Headword
Language Japanese · second language of load · 積む ［動マ五（四）］ · Theme を · Goal に · 載せる ［動サ下一］ · Theme を · Location に · 積み込む where a dictionary prints the frame · 積み上げる is the stack companion · 積み下ろし is the noun
Who loads, Theme, vehicle or surface · Japanese cloth · working claim, revisable
積む · Themeを + Goal (に of the vehicle, the cart, the ship, or the animal) · ［動マ五（四）］ · ［可能］つめる
載せる / 乗せる · Themeを + Location (に of a surface or a vehicle) · ［動サ下一］ · passengers are 乗せる
積み込む · Themeを · the vehicle is に in the definition and in 船に石炭を積み込む · ［動マ五（四）］
a vehicle subject, where printed, keeps the freight in を · この船は米を積んでいる · a human が is unprinted in the cargo lines opened here
デジタル大辞泉, on Kotobank, files 積む as ［動マ五（四）］ and prints a potential, ［可能］つめる. Sense 2 is the cargo sense: 運ぶために車や船などに荷をのせる. The examples are トラックに新米を積む and 原油を積んだタンカー. The freight is を. The truck is に. 日本国語大辞典 sense ②, on the same page, is 船や車などに、荷を載せる. That definition has に of the ship or the car and no を of the vehicle. JMdict, on the Weblio page, labels the verb マ行五段, transitive, and glosses the cargo sense “to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack.”
載せる / 乗せる is a second headword, ［動サ下一］, classical の・す［サ下二］. Sense 1 puts a thing on a surface: 荷物を網棚に載せる, 子供をひざに乗せてあやす. Sense 2 puts a person or a thing on or in a vehicle: 客を乗せたタクシー, トラックに引っ越し荷物を載せる. The kanji 載 is the luggage and the published line. The kanji 乗 is the person. JMdict marks “to give (someone) a ride” as especially 乗せる, and “to load (luggage)” as especially 載せる.
What diverges from the English gloss, and from German laden / beladen. English load prints two frames on one verb. Cambridge prints load this sand onto the lorry and, in the business entry, The tanker was loaded with four million gallons of diesel oil. Oxford prints Sacks were being loaded onto the truck and Men were loading up a truck with timber. German splits those frames across two verbs. laden takes the freight as an accusative and the goal in auf or in plus accusative (Kisten auf einen Lkw laden). beladen takes the vehicle as an accusative and the freight in mit plus dative (einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen). Japanese prints one particle frame for both English glosses. 研究社 新和英中辞典 glosses the one line トラックに材木を積む both as “load a truck with lumber” and as “load lumber on a truck.” 斎藤和英大辞典 glosses 車に荷を積む both as “to load goods on a cart” and as “to load a cart with goods.” The Japanese of those lines has に and を. It has no で of the freight, and the truck is not を. 研究社 新英和中辞典, on the Weblio load page, gives both English frames the same Japanese: load coal into [onto] a ship and load a ship with coal are both 船に石炭を積み込む. The with-frame of English, and the beladen frame of German, are bilingual glosses of Theme-を plus Location-に. A frame that would make the vehicle を and the freight で is unprinted in the articles opened here.
Read を as the freight, the bricks, the luggage, or the passenger. Read に as the vehicle, the animal, or the surface the thing goes onto. A vehicle that is the subject still keeps the freight in を. で of the freight, and を of the truck, are unprinted.
Printed 積む · Theme を · Goal に
✓ トラックに新米を積む。 デジタル大辞泉 · sense 2 · Kotobank · に of the truck · を of the rice
✓ トラックに材木を積む。 研究社 新和英中辞典 · one Japanese line · two glosses · load a truck with lumber · load lumber on a truck
✓ 運ぶために車や船などに荷をのせる。 · 原油を積んだタンカー。 デジタル大辞泉 · the definition writes に · the relative has 原油を and タンカー as the head
✓ 船や車などに、荷を載せる。 日本国語大辞典 · sense ② · に of the ship or the car · no を of the vehicle · no で of the freight
✓ 車に荷を積む。 · 車に積む。 · 馬に荷を積む。 · 船に荷を積む。 斎藤和英大辞典 · 車に荷を積む is glossed both on a cart and with goods · 車に積む leaves the freight out and still marks the cart with に
トラックに onto a truck · 新米を new rice · 積む load · to load new rice onto a truck · 材木を lumber · the same Japanese line is the gloss of both English frames · the freight is を · the place it goes is に
The vehicle as subject · Theme still を
✓ この船は米を積んでいる。 研究社 新和英中辞典 · gloss “The boat has a cargo of rice on board.” · the boat is は · the rice is を
✓ あの船は米を積んでいる。 · あの船は今荷を積んでいる。 · 本船は綿花を積んでいる。 斎藤和英大辞典 · glosses “The ship is laden with rice” · “The ship is taking in cargo” · “We are laden with cotton / We have cotton on board / We are carrying cotton”
✓ 米を積んだ船。 · 砂利を積んだ車。 · 今にも倒れそうに丸太を高く積んだトラック。 斎藤 · 研究社 新和英 · the freight is を inside the prenominal · the vehicle is the head · a subject gap and a location gap are both compatible with the relative alone
✓ 荷台に積んだ荷物。 研究社 新和英中辞典 · その事故は荷台に積んだ荷物が荷崩れしたために起きた · the bed is に · the freight is the head
this boat has rice on board · that ship is taking cargo in · the English gloss of 本船は綿花を積んでいる shifts the subject to “we” · the Japanese subject is the ship · the cotton stays を · English The ship was still loading can leave the freight out · these Japanese vehicle-subject lines keep を · 車に積む is the line that leaves the freight out, and the cart is still に
載せる / 乗せる · one thing on a surface · a passenger on a vehicle
✓ 荷物を網棚に載せる。 · 子供をひざに乗せてあやす。 デジタル大辞泉 · sense 1 · Theme を · Location に · 載 for the luggage · 乗 for the child
✓ トラックに引っ越し荷物を載せる。 · 客を乗せたタクシー。 デジタル大辞泉 · sense 2 · the luggage is を and the truck is に · the passenger is 客を · the taxi is the head, and に of the taxi is unspelled
✓ 品物を車に載せる。 EDR日英対訳辞書 · on the Weblio 載せる page · gloss “to load goods into a vehicle” · Theme を · Location に
✓ 茶碗を盆に載せて。 · 僕の手の上に君の手を載せてご覧。 斎藤和英大辞典 · glosses “Set the cups on a tray” · “Lay your hand on mine” · 上に is に of the surface
✓ 飛行機に乗客を乗せる。 · 食物をいっぱい載せたテーブル。 研究社 新英和中辞典 · load a plane (up) with passengers · a table loaded with food · passengers are 乗せる · the table line is 載せる · both keep を · the plane is に
✓ 〈車などに積む〉 load a car with goods. 研究社 新和英中辞典 · the のせる sense-2 row · the English gloss is printed · a filled Japanese sentence is not on that row
荷物を luggage · 網棚に onto the rack · 載せる put on · 客を passengers · 乗せる give a ride · 積む is the pile or the cargo put on to carry · 載せる is one thing on a surface or in a vehicle · a passenger line of 積む is unprinted in these articles
積み込む · Theme を · vehicle に where the line fills it
✓ 荷物を船や車・貨車などに積み入れる。 · 救援物資を積み込む。 デジタル大辞泉 · ［動マ五（四）］ · に is in the definition · the example prints を and no に
✓ 中に積み入れる。貨物を車や船などに入れる。 日本国語大辞典 · cites 日葡辞書 · に of the car or the ship is the definition
✓ 船に石炭を積み込む。 研究社 新英和中辞典 · the gloss of both load coal into [onto] a ship and load a ship with coal
✓ 薪炭をつみこんで。 日本国語大辞典 · 仮名垣魯文『安愚楽鍋』 as the entry prints it · 薪炭を is the Theme · 河岸へ in that line belongs to ひく · it is not filed as a goal of 積み込む
to load relief goods in · to load coal onto a ship, and to load a ship with coal, are the same Japanese · 船に · 石炭を · 積み込む · the with-gloss does not print で
積み上げる · stack · Theme を · and the noun 積み下ろし
✓ 米俵を積み上げる。 · 今日中に荷を積み上げよう。 · 団体交渉で額を積み上げる。 デジタル大辞泉 · ［動ガ下一］ · Theme を · 今日中に is the time · 団体交渉で is the setting · no vehicle に
✓ 石を高く積みあげて。 日本国語大辞典 · 『東関紀行』 as the entry prints it · Theme を · a stack, not a second cargo frame
✓ 船荷を積み下ろしする。 デジタル大辞泉 · the headword is the noun 積み下ろし / 積み降ろし / 積み卸し · ［名］(スル) · Theme を · a source から is unprinted · a finite verb 積み下ろす is not the headword in the article opened here
to stack rice bales · let’s finish loading the freight today · to build the figure up in the bargaining · to stack stones high · loading and unloading ship’s cargo · 積み上げる is the pile · 積み下ろし is the noun plus する
Passive and てある · the Theme is what shows up as が
✓ うずたかく積まれた商品。 デジタル大辞泉 · sense 1 · the goods are the head of the passive prenominal · the truck is not the subject
✓ そのゴミ捨て場には古タイヤが山のように積まれていた。 研究社 新和英中辞典 · が marks 古タイヤ · the dump is に · gloss “Old tires were piled up high in the garbage dump.”
✓ 机のかたわらに本がたくさん積んである。 · 構内には貨物が積んである。 研究社 新和英 · 斎藤和英 · てある · the books and the freight are が · the place is に
✓ 食卓にはご馳走が山のように積んである。 斎藤和英大辞典 · gloss “The table is laden with mountains of good cheer” · Japanese Theme が plus てある · the table is に · this is the stack scene, not a truck
goods piled high · old tires had been piled in the dump · a lot of books are piled beside the desk · freight is piled in the yard · the passive and てある promote the Theme · a passive that would make the truck the subject and leave the freight in で is unprinted
Pile against cargo · 重ねる · and the lines that stay off this frame
✓ 煉瓦を積んで塀を作る。 · ブロックを積む。 · 車に荷物を積む。 デジタル大辞泉 · the ［用法］ note · same-kind stacking can be 重ねる · 車に荷物を積む is heterogeneous, and 重ねる does not replace it · 紙を重ねてとじる does not become 積む
✓ 練習を積む。 · 経験を積む。 · 巨万の富を積む。 · 定期預金に積む。 · 降り積む雪。 デジタル大辞泉 · senses 3, 4, and 5 · repetition, storing, and the intransitive pile · 定期預金に is the account · sense 5 is つもる
✓ 計画を軌道に乗せる。 · 口車に乗せる。 · 広告を載せる。 · 名簿に載せる。 デジタル大辞泉 · senses 4, 6, and 8 of 乗せる / 載せる · off the cargo frame
stack bricks to make a wall · load luggage onto a car · gain practice · gain experience · amass a fortune · pay into a time deposit · snow piling up · put a plan on track · take someone in · run an advertisement · put a name on a list
Hay on a truck · the two English frames · constructed where the finite line is not printed
✓ トラックに干し草を積む。 constructed · modelled on デジタル大辞泉 トラックに新米を積む · 干し草 is not the printed noun in that article · a WordNet alignment on the Weblio page prints 干し草をトラックに積む and is marked there as mechanical · it is not filed as an editorial sentence
✓ 客をトラックに積む。 constructed · unprinted · the passenger lines that are printed are 客を乗せたタクシー and 飛行機に乗客を乗せる
* トラックを干し草で積む。 constructed · the vehicle as を and the freight as で · the shape of German beladen · unprinted
* 干し草をトラックで積む。 constructed · で of the vehicle · unprinted · the vehicle of 積む is に
干し草を hay · トラックに onto a truck · 積む load · English can say load the truck with hay on the same verb · German puts that frame on beladen · Japanese keeps the truck in に and the hay in を · the finite hay line is constructed
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Japanese marking | Status in the sources | English marking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | the vehicle as subject, where a finite line prints one | は · この船は · あの船は · 本船は · human が unprinted | この船は米を積んでいる · あの船は今荷を積んでいる · omitted in the bare lines | subject of load · Oxford The ship was still loading can omit the freight |
| Theme | the freight, the pile, the luggage, or the passenger | を · 新米を · 材木を · 荷を · 米を · 石炭を · 荷物を | 引っ越し荷物を · 客を on 乗せる · が when passive or てある promotes the Theme | object of load onto / into · this sand · lumber · coal |
| Goal | the vehicle, cart, ship, or animal of 積む and 積み込む | に · トラックに · 車に · 船に · 馬に · 荷台に · へ unprinted | 車や船などに in the definitions · 河岸へ in the 安愚楽鍋 line belongs to ひく | onto · into · on · Cambridge onto the lorry · Oxford onto the truck |
| Location | the surface or vehicle of 載せる / 乗せる | に · 網棚に · ひざに · 盆に · 飛行機に · 車に | 手の上に · 品物を車に載せる · the taxi in 客を乗せたタクシー leaves に unspelled | on a tray · on a rack · the passenger gloss uses with, and Japanese still marks に |
| Passive subject | passive れる or てある | が of the Theme · 積まれた商品 · 古タイヤが · 本が積んである | 貨物が積んである · a passive of the truck with the freight in で is unprinted | were piled up · was loaded with is the English gloss of a different particle frame |
Marking map. On 積む, を means the freight and に means the vehicle, the ship, the cart, or the animal. On 載せる, を means the thing or the passenger and に means the surface or the vehicle. で in 団体交渉で額を積み上げる is the setting of the figurative stack. It is not a freight で. に in 定期預金に積む is the account. It is not the truck. に in 今日中に is the time.
| English or German frame | Printed line | Japanese that prints it | What the gloss does |
|---|---|---|---|
| load X onto/into Y | Cambridge load this sand onto the lorry · Oxford Sacks were being loaded onto the truck · German Kisten auf einen Lkw laden | 積む · 積み込む · Theme を · Goal に · トラックに新米を積む · 船に石炭を積み込む | same particle frame as the onto-gloss · the hay line is constructed |
| load Y with X | Oxford loading up a truck with timber · Cambridge business loaded with diesel oil · German einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen | the same を + に · トラックに材木を積む · 船に石炭を積み込む · 車に荷を積む | the with-gloss sits on a line that has no で · German prints this frame on beladen |
| one Japanese line, both English frames | 研究社 “load a truck with lumber” and “load lumber on a truck” · 斎藤 “load goods on a cart” and “load a cart with goods” · 新英和 both coal lines | one frame · Theme を · vehicle に | the dictionary gives both English frames to に + を · PONS does the same crossing on German beladen |
| vehicle as object in English | Could you help me load up the car? · to load a cart · Langenscheidt to load the ship on die Fracht ins Schiff laden | 車に荷物を積む · 車に積む · the car stays に | English can make the car the object · these Japanese lines do not |
| vehicle subject | Oxford The ship was still loading · German der Zug hat Kohle geladen | この船は米を積んでいる · あの船は今荷を積んでいる · 本船は綿花を積んでいる | Japanese keeps を · the Saito gloss of 本船 shifts the English subject to “we” |
| passengers | load a plane (up) with passengers | 飛行機に乗客を乗せる · 客を乗せたタクシー | the verb is 乗せる · the plane is still に · 客をトラックに積む is constructed |
| a surface, one thing | a table loaded with food · “Set the cups on a tray” | 食物をいっぱい載せたテーブル · 茶碗を盆に載せる · 荷物を網棚に載せる | 載せる · Theme を · surface に or the table as the head · not the mit frame |
| German beladen | einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen · Location accusative · Theme mit plus dative | unprinted as Location を plus Theme で | the best Japanese match for both German verbs is still Theme を plus Goal に |
Japanese 積む and 載せる beside the two English frames and the two German verbs. The Japanese cards use lines the dictionaries print.
JA · 積む · に + を
トラックに新米を積む。
デジタル大辞泉 · sense 2 · Theme を · Goal に
Move English load the rice onto the truck. The freight is を. The truck is に. The same shape is the gloss of load the truck with lumber.
JA · 載せる · surface
荷物を網棚に載せる。
デジタル大辞泉 · sense 1 · one thing on a surface
Move One thing on a rack. Passengers are 乗せる: 客を乗せたタクシー, 飛行機に乗客を乗せる.
EN · load onto / into
How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry? Sacks were being loaded onto the truck.
Cambridge learner · Oxford
Move Same English verb as the with-card. Japanese prints this frame as を plus に.
EN · load with
Men were loading up a truck with timber. The tanker was loaded with four million gallons of diesel oil.
Oxford · Cambridge business
Move The truck is the English object. Japanese 研究社 still prints the truck as に and the lumber as を.
DE · laden
Kisten auf einen Lkw laden.
Duden · Theme accusative · auf plus accusative · see the German page
Move The close German match for トラックに新米を積む. Freight is the object. The truck is in a preposition.
DE · beladen · mit
einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen.
DWDS · Location accusative · Theme mit plus dative
Move German has a second verb for this frame. Japanese does not print it. The gloss of に + を covers it.
The shapes below are the ones デジタル大辞泉, 日本国語大辞典, 研究社, 斎藤和英大辞典, and JMdict print. No telicity claim is made. An outer -sase- wrap is unprinted in these articles. It is not a second headword, and this page does not draw it. The note on which object a causative treats as the object is Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
| Lemma | Class, as printed | Shapes in the lines above | What stays off the cargo frame |
|---|---|---|---|
| 積む | ［動マ五（四）］ · JMdict マ行五段 · transitive · ［可能］つめる | 積む · 積んだ · 積んでいる · 積んである · 積まれた · 積まれていた | practice, experience, wealth, a time deposit, intransitive 降り積む |
| 載せる / 乗せる | ［動サ下一］ · classical の・す［サ下二］ · JMdict 一段 · transitive | 載せる · 乗せて · 乗せた · 載せた | a plan on track, a trick, a broadcast, a name on a list, an advertisement |
| 積み込む | ［動マ五（四）］ · 日本国語大辞典 also files a classical 下二段 | 積み込む · つみこんで | the classical 下二段 line is 積籠め in 太平記, a different shape |
| 積み上げる | ［動ガ下一］ · classical つみあ・ぐ［ガ下二］ | 積み上げる · 積み上げよう · 積みあげて | a sum in bargaining · で there is the setting |
| 積み下ろし | noun · ［名］(スル) | 船荷を積み下ろしする | a finite verb headword is unprinted in the article opened here · source から unprinted |
Stack of the same kind. デジタル大辞泉 sense 1 is 物の上にさらに物を置く. ブロックを積む and 煉瓦を積む are that sense. The usage note says 車に荷物を積む can be a different kind of thing on the vehicle, and 重ねる does not replace that line. The cargo page uses sense 2. The stack sense shares を and does not print a vehicle に in ブロックを積む.
Repetition and storing. Sense 3 is 練習を積む and 経験を積む. Sense 4 is 巨万の富を積む and 定期預金に積む. 斎藤 adds 富を積む, 金を積む as a deposit, and the virtue idioms. Those を phrases are not freight. 定期預金に is not a truck.
Intransitive pile. Sense 5 is 降り積む雪, glossed つもる. 日本国語大辞典 files a separate intransitive 積む. That verb has no Theme を.
載せる besides luggage. Publishing is sense 8, 広告を載せる and 名簿に載せる. A trick is 口車に乗せる. A plan is 計画を軌道に乗せる. Music is ピアノの調べに乗せて歌う. A broadcast is ニュースを電波に乗せる. Those lines keep を and に and they are not the truck.
Argument difference. English load hay onto the truck and load the truck with hay are one verb. German prints the first frame on laden and the second on beladen. Japanese prints one particle frame, Theme を and vehicle に, and the bilingual dictionaries gloss that frame with both English frames. The finite hay sentence is constructed. The dictionary cousins are the lines with the tags.
Printed cousins · then the constructed hay line
✓ トラックに新米を積む。 デジタル大辞泉
✓ トラックに材木を積む。 研究社 新和英中辞典 · both English frames
✓ 船に石炭を積み込む。 研究社 新英和中辞典 · both English frames
✓ トラックに干し草を積む。 constructed on トラックに新米を積む
* トラックを干し草で積む。 constructed · unprinted · Location を plus Theme で
* 干し草をトラックで積む。 constructed · unprinted · で of the vehicle
Each sketch is a working drawing. The drawing gives the freight to を and the vehicle or the surface to に. A vehicle subject, where printed, is は and the freight stays を. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note, and it does not draw an outer -sase- wrap.
積む · working, revisable
[ —
[ √積-
[Theme 新米を ]
[Goal トラックに ]]] ← デジタル大辞泉
[ —
[ √積-
[Theme 材木を ]
[Goal トラックに ]]] ← 研究社
both English glosses
The same drawing fits 船に石炭を積み込む and 車に荷を積む. A で phrase in the Theme slot is unprinted. A を phrase in the vehicle slot is unprinted. へ is unprinted on these verbs. In the 安愚楽鍋 line, 河岸へ belongs to ひく.
✓ トラックに新米を積む。 デジタル大辞泉
* トラックを干し草で積む。 constructed · unprinted
載せる / 乗せる · working, revisable
[ —
[ √のせ-
[Theme 荷物を ]
[Location 網棚に ]]] ← デジタル大辞泉 · 載
[ —
[ √のせ-
[Theme 乗客を ]
[Location 飛行機に ]]] ← 新英和 · 乗
積む is the pile, or the cargo put on a vehicle to carry, and the usage note allows a heterogeneous load. 載せる is one thing on a surface or in a vehicle. A passenger is 乗せる. 客をトラックに積む is constructed.
✓ 荷物を網棚に載せる。 デジタル大辞泉
✓ 飛行機に乗客を乗せる。 研究社 新英和中辞典
Finite は · working, revisable
[TP この船は
[ —
[Theme 米を ]
積んでいる ]] ← 研究社
[TP 本船は
[ —
[Theme 綿花を ]
積んでいる ]] ← 斎藤
English gloss: “we”
The relative 原油を積んだタンカー is compatible with a subject gap and with a location gap. The finite lines are what settle the vehicle as subject. They keep を. 車に積む is the other omission: the freight is out, and the cart is に, so English “load a cart” still does not make the cart を.
✓ この船は米を積んでいる。 研究社 新和英中辞典
Working · the with-frame has no Japanese particle of its own
[ —
[ √LOAD
[Theme lumber ]
[PP on [ a truck ]]]] ← English onto
← Japanese を + に
← German laden
[ —
[ √LOAD
[Location a truck ]
[PP with [ lumber ]]]] ← English with
← German beladen
← Japanese gloss only
研究社 prints both English frames on トラックに材木を積む. German prints the second frame on beladen, with the vehicle as the accusative and the freight in mit. A Japanese Location-を plus Theme-で line is unprinted. The best translation of both English frames, and of both German verbs, is Theme を plus Goal に on 積む or 積み込む. Use 載せる when the line is one thing on a surface, and 乗せる when the Theme is a passenger.
Working paper · October 2026 · Japanese micro-entry · beyond Index 2
積む and 載せる take the freight in を and the vehicle or the surface in に. English load with and German beladen are glosses of that frame. A Location-を plus Theme-で alternation is unprinted. Passengers are 乗せる. A vehicle subject keeps を.
Japanese frames: デジタル大辞泉 and 日本国語大辞典 on Kotobank for 積む, 乗せる / 載せる, 積み込む, 積み上げる, and the noun 積み下ろし. 研究社 新和英中辞典 and 斎藤和英大辞典 on the Weblio page for 積む, and the labeled blocks on the Weblio page for 載せる. 研究社 新英和中辞典 on the Weblio page for load, the coal, passenger, and table lines. EDR日英対訳辞書 for 品物を車に載せる. JMdict on the Weblio pages. English and German frames are the ones already on the German load page: Cambridge, Oxford, Duden, DWDS. 大辞林, a labeled Wisdom block, and 少納言 were not opened.
Records 積む and 載せる with the freight in を and the vehicle or the surface in に. English load prints a with-frame on the same verb. German prints that frame on beladen. Japanese prints it as a gloss of を plus に. All of this is a working claim, revisable.