exchange · intercambiar

Places · who wears which marking

The goods lines do not stack every marking in one clause. The direct object is the thing given. por plus a DP is the thing received. con plus a DP is the other person on the DPD line that has one participant as subject. de plus a bare noun, on DLE cambiar sense 1, is a switch with no received DP. canjear is another head. Its nouns are not copied back onto every line of intercambiar.

Marking map. On intercambiar, read the direct object as the thing given and por as the thing received. Read con as the partner only on the DPD line with one participant as subject. Read DPD se as the reciprocal reinforcement, with the direct object still in the clause. Read DLE cambiar sense 1 as de plus a bare noun and no received DP, and sense 3 as a direct object plus por. Do not read personal a on al rehén as the partner. Do not read currency en or a as unprinted.

• Direct object of the Theme. Estudiante: impresiones, and, with personal a, al rehén and a los rehenes. DPD: furtivas miradas, regalos, los libros, opiniones, and riquezas as the antecedent of the relative. DLE cambiar sense 3: pesos. Estudiante canjear: puntos. A line can name only that object. The impressions line has no partner and no por.
• por plus a DP, the counter-Theme. DLE intercambiar puts por otra u otras in the definition and prints no clause. The estudiante fills por guerrilleros presos and, on canjear, por regalos and por sus dirigentes encarcelados. The DPD fills por ropa y comestibles. DLE cambiar sense 3 fills por euros. The estudiante computer line fills por otro más potente. French contre and German gegen are the received-thing prepositions of échanger and tauschen. English for is the Cambridge pattern. Spanish por matches that English preposition and not the French or the German one.
• con plus a DP of the partner. One printed clause: DPD con personalidades mexicanas, beside opiniones. The entry limits that con to the case where the subject names one participant. The same sentence of the article offers por as the other complement, with o. The three DLE articles print no con. French avec and German mit plus dative are the partner markings on the sibling pages. A partner in bare a is unprinted. The estudiante’s a on al rehén and a los rehenes is personal a of a person who is the Theme.
• Reciprocal se, and the line with no se. The DPD says that when the subject names both parties, a pronoun agreeing with the subject is frequent. The printed forms are se intercambiaron and Nos intercambiamos. The gifts and the books stay the direct object. The looks line of the same article, Los dos guardias intercambiaron furtivas miradas, has a plural subject and no se. The DLE calls intercambiar transitive and does not add U. t. c. prnl. Its paradigm prints intercambian with no se. An infinitive intercambiarse and a present se intercambian are not in that article and not in the DPD quotations. French s'échangent des timbres is the same shape: se and a direct object. German die Plätze, die Partner tauschen is a plural object and has no sich. DLE cambiar sense 4 is Dirigirse recíprocamente gestos, ideas, miradas, sonrisas, etc., labelled U. t. c. prnl., with no example clause, no por, and no con. That label is not a printed se intercambian.
• cambiar de plus a bare noun. DLE sense 1 lists nombre, lugar, destino, oficio, vestido, opinión, gusto, costumbre after de. The label is transitive, also intransitive and pronominal. The entry does not say that the de-phrase is the direct object, and it does not say that it is not. This page does not reclassify it. The line has no received DP. Sense 3, on the same article, has a direct object and por euros. The estudiante’s intransitive sense 9 is Cambiaré de sofá. Its definition writes por otra and the clause does not. French échanger and German tauschen do not print a bare-noun switch of this kind.
• canjear. The DLE limits the sense to diplomacy, the military, and commerce, and the complement in the definition is por otra. There is no clause, no con, and no pronominal label. The estudiante prints points and hostages: puntos … por regalos, and a los rehenes por sus dirigentes encarcelados. It does not print vale, and it does not print prisioneros. The DPD page for the word says that canjear is not in that dictionary. The DLE synonyms include intercambiar. The synonym list is not a second frame.
• Other en and other de, off the exchange frame. DLE sense 2 is Convertir o mudar algo en otra cosa, with Cambiar la pena en gozo, el odio en amor, la risa en llanto. That en is conversion. It is not the DPD’s currency en, and it is not por. DLE sense 6 is changing a baby’s diaper, with no por. Sense 14 is pronominal Mudarse de ropa. The estudiante’s sense 7 is Cambié de pañales al bebé and Se cambió de traje para la fiesta. Those are clothing, not the exchange frame of sense 3. DLE sense 5 prints He cambiado la mesa a otra habitación under trasladar. That a is a place. It is not a partner.
• Currency prepositions. The DPD’s money sense normally takes en: cambiar pesos en dólares. When one currency is exchanged for another, the same article also prints a and por: pesetas a euros, dólares por moneda nacional. The estudiante prints por/ en in one line. DLE sense 3 prints por only. None of en, a, or por on these currency lines is treated as ungrammatical.

EN ⇄ ES valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Spanish slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (English for or with against the Spanish preposition the line prints, and against French contre or avec and German gegen or mit where that cloth is the comparison). Printed lines come first. Every other sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment. They are not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Spanish under it. The subject chip is the party the clause actually makes the subject.