PL · założyć się
agreement · prepositions open
agree that the one who is wrong will do what the one who is right demands
SJP PWN · no z, no o, no valence że
Open z / o / że not printed
Headword
bet · założyć się
Language Polish
Arguments
Four places · three Index 2 lemmas · working claim, revisable
Index 2: stawiać / postawić · obstawiać · założyć się — each prints a different piece. z / o / że on założyć się are open.
Index 2 prints three citations, not one lemma (Vols. 2, 6): stawiać / postawić, obstawiać, założyć się. This page uses założyć się as the headword because that is the agreement verb. SJP PWN heads it założyć się — zakładać się and defines it as agreeing that the person who is wrong in a dispute will do what the person who is right demands. PWN prints the imperfective zakładać się. Index 2 prints the perfective założyć się and does not print zakładać się. The PWN definition does not print z, o, or że. Those prepositions are not asserted as the frame. A line that stacks them is constructed and open.
stawiać sense 5 is putting up a sum of money as the stake in a game of chance. The sum is the stake in the gloss. No preposition is printed with it. obstawiać sense 3, of number games and horse races, is backing a number or a horse, and it prints na. English bet Paul 5 BTC that it rains is not given a Polish double object. No such frame was printed.
Four places · three lemmas, three jobs
| Place | założyć się | stawiać | obstawiać | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bettor | subject of the reflexive | subject | subject | subject |
| Opponent | not in the PWN definition · z open | not printed in sense 5 | not printed in sense 3 | bare first object |
| Stake | not in the definition · o open | the sum, in the gloss of sense 5 | not the printed object of sense 3 | direct object |
| Proposition | że not printed · open | not in sense 5 | na + number or horse · the side | that / on |
| Reflexive | się · printed | not this sense | not this sense | — |
Printed · agreement · no prepositions
✓ założyć się — zakładać się · «umówić się, że ten, kto w sprawie spornej nie będzie miał racji, zrobi to, czego zażąda osoba mająca rację» SJP PWN
Printed · the sum · stawiać 5
✓ «wykładać pewną sumę pieniędzy jako stawkę w grze hazardowej» SJP PWN · stawiać sense 5
Printed · the side · na
✓ «w grach liczbowych, na wyścigach konnych itp.: postawić na jakiś numer, na jakiegoś konia» SJP PWN · obstawiać sense 3
EN ⇄ PL valency strip
| Slot | EN | PL as printed | Align |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agreement | bet (that the loser pays) | założyć się · definition has an internal że inside the gloss of agreeing, not a valence frame of the verb | the gloss’s że is inside the definition sentence · not counted as the verb’s complementizer frame |
| Stake | object | stawiać sense 5 · a sum as stawka | = one object in the gloss · no second person |
| Side | on a horse | obstawiać · na + number / horse | = oblique |
| Opponent | DOC | unprinted | open · z not in PWN |
| English DOC | Paul + 5 BTC | not printed | not asserted |
PL · stawiać 5
the sum is the stake
put up a sum of money as the stake
SJP PWN · gloss · no preposition
One object the sum · not a person
PL · obstawiać 3
na the side
postawić na jakiś numer, na jakiegoś konia
SJP PWN
Oblique na · not a second bare object
Constructed candidate · open · not a dictionary frame
✓ Założę się z Paulem o 5 BTC, że będzie padać. constructed · z, o, and że are not in the PWN definition · do not cite this as printed
* Założę się Paul 5 BTC. constructed · two bare objects · not printed
Structural and oblique · what is actually marked
się on założyć się is part of the lemma PWN prints. It is not an Opponent. The Opponent’s preposition was not printed, so it is not assigned a case on this page. stawiać sense 5 talks about a sum. If that sum is the direct object, it is one structural phrase. PWN does not print a clause that shows the case, and genitive of negation is not tested on these senses here. obstawiać prints na, which is oblique, for the number or the horse.
On płacić / zapłacić the amount is accusative and the Recipient is a morphological dative, with genitive of negation rewriting the measure. Those clothes are not copied onto założyć się. The verbs share a currency noun only if a stake is later shown to be that measure. PWN has not shown the stake of założyć się.
Proposition
- Gloss-internal że. The PWN definition of założyć się contains że because the definition is itself a clause about agreeing. That is not an example sentence with a complement of the verb. The verb’s że-frame stays open.
- na. Printed on obstawiać for a number or a horse. That is the side. It is not printed on założyć się.
- One proposition per wager is the working inventory. Which lemma carries the clause is open.
Passive · open
PWN does not print a passive of a wager stake for these senses. zostać promotion is not constructed as a fact. On odjąć zostać promotes a measure. That is a different root.
Derivations · working sketches, revisable
What can be drawn from the printed glosses
założyć się Voice + się ← agreement · Opponent/Stake/CP open stawiać [DP suma ] ← sense 5 · the stake in the gloss obstawiać [PP na konia ] ← sense 3 · the side
These are three numerations. They are not one tree with four sisters. A tree that puts z Paulem, o 5 BTC, and że under założyć się would invent the prepositions PWN did not print. It is not drawn.
English counterpart · Voice, low Appl, MeasureP
Parallel to English bet and payGIVE · płacić
[VoiceP Kim Voice
[ApplP_LOW Paul Appl_CP
[VP √BET [MeasureP 5 BTC] [CP that it rains] ]]]
English stacks a bare Opponent and a MeasureP. None of the three Polish glosses prints that stack.
| Layer | płacić | bet (EN) | Polish bet lemmas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spec,Voice | Payer | Bettor | subject |
| person | dative Recipient | low ApplCP | unprinted · z open on założyć się |
| measure | accusative | MeasureP | the sum in the stawiać gloss · o open |
| relation | za | CONTENT | na on obstawiać · że open |
| objects | one | two in the DOC | no double object printed |
Japanese -sase- is a derivational outer wrap on 賭ける. It is not a place of these Polish verbs.
Notes
Working paper · October 2026 · Polish micro-entry · Risk / Betting
Index 2 lists stawiać / postawić, obstawiać, and założyć się. Headword of this page: założyć się. PWN pairs it with zakładać się, which Index 2 does not print. z, o, and że are open. stawiać sense 5 is the sum. obstawiać prints na. No English double object.
PL micro-entry live
Index 2 · three lemmas
z / o / że open
Prepositions. A constructed z / o / że line is on this page only as an open candidate. It is not a citation.
Open items
- z, o, że on założyć się. Not in the PWN definition.
- Aspect. PWN prints zakładać się as the imperfective pair. Index 2 does not. Both are recorded. Neither is given a different argument frame, because none was printed.
- Genitive of negation on a stake of stawiać. Not tested in the entry opened.
- Passive. Unprinted.
- Doroszewski. A guessed URL redirected to a different headword. It is not cited.
- Navajo. Index 2: no dedicated four-place stem; periphrastic. No stem is supplied.
- SJP PWN · założyć sjp.pwn.pl · założyć · założyć się — zakładać się · definition quoted above · no z / o / że valence
- SJP PWN · stawiać sjp.pwn.pl · stawiać · sense 5 · sum as stake · no preposition in the gloss
- SJP PWN · obstawiać sjp.pwn.pl · obstawiać · sense 3 · na jakiś numer, na jakiegoś konia
- Index 2 · Risk / Betting Polish stawiać / postawić, obstawiać, założyć się — Vols. 2, 6
Index 2 citations for this class
| Code | Language | Index 2 citation | As printed |
|---|---|---|---|
| EN | English | bet EN micro-entry, wager | Vols. 1, 2, 3 |
| ES | Spanish | apostar ES micro-entry | Vols. 2, 5 |
| FR | French | parier FR micro-entry | Vols. 2, 5 |
| IT | Italian | scommettere IT micro-entry | Vols. 2, 5 |
| HU | Hungarian | fogad HU micro-entry | Vols. 2, 3, 6 |
| BG | Bulgarian | залагам / обзалагам се BG micro-entry | Vols. 2, 6 |
| PL | Polish | stawiać / postawić, obstawiać, założyć się PL micro-entry | Vols. 2, 6 |
| DE | German | wetten DE micro-entry | Vols. 2, 7 |
| NL | Dutch | wedden NL micro-entry | Vol. 7 |
| NO | Norwegian | satse NO micro-entry | Vol. 7 |
| JA | Japanese | 賭ける JA micro-entry | Vols. 2, 4 |
| ZH | Mandarin | 赌 ZH micro-entry | Vols. 2, 4 |
| NV | Navajo | no dedicated four-place stem; periphrastic no stem given | Vol. 4. Index 2 gives no stem. None is added. |