Agent, Theme, counter-Theme, Partner · Turkish cloth · working claim, revisable
değiştirmek · Agent (subject) + Theme (accusative -(y)I: -ı/-i/-u/-ü, buffer y after a vowel) + counter-Theme (-(y)lA / ile: -la/-le, X-ı Y-le ‘exchange X for Y’)
Partner · the same -(y)lA / ile · biri-yle · comitative of a person and instrumental of a thing are one marker
Dative -(y)A (-a/-e, buffer y after a vowel) on that second phrase · X-ı Y-ye/-a ‘change X into Y’
değişmek · reciprocal exchange · partner -(y)lA · Theme accusative · değiştirmek is değiş- plus causative -tir-
değiş tokuş etmek · Theme accusative · partner -(y)lA · takas etmek · X-ı Y-le takas etmek · partner -(y)lA
bozdurmak · government -e, -i · accusative of the money · dative causee, often left out · causative of bozmak ‘break’
Ablative -DAn · -dan/-den, and -tan/-ten after a voiceless consonant · Göksel and Kerslake’s source case · the exchange lines below use the accusative, the dative, and -(y)lA / ile
An exchange, on this reading, has someone who gives a thing and receives another, and a partner when a line names one. TDK’s third sense of değiştirmek is Bir şey verip yerine başka bir şey almak; takas etmek, tagged nsz. The first sense is tagged -i, Başka bir biçime sokmak, değişikliğe uğratmak. The accusative is the thing given, on the senses that print an object. The thing received, in the barter definition of the noun değişim, is ile: bir nesnenin dolaysız olarak bir başka nesne ile değiştirilmesi. değiş tokuş and takas are in that synonym list.
Where the best translation diverges from English exchange. The English stub, and the Cambridge patterns the Polish page cites, keep for on the thing received and with on the partner: exchange X for Y with Z. Polish wymienić splits those with na plus accusative and z plus instrumental. Russian обменять splits them with на plus accusative and, on the reciprocal, с plus instrumental. Turkish does not. Göksel and Kerslake’s -(y)lA / ile is one marker with a comitative reading and an instrumental reading (§8.1.4, §17.2.1). On değiştirmek, Y-le is the counter-Theme when Y is the thing received, and the partner when Y is the person. biri-yle wears that same suffix. A dative -a/-e on the second phrase is a different reading: TDK’s ‘into another form’ senses, X-ı Y-ye ‘change X into Y’.
-(y)lA / ile is the partner and the counter-Theme. Göksel and Kerslake, §8.1.4: the marker has comitative, instrumental, or conjunctive meaning, usually as the suffix -(y)lA, rarely as the separate word ile. Their pair is Ahmet’le ‘with Ahmet’ (comitative) and kalemle ‘with a pen’ (instrumental). §17.2.1 lists company of a person, Ercan baloya kiminle gitmiş?, and use of an instrument, Mehmet ekmeği keskin bir bıçakla kesti. They do not count -(y)lA among the five case suffixes (§8.1.3). It still introduces the oblique. TDK prints the person in that suffix on değişmek: Onunla saatlerimizi değiştik, sense Karşılıklı alıp vermek; mübadele etmek. onunla is the comitative of o. saatlerimizi is accusative. TDK prints the thing in ile inside the noun değişim: bir başka nesne ile. No finite clause opened here fills accusative, a person in -(y)lA, and a thing in -(y)lA together. biri-yle is the partner shape of that one suffix. The role is in the noun, which Polish and Russian put in two different cases.
Dative -a/-e shifts the second phrase to ‘change X into Y’. Göksel and Kerslake’s dative is -(y)A: Kars’a, dereye, masaya, size (§8.1.3). TDK’s first sense of değiştirmek is Başka bir biçime sokmak. The fifth is Başka bir duruma, başka bir görünüme getirmek. biçime and duruma are dative inside those definitions. The finite examples of those senses are accusative only: istikametlerini değiştiriyorlar, Tuvalet onu ne değiştirmiş. A clause X-ı Y-ye değiştirmek is the working ‘into’ frame. It is constructed below. It is a different frame from X-ı Y-le değiştirmek.
değişmek / değiştirmek is the reciprocal and the causative. TDK’s reciprocal sense is on değişmek, Karşılıklı alıp vermek, with Onunla saatlerimizi değiştik. A further sense of değişmek is tagged -i and pointed at değiştirmek, example Üstümü değiştim. Göksel and Kerslake, §13.2, transitivize the intransitive with the causative: değiş- ‘change’, değiş-tir- ‘change (s.t.)’. The form is -DIr (§8.2.1.1). After voiceless ş and the front unrounded vowel, that form is -tir-. This page treats -tir- as a derivational outer causative wrap: it sits on the root and adds the causer. The wrap is the one named in Causative templates and argument selection. Göksel and Kerslake file the suffix with the voice suffixes and say a stem ending in it is transitive. They print değiş-tir- as that pair. They do not print a reciprocal -(I)ş inside değiş-.
değiş tokuş etmek and takas etmek. TDK’s noun değiş tokuş is a cross-reference to değişim. The citation is Onlar hakkında sürekli bilgi değiş tokuşu yapıyorlardı (Refik Erduran): the noun is accusative, the light verb is yapmak, and there is no -(y)lA partner. takas is the same cross-reference, plus a commerce sense, İki ülke arasında yapılan alışverişin karşılıklı olarak malla ödenmesi. The barter definition of değişim already has nesne ile. The working verbs are değiş tokuş etmek and takas etmek, with the thing given in the accusative and the partner, or the other thing, in -(y)lA. Those finite clauses are constructed below. TDK does not print them.
bozdurmak changes money, and the money-changer is the causee. TDK: -e, -i, Bozma işini yaptırmak; bozdurtmak. The citation fills the accusative and leaves the dative out: cebimdeki son mecidiyeyi bozdurup (Yusuf Ziya Ortaç). bozmak sense 5 is Büyük parayı küçük birimlere ayırmak, example Bir milyon lira bozar mısın? Sense 8 is Yabancı ülke parasını Türk parasına çevirmek: accusative parasını, dative parasına, inside the definition of turning foreign money into Turkish money. bozdurmak is the causative of that bozmak. Göksel and Kerslake, §13.2.1: on a causative of a transitive verb the causee is dative, and a sentence with no dative causee is the common pattern (§13.2.1.1). The money-changer is that causee, -a or -e, implicit in the Ortaç line.