Headword
Language French · third language of load · one verb · the freight is the direct object and the goal is sur or dans · the vehicle is the direct object and the freight is de, where that de is printed · recharger and décharger only where a dictionary prints the cargo frame · a passenger is a separate printed object
Who loads, Theme, Location or Goal · French cloth · working claim, revisable
charger · Agent as subject + Theme as direct object + Goal (sur or dans + noun)
charger · Agent as subject + Location as direct object + Theme (de + noun), where the article prints that de
a passenger, where printed, is the direct object · the taxi can be the subject · that de under ne … pas is the partitive, not the freight de
English load prints both frames on one verb. Cambridge prints load this sand onto the lorry and, in the business entry, The tanker was loaded with four million gallons of diesel oil. Oxford prints Sacks were being loaded onto the truck and Men were loading up a truck with timber. German splits those frames across two verbs. laden takes the freight as an accusative and the goal in auf or in plus accusative. beladen takes the vehicle as an accusative and the freight in mit plus dative. Japanese prints one particle frame for both English glosses: Theme を and vehicle に. The with-frame is a gloss of that line.
What is different from that English gloss, and from the German split, and from the Japanese particle frame. French keeps both frames on charger. The noun has no case ending. Larousse sense 1 prints the two object choices in one line: Charger les bagages dans la voiture, charger la voiture. The bags are the direct object and the car is dans. Then the car is the direct object and the bags are left out. The Académie (9e édition) files the same split as two senses of this one verb. Sense 1 is Emplir un véhicule de denrées, de marchandises, de bagages, with La péniche était chargée de charbon. The vehicle is the subject of était chargée and the freight is de. Sense 2 is Placer un fardeau, un bagage, une cargaison sur ou dans ce qui doit les transporter, with Charger un sac sur son dos and Charger les bagages dans le coffre de la voiture. Le Robert prints the same two senses: Charger un navire, and Charger du charbon sur une péniche. du charbon is the partitive direct object. It is not the de that stands beside a vehicle object.
The best English gloss of the vehicle-object line is load the car or load the ship. Cambridge French prints charger une voiture as to load a car, and charger les bagages dans le coffre de la voiture as to load luggage into the trunk of a car. WordReference glosses Les grues chargent le navire as The cranes are loading the boat. The French of that line has no de and no avec. English with, and German mit, are not the preposition the articles print for the freight. The printed oblique of the freight, when the vehicle is the object or the subject of être plus the participle, is de. An active finite line that stacks a vehicle object and de plus hay is unprinted in the articles opened here. charger le camion de foin is constructed.
Read the direct object of the sur / dans frame as the freight. Read sur or dans as the place it goes. Read the direct object of the other frame as the vehicle, the ship, or the animal, and de as the freight, on the lines that print de. A passenger is the direct object on its own printed sense. avec of the freight is unprinted.
Printed charger · Theme direct object · Goal sur or dans
✓ Charger les bagages dans la voiture, charger la voiture. Il chargera le colis sur ses épaules. Larousse · sense 1 · the bags and the parcel are the direct object · dans la voiture · sur ses épaules · the second clause makes the car the object and leaves the freight out
✓ Charger un sac sur son dos. Charger les bagages dans le coffre de la voiture. Charger des marchandises dans un navire. Académie française · 9e édition · sense I.2 · sur and dans are both in the definition
✓ Charger du charbon sur une péniche. Le Robert · Placer, disposer pour être porté · du charbon is the partitive direct object · the barge is sur
✓ charger les bagages dans le coffre de la voiture Cambridge French–English · gloss to load luggage into the trunk of a car · the same page prints charger les valises avant le départ with the goal left out
les bagages the luggage · dans in, into · la voiture the car · charger load · le colis the parcel · sur ses épaules onto his shoulders · du charbon coal, partitive · sur une péniche onto a barge · the freight is the direct object · the place it goes is sur or dans · the noun shows no case ending
sur and dans · no case on the noun · à is a different phrase
✓ sur son dos · sur une péniche · sur les ânes Académie un sac sur son dos · Le Robert sur une péniche · Académie recharger Les ballots ont été rechargés sur les ânes
✓ dans la voiture · dans le coffre de la voiture · dans un navire Larousse · Académie sense I.2 · Cambridge the trunk line
✓ Ne chargez pas trop la camionnette à l’arrière. Académie · sense I.1 · à l’arrière is the back of the van · the van is the direct object · this à is not the goal of a freight object
✓ Le navire déchargera sur ce quai. Académie · décharger · the ship is the subject · sur ce quai is where it unloads · a source preposition of the vehicle, beside a freight object, is unprinted in this article
sur is the back, the barge, and the donkeys in the lines that print it · dans is the car, the trunk, and the ship in the lines that print it · the articles do not add a case label to either noun · à l’arrière is a place on the vehicle that is already the object · au camion as the goal of the freight is unprinted
The vehicle as direct object · Theme left out · or the vehicle as subject of être plus the participle
✓ charger la voiture · Nous chargerons la voiture ce soir. · Charger un navire. · Ne chargez pas trop la camionnette à l’arrière. Larousse sense 1 · Académie sense I.1 · Le Robert Charger un navire · no freight and no de in these clauses
✓ Les grues chargent le navire. WordReference · principales traductions · sense label (emplir de marchandises) · gloss The cranes are loading the boat · also glossed load up · the cranes are the subject · the ship is the object · the sense label has de and the example does not
✓ charger une voiture · finir de charger le véhicule et partir Cambridge French–English · (un véhicule) · gloss to load a car · no with in that gloss
✓ Ne charge pas trop la voiture. · Ne charge pas la voiture inutilement, chérie ! Larousse sense 2 · WordReference (encombrer de superflu) · gloss Don’t load the car up for no reason · the car is the object
we will load the car this evening · load a ship · the cranes are loading the ship · don’t load the van too much at the back · the vehicle is the direct object · the freight is unexpressed · English can still hear load the car as the with-frame with the freight left out · these French lines do not print de or avec
Printed de of the freight · Location as subject of the participle, or in the definition
✓ Emplir un véhicule de denrées, de marchandises, de bagages. · La péniche était chargée de charbon. · L’âne était chargé de ballots. Académie · sense I.1 · the definition writes de · the clauses are était chargé(e) de · the barge and the donkey are the subjects · the coal and the bales are de
✓ Charger une nouvelle fois un véhicule de denrées, de marchandises, de bagages, ou un animal d’un fardeau. Académie · recharger sense 1 · the definition · the finite examples of that sense are rechargent les cargos and rechargés sur les ânes · they do not stack de on the vehicle
✓ Vous vous chargez d’un fardeau beaucoup trop pesant. · Se charger d’un fardeau. Académie · Pron. · Le Robert se charger · the reflexive is the person · de is the burden · not a vehicle
✓ Elle s’était déchargée de son fagot. Académie · décharger · the person is the reflexive · de son fagot is the bundle
la péniche the barge · était chargée was loaded · de charbon with coal · l’âne the donkey · de ballots with bundles · the place is the subject · the freight is de · English with and German mit are the gloss of this de · the articles do not print avec here
Passengers · a separate printed object · not the freight sur / dans line
✓ Le chauffeur de taxi vient de charger un client, de le prendre en charge. Académie · sense I.2 · Spécialement. Fam. · the client is the direct object · le resumes that client in the paraphrase · no sur and no dans
✓ En parlant d’un chauffeur de taxi, prendre un client à son bord. Larousse · sense 8 · the definition · no finite clause in that sense
✓ Taxi qui charge un client, le fait monter. · Ce taxi ne charge pas de client après 22 h. Le Robert · familier · WordReference · gloss This taxi doesn’t take passengers after 10 pm · the taxi is the subject · de client is the object under ne … pas
the taxi driver has just picked up a passenger · this taxi does not take a passenger after 10 · the passenger is the direct object, or it is left as de under negation when the taxi is the subject · that de is not chargée de charbon · a line that puts the passenger in sur or dans is unprinted
recharger and décharger · the same two objects · only the cargo lines
✓ Les dockers déchargent et rechargent les cargos. · Les ballots ont été rechargés sur les ânes. Académie · recharger sense 1 · the ships are the direct object · the bales are the subject of ont été rechargés · sur les ânes stays
✓ Décharger un mulet. Décharger une charrette, une voiture. Les dockers déchargeaient le cargo. Académie · décharger · the animal, the cart, the car, and the ship are the direct object
✓ Avec pour complément ces marchandises, ces objets. Décharger des pierres, des planches, du blé. Les briques ont été déchargées. Académie · the same article names the other complement · the stones, the planks, the wheat, and the bricks are the Theme · a goal or a source beside them is unprinted in these lines
✓ Nous déchargerons demain matin. · Le navire déchargera sur ce quai. Académie · Absolument · no object in the first line · the ship is the subject in the second · sur ce quai stays
the dockers unload the ships and load them again · the bales were loaded again onto the donkeys · unload a mule, a cart, a car · unload stones, planks, wheat · the bricks have been unloaded · we will unload tomorrow morning · the ship will unload onto this quay · décharger prints both objects on one verb, and the Académie says so · a de or hors de source of the vehicle, beside the stones, is unprinted
Passive and reflexive · which argument is the subject
✓ La péniche était chargée de charbon. · L’âne était chargé de ballots. Académie · être plus the participle · the place is the subject · the freight stays de
✓ Les ballots ont été rechargés sur les ânes. · Les briques ont été déchargées. Académie · ont été · the freight is the subject · sur stays on the recharger line · a dans or sur that stays on a passive of charger itself is unprinted
✓ Vous vous chargez d’un fardeau beaucoup trop pesant. · Elle s’était déchargée de son fagot. Académie · the reflexive is the person · de is the burden or the bundle · Larousse’s separate être chargé block does not print this cargo participle
the barge was loaded with coal · the donkey was loaded with bundles · the bales have been loaded again onto the donkeys · the bricks have been unloaded · you are loading yourself with much too heavy a burden · she had unloaded herself of her bundle · être plus the participle can make the place the subject and keep de, or make the freight the subject · the second of those is printed on recharger and on décharger · it is unprinted on charger in the articles opened here
Hay on a truck · the two English frames · constructed where the finite clause is not printed
✓ Charger le foin sur le camion. constructed · modelled on Le Robert Charger du charbon sur une péniche and on Larousse Charger les bagages dans la voiture · foin and camion are not the nouns in those lines
✓ Charger le camion de foin. constructed · the pieces are printed apart · Larousse charger la voiture and Académie Emplir un véhicule de denrées and était chargée de charbon · no article opened here prints this finite stack as one clause
* Charger le camion avec du foin. constructed · avec of the freight · the shape of English with and of German mit · unprinted
* Charger le foin au camion. constructed · à of the vehicle as the goal · unprinted · the goal of the freight is sur or dans
le foin the hay · sur le camion onto the truck · le camion the truck · de foin of hay · English can say both on load · German puts the second frame on beladen · Japanese keeps the truck in に and the hay in を · French puts both frames on charger · these two finite hay lines are constructed · avec is not the printed freight preposition
| Place | Introduced by (working) | French marking | Status in the sources | English marking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | subject of the finite verb | subject · no case ending printed | nous in Nous chargerons · les grues · le chauffeur · les dockers · omitted in the bare infinitive lines | subject of load |
| Theme | the freight, when it is the direct object | direct object · partitive du / des where printed · no case ending | les bagages · le colis · un sac · du charbon · des marchandises · des pierres · les briques as the subject of ont été déchargées | object of load onto / into · this sand · luggage |
| Goal | where the freight goes | sur or dans + noun | sur son dos · sur une péniche · dans la voiture · dans le coffre · dans un navire · sur les ânes on recharger · à of that goal unprinted · y unprinted | onto · into · Cambridge into the trunk · Oxford onto the truck |
| Location | the vehicle, ship, or animal that receives the load | direct object · or subject of être plus the participle | la voiture · un navire · le navire · la camionnette · les cargos · un mulet · la péniche and l’âne as subjects of était chargé(e) | object of load or of load with · a car · the boat · a truck |
| Theme of de | the freight, when the place is the object or the subject of the participle | de + noun | de charbon · de ballots · de denrées in the definition · d’un fardeau on the person · de son fagot · unprinted as avec · unprinted on an active finite vehicle clause in these articles | with · with timber · with coal · German mit plus dative on beladen |
| Passenger | the person taken on | direct object · de + noun under ne … pas | un client · ne … pas de client · the taxi can be the subject · sur / dans of the passenger unprinted | pick up · take passengers · not the hay frame |
| Passive subject | être plus the participle | subject of était or of ont été | the place, with de, on charger · the freight on recharger and on décharger · a freight subject of charger that keeps sur or dans is unprinted | was loaded with · were loaded onto |
Marking map. On the sur / dans frame, the direct object is the freight and the preposition is the goal. On the other frame, the direct object, or the subject of était chargé, is the vehicle or the animal, and de is the freight. du charbon in Charger du charbon sur une péniche is the partitive object, not that de. de client under ne … pas is the passenger object, not that de. Do not read Recharger de charbon un poêle, or Charger une table de mets, as this cargo de.
| English, German, or Japanese frame | Printed line | French that prints it | What the gloss does |
|---|---|---|---|
| load X onto/into Y | Cambridge load this sand onto the lorry · Cambridge French to load luggage into the trunk · Oxford onto the truck · German Kisten auf einen Lkw laden | charger · Theme direct object · sur or dans · Larousse les bagages dans la voiture · Le Robert du charbon sur une péniche | same frame · the hay line is constructed |
| load Y with X | Oxford loading up a truck with timber · Cambridge business loaded with diesel oil · German einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen | same verb · Location direct object · Theme de on était chargée de charbon and in Emplir un véhicule de denrées | English with and German mit are not the printed preposition · the printed oblique is de · the active finite hay stack is constructed |
| one verb, both frames | both rows above are load | both rows are charger · Larousse prints them in one sense · the Académie and Le Robert number them as two senses of this verb | French matches English in keeping one verb · German uses laden and beladen |
| vehicle as object, freight left out | Cambridge French to load a car · WordReference The cranes are loading the boat | charger une voiture · Les grues chargent le navire · Charger un navire | the gloss does not add with · the French does not add de |
| Japanese を + に | トラックに新米を積む · トラックに材木を積む glossed both English frames | the onto-frame is the close match · the with-frame is the other object choice on the same French verb | Japanese does not print a Location-を plus Theme-で line · French does print the place as object, and prints de on the participle |
| passengers | Japanese 飛行機に乗客を乗せる · English take passengers | charger un client · Ce taxi ne charge pas de client | the passenger is the object, or the taxi is the subject · not sur / dans · de client is the negative partitive |
| German beladen | einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen · Location accusative · Theme mit plus dative | the place-object frame of charger · freight de, not a second verb and not avec | one French verb covers the German pair · the finite de clause with hay is constructed |
French charger beside the two English frames, the two German verbs, and Japanese 積む. The French cards use lines the dictionaries print.
FR · charger · dans / sur
Charger les bagages dans la voiture.
Larousse · Theme direct object · Goal dans · Le Robert prints sur une péniche
Move English load the luggage into the car. The freight is the object. The car is in dans. The same verb also takes the car as the object.
FR · charger · de
La péniche était chargée de charbon.
Académie · place is the subject · Theme de · Larousse also prints charger la voiture with no de
Move English the barge was loaded with coal. German uses beladen and mit. French keeps charger and prints de.
EN · load onto / into
How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry? Sacks were being loaded onto the truck.
Cambridge learner · Oxford
Move Same English verb as the with-card. French prints this frame as a direct object plus sur or dans.
EN · load with
Men were loading up a truck with timber. The tanker was loaded with four million gallons of diesel oil.
Oxford · Cambridge business
Move The truck is the English object. French does not print avec. The freight oblique that is printed is de.
DE · laden / beladen
Kisten auf einen Lkw laden. einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen.
Duden · DWDS · two verbs · see the German page
Move German splits what charger keeps. mit is not French de, and it is not a second French verb.
JA · 積む · に + を
トラックに新米を積む。
デジタル大辞泉 · Theme を · Goal に · both English glosses sit on this shape
Move One particle frame. French has the second object choice on charger. An outer -sase- wrap is not a second headword and is not drawn.
The shapes below are the ones the Académie, Larousse, Le Robert, Cambridge French–English, and WordReference print. Barron’s 501 French Verbs was not opened. Nothing is quoted from it. The Académie says charger conjugates like bouger. Larousse, under Difficultés, prints that g becomes ge before a and o: je charge, nous chargeons ; il chargea. An outer Japanese -sase- wrap is not a form of this verb. It is not a second headword, and this page does not draw it. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
| Lemma | As printed | Shapes in the lines above | What stays off the cargo frame |
|---|---|---|---|
| charger | verbe transitif · Académie se conjugue comme Bouger · Larousse je charge, nous chargeons ; il chargea | charge · chargera · chargerons · chargez · était chargée · était chargé · vient de charger | a weapon, a battery, a file, a mission, an attack, a table of dishes |
| se charger | Académie Pron. · Le Robert verbe pronominal · Larousse verbe pronominal | vous vous chargez · se charger d’un fardeau · je me charge de | je me charge de préparer le repas is the responsibility · s’en charger in the Robert example block resumes a task |
| recharger | Académie · dérivé de charger · se conjugue comme Bouger | rechargent · ont été rechargés | Recharger de charbon un poêle is the stove · a phone and a weapon are the same sense 2 |
| décharger | Académie · verbe transitif · the cargo senses are the two complements in sense I.1 | déchargeaient · déchargée · ont été déchargées · déchargerons · déchargera | a weapon, a battery, a debt, a legal discharge, a beam |
Le Robert’s conjugation block prints the present je charge, tu charges, il charge, nous chargeons, vous chargez, ils chargent, and the passé simple il chargea. The Académie conjugation note prints the same present. The participle chargé / chargée is the form in était chargée de charbon and Un fusil chargé. rechargés and déchargées are the participles in ont été rechargés and ont été déchargées.
Weapon, battery, camera, computer. Académie sense I.5 is an apparatus: Charger un révolver, Un fusil chargé, Charger une batterie d’accumulateurs. Larousse senses 5 to 7 are a camera, a dishwasher, a computer memory, and Charger un accumulateur. Cambridge prints charger un fusil, charger un fichier, and charger la batterie d’un téléphone portable. That charge is not the truck.
de that is not the freight. Académie sense I.4 is Charger une table de mets and Un cerisier chargé de fruits. Le Robert prints Charger de : garnir abondamment de and the same table. Recharger de charbon un poêle is Académie recharger sense 2, the stove, not a vehicle. The coal is de and the stove is the object. It is the same preposition as de charbon on the barge, and it is not the barge.
Mission and blame. Larousse sense 11 is On m’a chargé de vous remettre ce message. WordReference prints Je te charge de la comptabilité and se charger de as seeing to a thing. Le Robert’s example block prints s’en charger of a task and charger la barque. en there resumes the task. It is not a goal of freight. Académie sense II.2 is Charger quelqu’un d’un crime.
Attack. Académie sense III is Nos troupes chargèrent and Le sanglier a chargé. Larousse sense 10 is Le sanglier a chargé le chasseur. WordReference prints Le taureau charge la foule. The direct object is the person or the group that is rushed. It is not a vehicle.
Argument difference. English load hay onto the truck and load the truck with hay are one verb. German prints the first frame on laden and the second on beladen. Japanese prints one particle frame, Theme を and vehicle に, and the bilingual dictionaries gloss that frame with both English frames. French prints both object choices on charger. The goal of the freight is sur or dans. The freight beside the vehicle, where a line prints it, is de, not avec. The finite hay sentences are constructed. The dictionary cousins are the lines with the tags.
Printed cousins · then the constructed hay lines
✓ Charger les bagages dans la voiture, charger la voiture. Larousse
✓ Charger du charbon sur une péniche. Le Robert
✓ La péniche était chargée de charbon. Académie
✓ Charger le foin sur le camion. constructed on Charger du charbon sur une péniche
✓ Charger le camion de foin. constructed on charger la voiture and était chargée de charbon
* Charger le camion avec du foin. constructed · unprinted · avec of the freight
* Charger le foin au camion. constructed · unprinted · à of the vehicle
Each sketch is a working drawing. The drawing gives the Agent to the subject. On one frame it gives the Theme to the direct object and the Goal to sur or dans. On the other it gives the Location to the direct object, or to the subject of être plus the participle, and the Theme to de. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note, and it does not draw an outer Japanese -sase- wrap.
charger · direct-object freight · working, revisable
[ —
[ √charg-
[Theme les bagages ]
[PP dans [ la voiture ]]]] ← Larousse
[ —
[ √charg-
[Theme du charbon ]
[PP sur [ une péniche ]]]] ← Le Robert
du is the partitive of the direct object. It is not the de of the other frame. à in that goal slot is unprinted. y is unprinted. en of a task, in s’en charger, is not this goal.
✓ Charger les bagages dans le coffre de la voiture. Académie · Cambridge
* Charger le foin au camion. constructed · unprinted
charger · the place is the object, or the subject of the participle · working, revisable
[ —
[ √charg-
[Location la voiture ]]] ← Larousse · freight unexpressed
[ la péniche
[ √charg-
[PP de [ charbon ]]]] ← Académie · était chargée
The definition writes the freight in: Emplir un véhicule de denrées. The finite clauses that show de of coal or of bales have the place as the subject of était chargé. Charger le camion de foin stacks the two pieces and is constructed. avec in the freight slot is unprinted. Recharger de charbon un poêle has this de and a stove. It is not the vehicle.
✓ La péniche était chargée de charbon. Académie
* Charger le camion avec du foin. constructed · unprinted
Participle · working, revisable
[ la péniche
[ était chargée
[PP de [ charbon ]]]] ← place subject · de stays
[ les ballots
[ ont été rechargés
[PP sur [ les ânes ]]]] ← freight subject · sur stays
The first line is charger. The second is recharger. Les briques ont été déchargées makes the freight the subject and prints no goal. A passive of charger that makes the bags the subject and keeps dans is unprinted. The reflexive vous vous chargez d’un fardeau makes the person the subject and keeps de.
✓ Les ballots ont été rechargés sur les ânes. Académie
Working · de is the freight oblique that is printed
[ —
[ √LOAD
[Theme luggage ]
[PP into [ the car ]]]] ← English onto
← French sur / dans
← German laden
← Japanese を + に
[ —
[ √LOAD
[Location a truck ]
[PP with [ timber ]]]] ← English with
← German beladen
← French de, same verb
← Japanese gloss only
Larousse prints both French object choices in one sense of charger. The Académie and Le Robert number them as two senses and do not split them onto two verbs. German prints the second frame on beladen. Japanese prints both English glosses on Theme を plus Goal に. A Japanese Location-を plus Theme-で line is unprinted. The French match for that unprinted line is the place as object, with de where the article prints it.
Working paper · October 2026 · French micro-entry · beyond Index 2
charger prints both frames on one verb. The freight is the direct object and the goal is sur or dans. The vehicle is the direct object, or the subject of était chargé, and the freight is de where that phrase is printed. English with and German mit are not that preposition. German splits the frames across laden and beladen. Japanese prints one を plus に frame and glosses both.
French frames: Larousse for charger, être chargé, and se charger. Le Robert for charger and se charger, including the conjugation block and the labeled example sentences. Académie française, 9e édition, for charger, recharger, and décharger. Cambridge French–English for charger. WordReference French–English, the labeled principales traductions, traductions supplémentaires, and formes composées. English and German frames are the ones already on the German load page. Japanese frames are the ones already on the Japanese load page. The TLFi text and 501 French Verbs were not opened.
Records charger with the freight as the direct object and the goal in sur or dans, and with the place as the direct object or as the subject of était chargé and the freight in de. English load prints both frames on one verb and uses with. German prints the second frame on beladen. Japanese prints both English glosses on を plus に. All of this is a working claim, revisable.