get frame. On ontlenen, aan marks a source. That flip is not printed on Norwegian til.
  • Bulgarian · вземам назаем and заемам. The borrow page’s head is the adverb on a take verb. РБЕ prints взимат назаем жито with no от. The person-Source от is printed on заемам sense 2, and that lemma is also the lend verb, with a dative clitic or на. Norwegian prints the person-Source on låne itself, as av. There is no adverb corresponding to назаем in the lines read here. A full noun has no dative ending in either language. The Norwegian Recipient of a full noun is til, not a clitic.
  • German · leihen and Polish · pożyczyć. German keeps both directions and adds a reflexive dative on the borrow frame. No returnable-thing line read here is reflexive. Polish uses one lemma and od plus genitive against a bare dative. Norwegian av is a preposition. The bare give form is a pronoun, not a dative ending on a full noun.
  • låne and leie ut. The lend numeration of this lemma is the other page. Rent is another verb. Both print ut and bort. On leie ut a person in til is unprinted. On låne til folk and til tyrken are printed.

Open items

  • fra of a person. Unprinted in Bokmålsordboka’s person example, in NAOB’s returnable-thing citations, and in Språkrådet’s pair. The person-source those lines print is av, or hos. No person-fra frame is constructed, and none is starred.
  • fra of a library or a bank. Unprinted. The library is på biblioteket. The bank is i banken. fra of an institution is the låne inn definition, and the examples under it do not repeat fra. fra biblioteket and fra banken are not filled in.
  • av versus hos, på, and i. All four are printed on a get line or a place line. Språkrådet marks hos as muntlig stil. NAOB’s hos Foksens has no such label in the citation. They are not ranked, and they are not stacked with av in one clause read here, apart from Språkrådet’s slash av/ hos.
  • Word order. The printed declaratives put the finite verb after the subject: hun lånte bilen av moren sin, bankene låner ut penger. The particle follows that verb and precedes the object. ikke stands between the verb and ut in Jacobsen. Bokmålsordboka and NAOB do not print a V2 rule. None is added.
  • Bare full noun as Recipient. Unprinted. The bare give forms are pronouns. A full noun sits in til. The ranking of the two cloths stays on the lend page.
  • til høy rente. NAOB sense 1.1 prints it on låne penger. It is not seated as a further argument beside the person and the thing.
  • Nynorsk. Not opened. No Nynorsk form is supplied.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Bokmålsordboka låne, including the inflection table, and the adverb bort, as served at ordbokene.no. NAOB låne, as served at naob.no. Språkrådet, preposisjonsbruk, the Bokmål line jeg fikk låne boka av/ hos broren min. The constructed clause is Pat låner boken av Chris. Index 2 does not list låne. Norwegian Transfer in Index 2 is bytte; gi. Nynorskordboka was not opened.

Records låne as one lemma. Records av for a person on the get reading, på for a library, i for a bank, and fra for an institution in the låne inn definition and for a word or a domain. Records a person after fra as unprinted. Records the lend reading as a bare object pronoun, låne bort, or låne ut with til plus the Recipient.