Arguments

Four places · shared inventory with English sell · Polish cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Seller] + ApplHAVE(Buyer/RecipientDAT, ThemegoodsACC) + za-MeasurePPrice ⟨Amount, Denomination⟩

A sale has four participants: the Seller, the Buyer (Recipient), the Goods, and the Price. They are not four equal sisters of sprzedać. Voice adds the Seller, nominative. Low ApplHAVE introduces the Buyer in the dative and relates the Buyer to the goods. The root’s object is that Theme, the accusative, Incremental Theme of the HAVE event. za selects one MeasureP whose inner arguments are Amount and Denomination. The Price is a prepositional phrase, not a second object, and the unit is not a sister of the verb.

What is different in Polish. English sold Chris a lawnmower puts the buyer in a bare object. German and Dutch put the Price under a preposition, für and voor. Hungarian spells the Price as the case suffix -ért. Polish spells the buyer as a morphological dative (Chrisowi, komuś, rządowi) and the Price as za plus one MeasureP (za dwadzieścia dolarów, za pięć miliardów dolarów). Under nie, genitive of negation rewrites the goods object (kosiarkę → kosiarki). It does not rewrite the dative buyer, and it does not enter the za-phrase.

Headline cut with zapłacić. On live pay, genitive of negation hits the money QP (dwudziestu dolarów, tej kwoty). On sprzedać it hits the goods QP. The same letter za is Consideration of the leftover goods there and Price of the money here. Same packaging, opposite inner HAVE.

Four places · who wears which marking

Słownik języka polskiego PWN prints the commercial sense as odstąpić komuś coś za pieniądze, and the headword line as the pair sprzedać — sprzedawać. Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN, commercial sense labeled mieszkanie, prints the schema CO + (KOMU) + (za CO) and a citation with all four places. Wikisłownik glosses sprzedawać as giving something and receiving money. None of those lines is the lawnmower clause. The Group C notes assemble dative Chrisowi, accusative kosiarkę, and za dwadzieścia dolarów. English puts the buyer and the goods in two bare noun phrases. Polish gives the verb one accusative, the goods, and introduces the buyer in the dative.

Printed four-place line · nominative seller · dative buyer · accusative goods · za + MeasureP

✓ Pewien baron sprzedał rządowi hiszpańskiemu swoją kolekcję obrazów za pięć miliardów dolarów. WSJP · commercial sense · citation · NKJP: Marek Miller, Pierwszy milion…, 1999

a baron-NOM · sold · to the Spanish government-DAT · his collection of paintings-ACC · for five billion dollars

Printed buyer line · accusative goods and dative · no za-price in this sentence

✓ Na początku inwestorzy szybko sprzedali akcje maklerom, odpowiadając na większość ofert kupna. WSJP · commercial sense · citation · NKJP: Gazeta Wyborcza, 1995

investors-NOM · sold · shares-ACC · to brokers-DAT

The four places of sprzedać: introducer, Polish marking, structural or oblique, English marking
PlaceIntroduced by (working)Polish markingCase statusEnglish marking
SellerSpec,Voice (outer)nominative subject (baron, inwestorzy, Pat)structuralsubject
Buyer / Recipientlow ApplHAVEdative (rządowi, maklerom, bankowi, Chrisowi, komuś)structural dative · optional in the WSJP schema · not a second accusativebare first object (DOC) · to
Goodscomplement of √SELL- (Incremental Theme of eHAVE)accusative (kolekcję, akcje, kosiarkę) · genitive of that QP under nie (kosiarki)structural · the Case object genitive of negation rewritesdirect object in the to-frame · second object in the DOC
Priceza selects one MeasureP ⟨n, U⟩za + the whole QP (za pięć miliardów dolarów, za kwotę 250 zł, notes’ za dwadzieścia dolarów) · definition prose za pieniądze, w zamian za określoną sumę pieniędzyPP · one phrase · Amount and unit inside it · genitive of negation does not enter it · a lawnmower numeral is unprintedfor + MeasureP

Marking map. One letter can belong to several heads. Read the head, then the marker.

EN ⇄ PL valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with its Polish slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (DOC object ↔ dative, or accusative ↔ genitive under negation), or a packaging change inside one status. Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other Polish sentence is constructed from the Group C notes or modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Polish valency alignment for sell / sprzedać, one row per argument
SlotEN formPL formAlignEN examplePL example
SellerSUBJnominative=A baron sold his collection.Pewien baron sprzedał WSJP citation
GoodsOBJaccusative=his collection of paintingsswoją kolekcję obrazów WSJP citation · coś SJP PWN · definition
Buyer (dative)DOC first objectdativeshift · bare object → dativesold the collection to the Spanish governmentrządowi hiszpańskiemu WSJP citation · komuś SJP PWN · definition
Price (za)for + MeasurePza + one MeasureP= oblique · PP, not a second objectfor five billion dollarsza pięć miliardów dolarów WSJP citation
Goods under nieaccusative staysgenitive of the goods QPshift · ACC → GEN · the buyer stays dativePat didn’t sell Chris a lawnmower for twenty dollars.Pat nie sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów. constructed · notes
Price under niefor + MeasureP staysza + accusative MeasureP stays= · genitive does not enter zafor twenty dollars* za dwudziestu dolarów constructed · notes
Four placesDOC + fordative + accusative + zashift on the buyerPat sold Chris a lawnmower for twenty dollars.Pat sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarkę za dwadzieścia dolarów. constructed · notes · the baron citation is the printed four-place line

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Polish under it. The buyer chip moves from a bare object to the dative. The price card, when it is present, sits in za.

EN · PL · printed four places

za pięć miliardów dolarów

A baron sold the Spanish government his collection of paintings for five billion dollars.

Pewien baron sprzedał rządowi hiszpańskiemu swoją kolekcję obrazów za pięć miliardów dolarów.

PL · WSJP citation · the English gloss is constructed from that line

RolesHide roles SellerBuyerGoodsPrice
Seller a baron · baron Buyer the Spanish government · rządowi Goods his collection · kolekcję Price for five billion dollars · za pięć miliardów dolarów

Shift bare buyer → dative · Price is za + one MeasureP

EN · PL · printed dative

maklerom

Investors sold shares to brokers.

Na początku inwestorzy szybko sprzedali akcje maklerom, odpowiadając na większość ofert kupna.

PL · WSJP citation · no price in this line · EN gloss constructed from that line

RolesHide roles SellerBuyerGoods
Seller investors · inwestorzy Buyer to brokers · maklerom Goods shares · akcje

Shift to → dative · Price not in the line

EN · PL · four places

Notes’ lawnmower

Pat sold Chris a lawnmower for twenty dollars.

Pat sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarkę za dwadzieścia dolarów.

constructed · dative buyer and za-price together · not a dictionary line

RolesHide roles SellerBuyerGoodsPrice
Seller Pat Buyer Chris · Chrisowi Goods a lawnmower · kosiarkę Price for twenty dollars · za dwadzieścia dolarów

Shift bare Chris → dative · Price is the PP za, not a second object

EN · PL · genitive of negation

kosiarki ≠ dwudziestu

Pat didn’t sell a lawnmower for twenty dollars.

Pat nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów.

constructed · notes · GEN on the goods · za dwadzieścia dolarów stays accusative inside the PP

RolesHide roles GoodsPrice
Goods kosiarki · GEN Price za dwadzieścia dolarów

Move GEN-neg rewrites the goods QP · on zapłacić it rewrites the money QP

Examples

Argument difference. English can package the buyer and the goods as two bare objects, and the passive can make the buyer the subject: Chris was sold a lawnmower. German and Dutch keep one object, the goods, and put the Price under a preposition. Hungarian prints one accusative, the goods, a dative buyer, and a Price in -ért. Polish prints one accusative, the goods, a dative buyer, and a Price in za. Under nie the goods are genitive. On zapłacić that genitive hits the money. Romance takes the buyer as a dative clitic or an a / à phrase. Japanese puts the buyer in に and the goods in を. Mandarin puts the buyer in 给. See sell, sell · German, sell · Dutch, sell · Hungarian, sell · Japanese, and sell · Mandarin.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

sprzedać — sprzedawać · odstąpić komuś coś za pieniądze · pejorative senses of betrayal and of marrying someone off for gain · sprzedawać być sprzedawcą · sprzedać się — sprzedawać się, including colloquial być sprzedawanym w dużych ilościach, szybko SJP PWN · sense 1 is the commercial transfer · za pieniądze is definition prose · no numeral MeasureP · no genitive-of-negation paradigm

dać coś na własność w zamian za określoną sumę pieniędzy · schema CO + (KOMU) + (za CO) · sprzedać bankowi, firmie, inwestorowi… · sprzedać coś za cenę powyżej 100 tys. zł … za grosze, za kwotę 250 zł · Pewien baron sprzedał rządowi hiszpańskiemu swoją kolekcję obrazów za pięć miliardów dolarów. · Na początku inwestorzy szybko sprzedali akcje maklerom, odpowiadając na większość ofert kupna. · której nie udało się sprzedać za cenę wywoławczą 1,135 mln zł · aspect label dokonany · odpowiednik aspektowy: sprzedawać WSJP · sense mieszkanie · the schema makes buyer and za-phrase optional · the plot citation has a za-price and no buyer · other sense labels on the headword (kolegę, umiejętności, piłkarza) are not this frame

dawać coś (materialnego lub nie) i w zamian dostawać pieniądze · W księgarni sprzedaje się książki. · sprzedawać towary · sprzedawać usługi · niedokonany (dk. sprzedać) · reflexive glosses komercjalizować się and mieć zbyt Wikisłownik · sprzedawać · the bookstore line is 3sg sprzedaje · no buyer · no za-price

Sprzedawałem te fałszywki dwa miesiące, ale w końcu wszystkie sprzedałem. · dokonany (ndk. sprzedawać) Wikisłownik · sprzedać · both members of the pair · goods only · no buyer · no price

Strings below are constructed, from the Group C notes or modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat / Chris / kosiarka continue the lawnmower series on English sell and on zapłacić. Chrisowi spells the dative. kosiarkę is the accusative. kosiarki is the genitive of that same noun.

✓ Pat sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarkę za dwadzieścia dolarów.

RolesHide roles SellerBuyerGoodsPrice
Seller Pat Buyer Chrisowi Goods kosiarkę Price za dwadzieścia dolarów

constructed · notes · dative buyer · one accusative, the goods · twenty inside za · not a dictionary line

✓ Czy Pat nie sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów?

RolesHide roles SellerBuyerGoodsPrice
Seller Pat Buyer Chrisowi Goods kosiarki Price za dwadzieścia dolarów

constructed · notes’ NegQ · genitive on the goods · dative and za stay

✓ Czego nie sprzedał Pat Chrisowi za dwadzieścia dolarów?

RolesHide roles GoodsBuyerPrice
Goods Czego Buyer Chrisowi Price za dwadzieścia dolarów

constructed · notes · the goods are the genitive question · the buyer stays dative

✓ Za ile dolarów nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki Chrisowi?

RolesHide roles PriceGoodsBuyer
Price Za ile dolarów Goods kosiarki Buyer Chrisowi

constructed · notes · za ile dolarów pied-pipes the whole Price QP · Amount and unit stay inside za

✓ Komu nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów?

RolesHide roles BuyerGoodsPrice
Buyer Komu Goods kosiarki Price za dwadzieścia dolarów

constructed · notes · the buyer is a dative question · the goods stay genitive

* Pat nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwudziestu dolarów.

RolesHide roles GoodsPrice
Goods kosiarki Price za dwudziestu dolarów

constructed · notes · za does not take the genitive of negation · the Price stays a PP

* Pat nie sprzedał Chrisowi za kosiarki dwadzieścia dolarów.

RolesHide roles GoodsPrice
Goods za kosiarki Price dwadzieścia dolarów

constructed · notes · the genitive does not jump onto the za-noun as if the goods were the object of za and the money the accusative

* Za co dwadzieścia nie sprzedał kosiarki?

RolesHide roles PriceGoods
Price Za co dwadzieścia Goods kosiarki

constructed · notes · the left branch does not take the amount out and leave a bare sort · the Price QP does not split

  1. ✓ Pewien baron sprzedał rządowi hiszpańskiemu swoją kolekcję obrazów za pięć miliardów dolarów. WSJP · dative buyer + accusative goods + za-MeasureP
  2. ✓ Na początku inwestorzy szybko sprzedali akcje maklerom, odpowiadając na większość ofert kupna. WSJP · dative + accusative · no price
  3. ✓ której nie udało się sprzedać za cenę wywoławczą 1,135 mln zł WSJP · inside the działka citation · za-price · której is the relative of działka · not a genitive-of-negation paradigm
  4. ✓ Pat nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów. constructed · notes · genitive on the goods QP
  5. ✓ Pat nie sprzedał Chrisowi niczego za dwadzieścia dolarów. constructed · notes · niczego is the genitive goods · Chrisowi stays dative
  6. ✓ Ilu kopiarek nie sprzedał Pat za dwadzieścia dolarów? constructed · notes · plural goods QP, whole genitive · the Price stays za
  7. ✓ Za ile dolarów nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki? constructed · notes · the whole Price QP is pied-piped
  8. * Za co dwadzieścia nie sprzedał kosiarki? constructed · notes · left-branch split of the Price
  9. ✓ W jakiej walucie nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwadzieścia? constructed · notes · the unit is asked in a separate PP · the amount stays inside za · not a second object
  10. ✓ Ilu dolarów nie zapłacił Pat Chrisowi za kosiarkę? constructed · notes · zapłacić · genitive on the money QP · za is on the goods
  11. ✓ Za ile dolarów nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki Chrisowi? constructed · notes · sprzedać · genitive on the goods · za is on the money
  12. ✓ Ilu BTC nie sprzedał za 8400 USDT? constructed · notes · goods QP and Price QP co-occur · no inversion of the two
  13. ✓ Czy nie sprzedał kosiarki, żeby opróżnić szopę? constructed · notes · żeby is Purpose, a further clause · the genitive stays on the goods of sprzedać
  14. ✓ Czy kosiarka nie sprzedała się za dwadzieścia dolarów? constructed · notes · agreeing się · Price stays in za · the buyer is not the subject
  15. * Pogoda nie sprzedała Chrisowi kosiarki. constructed · notes · a weather subject is out

Genitive of negation, za, one MeasureP

nie and the question words are operations on the same four places. They do not add a participant. There is no Hungarian preverbal Focus host on this verb, and the historical s- of sprzedać does not separate.

Genitive of negation hits the goods. Pat nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów rewrites kosiarkę. Czego nie sprzedał … za dwadzieścia dolarów questions that same QP. Ilu kopiarek nie sprzedał is the notes’ plural of the same cut. niczego is the genitive negative goods, and Chrisowi beside it stays dative. Komu questions the buyer in the dative. The buyer is not the Case object this operation rewrites. On zapłacić the Case object is the money, so the same operation yields dwudziestu dolarów and tej kwoty, and za kosiarkę is Consideration. Both lawnmower clauses are constructed from the notes. The live pay page already ranks that genitive as the money QP and does not print a sprzedać clause.

The genitive does not enter za. *Pat nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwudziestu dolarów puts the genitive numeral inside the Price. *Pat nie sprzedał Chrisowi za kosiarki dwadzieścia dolarów treats the goods as the object of za and leaves the money accusative. The notes’ default is the first of the good strings above: za stays a PP, and the Theme takes the genitive. Whether a speaker can mark the noun inside za genitive under a coerced object reading is the open item the notes already flag. It is not a dictionary line.

za does not split. Za ile dolarów nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki? pied-pipes the whole Price QP. *Za co dwadzieścia nie sprzedał kosiarki takes the amount out and leaves a bare sort. Both are constructed. W jakiej walucie nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwadzieścia? is the notes’ in-strategy for the unit. It is constructed. It is not a second object. German wofür and Dutch waarvoor resume a Price PP of the same kind. Polish uses za ile for that whole phrase.

za is overloaded, and the overload is packaging. On sprzedać the printed frame and the citations use za for the Price (za pięć miliardów dolarów, za kwotę). On zapłacić the notes use za for the leftover goods. The notes also treat a Reason reading of the same preposition as packaging of a different complement, not as a second root and not as a second object of sprzedać. No Reason clause of this verb was in the dictionary lines checked. Purpose is a further clause: the notes’ Czy nie sprzedał kosiarki, żeby opróżnić szopę? is constructed. żeby sits outside the genitive of the goods. It is not the Price.

No swap. The notes’ Ilu BTC nie sprzedał za 8400 USDT? keeps the goods as the genitive question and the other amount inside za. Index 2 Polish Transfer prints wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać, not sprzedać. This page does not open wymieniać.

się is another packaging of the goods. Wikisłownik’s W księgarni sprzedaje się książki is 3sg, with no buyer and no za. SJP PWN lists colloquial sprzedać się as being sold in quantity. The notes’ Czy kosiarka nie sprzedała się za dwadzieścia dolarów? is constructed: the verb agrees with kosiarka, Voice is demoted, the Price stays in za, and the buyer is not promoted. *Pogoda nie sprzedała Chrisowi kosiarki is the notes’ weather star, constructed. A weather subject is unprinted in the entries checked.

kazać is a separate outer event. Its dative is not the buyer of sprzedać, and it is not given a paradigm on this page.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The notes’ point is one accusative (the goods), one Price inside za, a dative buyer, and genitive of negation on the goods QP. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object in this low ApplHAVE domain is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the Seller is Spec,Voice

Constructed · the notes’ declarative · and the printed baron line has the same four places

[VoiceP Pat Voice                     ← Seller = Spec,Voice · nominative
  … inner layers …
  sprzedał ]

✓ Pat sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarkę za dwadzieścia dolarów. constructed

✓ Pewien baron sprzedał rządowi hiszpańskiemu swoją kolekcję obrazów za pięć miliardów dolarów. WSJP

The Seller is the external argument. Under nie the goods QP is genitive. That rewrite does not add a participant. A weather subject is the notes’ star, constructed, and none is printed in the entries checked.

[NegP nie
  [VoiceP Pat Voice
    … kosiarki …                 ← goods QP · GEN
    [PP za [ MeasureP dwadzieścia dolarów ]]]]   ← Price stays a PP

✓ Pat nie sprzedał kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów. constructed

* Pogoda nie sprzedała Chrisowi kosiarki. constructed

Low ApplHAVE · dative buyer · one accusative

One buyer · dative · not a second accusative

[VoiceP Pat Voice
  [ApplP_LOW Chrisowi Appl_HAVE           ← Buyer · HAVE the goods · DAT
    [VP √sprzeda-
       [Theme kosiarkę ]_ACC ]             ← Goods · the accusative
    [PP za [ MeasureP dwadzieścia dolarów ]]]]   ← Price · PP · outside that accusative

WSJP prints the dative, the accusative, and za together in the baron citation, and the dative with the accusative and no price in akcje maklerom. SJP PWN prints komuś coś za pieniądze as definition prose. The lawnmower tree is the notes’ packaging. It is constructed.

✓ sprzedał rządowi hiszpańskiemu swoją kolekcję obrazów za pięć miliardów dolarów WSJP · one buyer · one za-MeasureP

✓ Komu nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki za dwadzieścia dolarów? constructed · the buyer stays dative under nie

MeasureP · za holds Amount and unit · they are not split

One Price phrase · the preposition is on the whole QP · not a second object

za  [ MeasureP  [ Amount dwadzieścia ]  [ N dolarów ] ]
za ile dolarów          =  that whole QP · pied-piped
* za co dwadzieścia     ← amount out · bare sort left · not a second object
* za dwudziestu dolarów ← genitive of negation does not enter the PP

✓ za pięć miliardów dolarów · za kwotę 250 zł WSJP · one MeasureP under za

✓ za pieniądze SJP PWN · definition prose · not a numeral MeasureP

✓ Za ile dolarów nie sprzedał Pat kosiarki? constructed · the answer is za dwadzieścia dolarów, not dolarów minus dwadzieścia

* Za co dwadzieścia nie sprzedał kosiarki? constructed · number and unit do not split

dwadzieścia dolarów = one MeasureP. n and U compose inside that phrase. za is on the phrase. Orthography is not extra arity. There is no further argument “currency name.” Composition in this cloth is za(MeasureP), not V(n)(U). German für and Dutch voor are prepositions on the same kind of MeasureP. Hungarian uses the case suffix -ért. Polish uses za.

English counterpart · two structural objects below Voice

Pat sold Chris a lawnmower for twenty dollars · working, parallel to English sell

[VoiceP Pat Voice                                  ← Seller
  [ApplP_LOW Chris Appl_HAVE                        ← Buyer = bare DOC object
    [VP √SELL
       [Theme a lawnmower ]                         ← Goods
       [PP for [ MeasureP twenty dollars ]]]]]

Structural case in the English double object goes to the applied buyer and, in the to-frame, to the goods. The passive can promote that buyer: Chris was sold a lawnmower. Polish spells the buyer as a dative. The accusative, and under nie the genitive, is the goods. The Price stays inside for in English and inside za in Polish. German and Dutch use a preposition for that Price. Hungarian uses -ért. kazać is a second event outside this tree. Japanese -sase- is a derivational outer wrap, not a place of sprzedać.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English sell, Polish sprzedać, Polish zapłacić
Layersell (EN)sprzedaćzapłacić
Spec,VoiceSellerSellerPayer
person layerDOC buyer, or todative · HAS the goodsdative · HAS the money · constructed on that page
Case objectgoods (to-frame) · buyer is the other bare object in the DOCgoods · accusative, genitive of that QP under niethe money · accusative, genitive of that QP under nie
za / forPrice · preposition for + MeasurePPrice · za + one MeasurePConsideration · the leftover goods
pointingthe DOC passive can promote the buyergenitive of negation on the goods QP · the buyer stays dative · za stays a PPgenitive of negation on the money QP · the Recipient stays dative

On sprzedać, Chris comes to HAVE the lawnmower, and twenty dollars measures the price. On zapłacić, Chris comes to HAVE the twenty dollars, and za kosiarkę is Consideration. Same preposition, opposite accusative. Genitive of negation follows whichever QP is that verb’s Case object.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Polish micro-entry · Beyond Index 2 · Group C

Four-place commercial transfer in Polish: Seller (Voice, nominative), Buyer/Recipient (dative), Goods (the accusative, Incremental Theme of HAVE; genitive of that QP under nie), and Price (za on one MeasureP ⟨Amount, Denomination⟩). Same inventory as English sell. sprzedawać and sprzedać are an aspect pair. On live zapłacić the genitive hits the money and za is Consideration. kazać is a separate outer event.

Compare languages PL micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 Group C · GEN-neg EN sell live DE verkaufen live NL verkopen live HU elad live

Compare languages. Sense × language: sell · Polish (sprzedawać ipfv / sprzedać pfv). One sense on this page, so no subscript. Not given a page here: wymieniać, zamieniać, odsprzedać. Twins: English sell · Spanish vender · French vendre · Italian vendere · Japanese uru · Mandarin mài · German verkaufen · Dutch verkopen · Hungarian elad. Geometry neighbors: payGIVE · zapłacić · chargeFEE · obciążyć · give · trade. Index 2 Polish Transfer cites wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać — not sprzedać.

Working paper. Polish-only micro-entry. Dictionary frames were checked on Słownik języka polskiego PWN (sprzedać / sprzedawać), on Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN (commercial sense mieszkanie), and on Wikisłownik (sprzedać, sprzedawać). Those sources print an accusative of the goods, a dative buyer, and za on a price. They do not print the lawnmower clause, and they do not print genitive of negation on kosiarki. Constructed diagnostics come from the Group C sell note (negative questions for this verb). They are working analyses, not locked judgments, and not spontaneous-speech citations.
Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Every example taken from the Group C note is marked constructed. Unavailable packagings are starred. A numeral za dwadzieścia dolarów beside Chrisowi and kosiarkę is unprinted as a citation. The baron citation is the printed four-place line.
Arity: four places, not a four-place atom. Index 2 does not list sprzedać. Like English sell, this root sits Beyond Index 2. Surface count can name Pat, Chris, a lawnmower, and a price. The lexicon does not list four co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Seller. Low ApplHAVE adds the Buyer. The root takes the goods. za takes one MeasureP. Denomination is not a fifth sister.
What this page does not do. wymieniać stays the Index 2 Transfer contrast. odsprzedać stays a separate WSJP headword. No other language of sell is opened. kazać is not filed as a place of this verb.

Hierarchy

Same inventory as English sell, the Romance twins, German verkaufen, Dutch verkopen, Hungarian elad, Japanese uru, and Mandarin mài. Not five-place. Not four sisters of one V. A flat grid would predict two accusatives, or a buyer that negation rewrites the way it rewrites the goods, or a Price that is a second object. Polish shows one Case object, the goods, a buyer in the dative, and a Price in za.

dwadzieścia dolarów = one MeasureP. See the MeasureP sketch. za ile dolarów resumes the phrase. It does not resume the unit minus the number. SJP PWN’s za pieniądze is definition prose. WSJP’s za pięć miliardów dolarów is one printed MeasureP.

What Polish changes is the cloth of the Price and the genitive of negation on the goods. What it does not change is the inventory. The goods are still the Incremental Theme of HAVE. The Price is still one MeasureP. Payment-settled is still implicated, not entailed. HAVE of the goods is still what the applicative says. sprzedawać / sprzedać are an aspect pair. That pair is not a fifth place.

Geometry · sprzedać beside the live Polish roots

In Pat sprzedał Chrisowi kosiarkę za dwadzieścia dolarów, Chris comes to HAVE the lawnmower. That is give-geometry. The price measures the sale. It is not the object that is transferred.

  • English sold Chris a lawnmower. Two bare objects, and a recipient passive. Polish’s match is a dative plus one accusative. See the argument-difference paragraph above.
  • verkaufen and verkopen. The buyer is a dative or an in German, a bare indirect object or aan in Dutch. The Price is a preposition, für or voor. Polish spells the buyer as a morphological dative and the Price as za. Genitive of negation is the Polish diagnostic those pages do not have.
  • elad. The buyer is dative -nak/-nek. The Price is the case suffix -ért, not a preposition. One preverbal Focus, and the particle el- separates. Polish has no such Focus host, and za is a preposition.
  • zapłacić. The Case object is the money, and genitive of negation rewrites that QP. za is Consideration on the leftover goods. On sprzedać the Case object is the goods and za is the Price. za- inside the perfective zapłacić is not the preposition za.
  • wymieniać. Index 2 Transfer prints wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać. The notes say that exchange head inverts two themes and that sprzedać does not. This page does not open wymieniać.
  • obciążyć. FROM. Genitive of negation rewrites the fee QP. za there is a Consideration hunch. The human is the payer, not a buyer of goods.
  • Omission. The WSJP schema writes buyer and za-phrase in parentheses. The plot citation has a price and no buyer. The broker citation has a buyer and no price. Omission does not demote a phrase that is present, and it does not turn the Price into a second accusative.
  • Other senses on the same entries. SJP PWN’s betrayal sense, the marrying-off sense, and być sprzedawcą are not this HAVE-goods reading. WSJP’s other sense labels are not quoted here. Wikisłownik’s sprzedawać usługi is a collocation of the commercial gloss, not a second page.

Open items

  • Lawnmower numeral beside the dative. The baron citation prints dative, accusative, and za plus a numeral together. Chrisowi plus kosiarkę plus za dwadzieścia dolarów is the notes’ packaging, not a dictionary line.
  • Genitive inside za. *za dwudziestu dolarów and *za kosiarki are constructed. The notes leave a coerced object reading of za open. The default on this page is that za stays a PP.
  • Left branch of the Price. *Za co dwadzieścia is constructed. Not in the entries checked.
  • Buyer as subject. Unprinted. Not constructed as a passive on this page.
  • Agreeing się with za. W księgarni sprzedaje się książki is printed, 3sg, with no price. The notes’ kosiarka nie sprzedała się za dwadzieścia dolarów is constructed.
  • Reason za. Unprinted on this verb in the entries checked. The notes treat the overload as packaging.
  • Purpose żeby. Unprinted on this verb in the entries checked. The notes’ clause is constructed.
  • kazać. A separate outer event. Not given examples here.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Słownik języka polskiego PWN at sjp.pwn.pl; Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN at wsjp.pl, commercial sense; Wikisłownik sprzedać and sprzedawać. Constructed argument frames follow the Group C note on negative questions for this verb: Seller subject, goods = the accusative and the genitive under nie, Buyer = dative, Price = za on one MeasureP, się as the middle, and the weather subject out. kazać is named as an outer event and is not exemplified. The chat extract named on the other sell pages is 18-negative-questions-for-sell-verb.md. Index 2 does not list sprzedać. Polish Transfer in Index 2 is wymieniać / zamieniać, dawać.

Series placement: Polish sense×language twin of English sell, Spanish vender, French vendre, Italian vendere, Japanese uru, Mandarin mài, German verkaufen, Dutch verkopen, and Hungarian elad. Records the four places, the dative buyer, za as the Price, and genitive of negation on the goods. Does not reopen causation-chain papers.