Headword
Language Dutch
Four places · shared inventory · Dutch cloth · working claim, revisable
Voice[Bettor] + (Opponent met) + Proposition(dat-clause) + √WEDD-( Stake om+DP · ranking open ) + (Platform unprinted)
Index 2 lists wedden (Vol. 7). A wager has four participants: the Bettor, the Opponent, the Stake, and the Proposition. They are not four equal sisters, and a platform is not a fifth. Voice adds the Bettor. The Opponent is oblique met. That preposition is printed (a 1515 citation, and a later line with met hem). A stake in om and a dat-clause are printed on woorden.org, which is an online dictionary and not Van Dale. No checked source stacks Bettor, Opponent, Stake, and Proposition in one clause, and the Van Dale text that was actually readable stops after the opening gloss. The full stack stays open. English bet Paul 5 BTC that it rains uses two bare objects. Dutch does not print that stack.
What is different in Dutch. The person is met, not a second bare object. Whether the stake is only om, and whether om and dat and met may sit in one clause, is open.
The pieces are printed in different sources. None of the sources opened here prints all four places in one clause. The alignment below is a working claim.
Printed Opponent · early modern · no stake, no clause
✓ Ick en wil met dy niet wedden. Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands · citation 1515, iWNT
I · want · with you · not · to-bet
Printed Opponent + dat · online dictionary, not Van Dale
✓ ik heb met hem gewed dat Ajax zou winnen woorden.org · encyclopedic line under wedden
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Dutch marking | Case status | English marking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bettor | Spec,Voice | subject; one prefield under V2 | structural | subject |
| Opponent | P-layer · comitative. English DOC: low ApplCP | met + DP (met dy, met hem) | oblique · printed | bare first object |
| Stake | MeasureP ⟨n, U⟩ · cloth open | om + DP on woorden.org (om een biertje). Van Dale’s readable opening does not print a stake. | oblique if om · stacking with met open | direct object |
| Proposition | CONTENT | dat-clause (Wedden dat …; dat Ajax zou winnen) | complement · printed apart from a full stake | that-clause |
| Optional (Platform) | LOC | unprinted in the sources opened | open · not a fifth place | on a book |
Preposition map.
Each row lines up one English slot with a Dutch slot that was actually printed, or marks the slot open. Printed lines come first. Every other Dutch sentence is constructed and tagged.
| Slot | EN form | NL form | Align | EN example | NL example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bettor | SUBJ | subject | = | I bet that he’s still asleep. constructed EN gloss | Wedden dat hij nog ligt te slapen? woorden.org |
| Opponent | DOC first object | met + DP | shift · structural → oblique | I won’t bet with you. constructed EN gloss of the 1515 line | Ick en wil met dy niet wedden. EWN · 1515 · iWNT |
| Opponent + Proposition | DOC + that | met + dat | shift on the person | I bet him that Ajax would win. constructed EN · the Dutch line has no stake | ik heb met hem gewed dat Ajax zou winnen woorden.org |
| Stake | OBJ | om + DP | shift if this cloth is the stake · open beside a bare object | Shall we bet a beer? constructed EN gloss | Zullen we wedden om een biertje? woorden.org |
| Four places | DOC + object + that | met + om + dat | open · not printed as one clause | I bet Paul 5 BTC that it rains. | Ik heb met Paul om 5 BTC gewed dat het regent. constructed · stack not attested in the sources opened |
EN · NL · printed met + dat
I bet him that Ajax would win.
ik heb met hem gewed dat Ajax zou winnen
NL · woorden.org · EN constructed · no stake printed
Shift bare him → met
EN · NL · printed om
Shall we bet a beer?
Zullen we wedden om een biertje?
NL · woorden.org · EN constructed
Shift object stake → om
EN · NL · four places · open
I bet Paul 5 BTC that it rains.
Ik heb met Paul om 5 BTC gewed dat het regent.
constructed · met, om, and dat are each printed elsewhere · together they are open
Open do not treat the stack as a dictionary frame
Printed lines first. Constructed lines are diagnostics. They are not attestations.
What the dictionaries actually opened
ANW lists the grammar of wedden (infinitive wedden, past wedde, participle gewed, present wed / wedt, inversion wed) and has no meaning profile. Van Dale 1950, as printed on Ensie, was readable only through the opening: “(wedde, heeft gewed), een uitspraak, bewering of voorspelling omtrent iets onzekers poneren…”. The rest of that article was not readable. The WNT article body was not retrieved. Muiswerk on Ensie was truncated after “afspraken dat je de ander…”. Those gaps stay open. They are not filled with a guessed frame.
Events · settlement not entailed
The EWN gloss of the early modern verb is asserting something uncertain with something of value as the stake. That is the commitment. Taking the stake later is not part of the commitment. Nothing opened here says the wager entails a win or a loss.
| Cloth | Reading | Evidence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| met + person | Opponent | 1515 met dy · woorden.org met hem | printed |
| om + DP | Stake | woorden.org om een biertje | printed on that site · not in the Van Dale opening that was readable |
| dat-clause | Proposition | woorden.org, two lines | printed |
| bare second object | English DOC | not printed | rejected as a copy of English |
| full stack | Opponent + Stake + Proposition | not printed together | open |
On betalen the person who comes to HAVE the amount is a positional indirect object or aan+DP, and the amount is the object. A wager’s Opponent is met. Settlement is not entailed, so that person does not come to HAVE the stake as the end of wedden. The two verbs can share a currency noun. They do not share the person layer.
No worden-passive of wedden was printed in ANW, in the Van Dale opening, in EWN, or on woorden.org. German werden promotes an accusative stake of wetten. Dutch has not printed an accusative stake in the sources opened here, so that promotion is not copied. The passive stays open. krijgen is likewise unprinted on this verb. On betalen the amount is an object; that geometry is not evidence for a passive of wedden.
Each sketch is a working drawing. The printed pieces are met, om, and dat, in separate lines. The drawing that stacks them is marked open.
Open stack · constructed · not a dictionary frame
[CP Ik
[C' heb
[VoiceP t
[PP met Paul ] ← Opponent · oblique · printed elsewhere
[VP √wedden
[PP om 5 BTC ] ← Stake · om · printed elsewhere, not with met
[CP dat het regent ] ]]]] ← Proposition · printed elsewhere
✓ ik heb met hem gewed dat Ajax zou winnen woorden.org · this tree’s met and dat only
✓ Zullen we wedden om een biertje? woorden.org · this tree’s om only
✓ Ik heb met Paul om 5 BTC gewed dat het regent. constructed · three cloths in one clause · open
Kim bet Paul 5 BTC that it would rain · working, parallel to English bet and to payGIVE · betalen
[TP Kim T
[VoiceP t Voice ← Bettor = Spec,Voice
[ApplP_LOW Paul Appl_CP ← Opponent = low Appl (DOC)
[VP √BET
[MeasureP [ Amount 5 ] [ N BTC ] ] ← Stake = one MeasureP
[CP that it would rain ] ]]]] ← Proposition = CONTENT
Structural case in the English double object goes to two phrases below Voice: the applied object and the MeasureP. Dutch wedden does not print that step. The person is met.
| Layer | payGIVE · betalen | bet (EN) | wedden |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spec,Voice | Payer | Bettor | Bettor |
| person layer | positional IO or aan+DP · HAS Amount | low ApplCP · bare object · no HAVE | met · oblique · no HAVE |
| complement of root | MeasureP · object | MeasureP · Stake | om+DP on woorden.org · bare object unprinted |
| relation on the same e | Consideration · voor | Proposition · CONTENT | dat-clause |
| AGAINST | — | against | unprinted · open |
| objects in the clause | one (the money), plus an indirect object | two in the DOC | no second bare object printed |
Japanese -sase- is a derivational outer wrap on 賭ける. It is not a place of wedden, and it is not a fourth argument of the wager.
No passive of a stake was printed. A worden sentence is not constructed here as if it were attested. The question stays open: if a later source prints an object stake, that object is the candidate promotee; met would stay a prepositional phrase. That is a prediction, not a citation.
Working paper · October 2026 · Dutch micro-entry · Risk / Betting · Group D
Four-place risk geometry in Dutch, revisable: Bettor (subject), Opponent (met, printed), Stake (om on woorden.org; Van Dale’s readable opening does not print it), Proposition (dat). The full stack is open. English bet Paul 5 BTC is not two bare objects. Settlement is not entailed. Twin of English bet and German wetten.
Index 2 Risk / Betting, Dutch wedden, Vol. 7. Dictionaries opened for this page are listed below. woorden.org is an online dictionary. It is not Van Dale and not the WNT.
| Code | Language | Index 2 citation | As printed |
|---|---|---|---|
| EN | English | bet EN micro-entry, wager | Vols. 1, 2, 3 |
| ES | Spanish | apostar ES micro-entry | Vols. 2, 5 |
| FR | French | parier FR micro-entry | Vols. 2, 5 |
| IT | Italian | scommettere IT micro-entry | Vols. 2, 5 |
| HU | Hungarian | fogad (betting sense; also ‘receive’) HU micro-entry | Vols. 2, 3, 6 |
| BG | Bulgarian | залагам / обзалагам се BG micro-entry | Vols. 2, 6 |
| PL | Polish | stawiać / postawić, obstawiać, założyć się PL micro-entry | Vols. 2, 6 |
| DE | German | wetten DE micro-entry | Vols. 2, 7 |
| NL | Dutch | wedden NL micro-entry | Vol. 7 |
| NO | Norwegian | satse NO micro-entry | Vol. 7 |
| JA | Japanese | 賭ける JA micro-entry | Vols. 2, 4 |
| ZH | Mandarin | 赌 ZH micro-entry | Vols. 2, 4 |
| NV | Navajo | no dedicated four-place stem; periphrastic no stem given | Vol. 4. Index 2 gives no stem. None is added. |