Headword
Language Russian · fourth language of load · imperfective грузить · perfectives погрузить, нагрузить, загрузить · Theme accusative and Goal на or в plus accusative · Location accusative and Theme bare instrumental · разгрузить and выгрузить only where a dictionary prints the unloading line
Who loads, Theme, Location or Goal · Russian cloth · working claim, revisable
грузить · AgentNOM + ThemeACC + Goal (на or в + accusative)
грузить · AgentNOM + LocationACC + Theme (bare instrumental)
Ozhegov files погрузить with the first frame and нагрузить and загрузить with the second · the prefixed articles also print lines that cross that filing · a bare instrumental is the freight, with no с
English load prints both frames on one verb. Cambridge prints load this sand onto the lorry and, in the business entry, The tanker was loaded with four million gallons of diesel oil. Oxford prints Sacks were being loaded onto the truck and Men were loading up a truck with timber. German splits those frames across two verbs. laden takes the freight as an accusative and the goal in auf or in plus accusative. beladen takes the vehicle as an accusative and the freight in mit plus dative. French keeps both frames on charger, and the freight beside the place is de. Japanese prints one particle frame, Theme を and vehicle に.
What the Russian articles print. The imperfective prints both frames. Ozhegov sense 1 is что, Наполнять грузом, Г. баржу лесом: the barge is accusative and the timber is instrumental. Sense 2 is кого-что, Г. лес на баржу and Г. скот в вагоны: the timber and the cattle are accusative, and the barge and the wagons are на or в plus accusative. The same entry files the perfectives by sense: загрузить and нагрузить to sense 1, погрузить to sense 2. Ushakov prints the same two frames and names one perfective each: Грузить пароход товарами with нагрузить, and Грузить пшеницу в вагоны with погрузить. Ushakov’s грузить entry does not name загрузить.
The prefixed articles do not all stay inside that cross-reference. Ushakov’s нагрузить prints the location frame, Нагрузить телегу мешками, and the goal frame, Нагрузить мешки с мукой на воз. Kuznetsov’s погрузить prints П. мешки на телегу and П. вещи в машину, and then a fill line whose object is the place and whose freight is left out: П. корабль, телегу. An instrumental beside that place-object of погрузить is unprinted. Kuznetsov’s загрузить prints З. машину кирпичом. The best English gloss of the location line is load the barge with timber. English with, German mit, and French de are prepositions. The Russian freight in that frame is a bare instrumental. с plus instrumental of the freight is unprinted.
Case and the preposition are the spell-out of the positions. The nominative is the loader. On the на / в frame the accusative is the freight and the prepositional phrase is the goal. On the other frame the accusative is the place and the bare instrumental is the freight. The revisable note Causative templates and argument selection chooses subject and object by Proto-Agent and Proto-Patient properties, and the Proto-Patient property that note uses is incremental theme. Here the nominative has the Proto-Agent properties the note names, volition and causation, on the lines with a human loader. The accusative is the argument the verb treats as affected: the freight, when the freight is what moves, or the place, when the place is what is filled. Whether that filled place is the note’s incremental theme is open. This page does not edit that note.
Read the accusative of the на / в frame as the freight, and на or в plus accusative as the place it goes. Read the accusative of the other frame as the barge, the cart, the ship, or the room, and the bare instrumental as the freight. с plus instrumental of that freight is unprinted. A prefix is part of the perfective lemma. English load has no prefix to choose.
Printed грузить · Theme accusative · Goal на or в plus accusative
✓ Г. лес на баржу. Г. скот в вагоны. Ozhegov and Shvedova · sense 2 · кого-что · Г. is грузить · the timber and the cattle are accusative · the barge is на · the wagons are в · perfective filed here: погрузить
✓ Грузить пшеницу в вагоны. Ushakov · sense 2 · perfective погрузить · the wheat is accusative · the wagons are в
✓ Г. контейнеры с товарами на теплоход. Г. в вагоны скот, технику. Kuznetsov · sense 2 · perfective погрузить · с товарами is inside the container noun · it is not the freight of the location frame
✓ Команда уже грузила орудия на две платформы. MAS · Evgenyeva · sense 2 · A. N. Tolstoy, Хмурое утро · the guns are accusative · the platforms are на
✓ В порту спешно грузили на пароходы горные орудия, рельсы, гидропланы. MAS · Dikovsky, Госпожа Слива · the ships are на · the guns, the rails, and the seaplanes are accusative · the entry prints a dash between рельсы and гидропланы
лес timber · на баржу onto a barge · скот cattle · в вагоны into the wagons · пшеницу wheat · контейнеры containers · на теплоход onto a motor ship · орудия guns · на две платформы onto two flatcars · the freight is accusative · the place it goes is на or в plus accusative
Printed грузить · Location accusative · Theme bare instrumental
✓ Г. баржу лесом. Ozhegov and Shvedova · sense 1 · что · Наполнять грузом · the barge is accusative · лесом is instrumental · perfectives filed here: загрузить and нагрузить
✓ Грузить пароход товарами. Ushakov · sense 1 · government кем-чем · perfective нагрузить · the steamer is accusative · товарами is instrumental
✓ Г. состав галькой. Г. баржу лесом. Kuznetsov · sense 1 · government что (чем) · perfective нагрузить · Пора машины г.! on the same sense leaves the freight out
✓ Баржа была гружена стульями, столами. MAS · sense 1 · Vs. Ivanov, Гибель Железной · the barge is the subject of the short participle · the chairs and the tables are instrumental
✓ Алеша деловито помогал грузить подводы. MAS · Gorbatov, Мое поколение · the carts are accusative · the freight is unexpressed
баржу a barge · лесом with timber · пароход a steamer · товарами with goods · состав a train · галькой with gravel · стульями, столами with chairs and tables · the place is accusative, or it is the subject of была гружена · the freight is a bare instrumental · English with is the gloss of that case
погрузить · Theme accusative and Goal · a place object with the freight left out
✓ П. мешки на телегу. П. вещи в машину. Kuznetsov · sense 2 · что · П. is погрузить · the sacks and the things are accusative · the cart is на · the car is в · the imperfective named here is also грузить
✓ П. корабль, телегу. Kuznetsov · the same sense · sub-line Наполнить что-л. грузом · the ship and the cart are accusative · no instrumental in the line
✓ см. грузить Ozhegov · погрузить sense 1 · the cargo perfective is the cross-reference to грузить sense 2 · Ozhegov does not print a place-object clause of погрузить on this entry
✓ П. весла в воду. П. зонд в скважину. Ozhegov · sense 2 · кого-что во что · immerse · the oars and the probe are accusative · в is the liquid or the hole · this sense is not the cargo frame
load the sacks onto the cart · load the things into the car · load the ship, the cart · the goal lines match Ozhegov’s sense 2 of грузить · the fill line makes the place the object and leaves the freight out · an instrumental of timber or of sacks beside погрузить plus a place is unprinted in Ozhegov, in Ushakov’s cross-reference, and in this Kuznetsov article
нагрузить · both frames are printed · the burden sense
✓ Нагрузить телегу мешками. Нагрузить верблюда кладью. Ushakov · sense 2 · кого-что кем-чем · the cart and the camel are accusative · the sacks and the load are instrumental · Wiktionary prints these two lines with no further citation
✓ Нагрузить мешки с мукой на воз. Нагрузить кладь на верблюда. Ushakov · sense 3 · кого-что на кого-что · the sacks and the load are accusative · the cart and the camel are на
✓ Нагрузить пароход товарами. Ushakov · sense 1 · perfective of грузить sense 1 · the steamer is accusative · товарами is instrumental
✓ Кибитку нагрузили грибами, вареньем, медом, мочеными и сушеными ягодами, назначенными в подарки. MAS · Herzen, Кто виноват? · the covered wagon is accusative · the mushrooms, the jam, the honey, and the berries are instrumental
✓ Гаврик повернул Петю спиной и нагрузил ранец тяжелыми мешочками. MAS · Kataev, Белеет парус одинокий · the knapsack is accusative · the little sacks are instrumental
✓ Нагрузить вещи на машину. MAS · the sub-line under sense 1 · на кого-, что-л., во что-л. · the things are accusative · the car is на · no literary clause on this sub-line
✓ Н. поручениями. Ozhegov · sense 2 · перен., кого (что) чем · Ushakov sense 5 Нагрузить кого-н. поручениями · the person is the accusative the government names · the errands are instrumental · noun нагрузка
load the cart with sacks · load the sacks of flour onto the cart · load the steamer with goods · they loaded the wagon with mushrooms, jam, honey, and berries · he loaded the knapsack with heavy little sacks · load the things onto the car · load someone with errands · Ushakov and MAS print both cargo frames on нагрузить · Ozhegov’s own example on this entry is the burden, and the cargo perfective is the cross-reference to грузить sense 1
загрузить · location and instrumental · work · the furnace · the program
✓ Загрузить все подвалы картошкой. Ushakov · sense 1 · что · the cellars are accusative · картошкой is instrumental
✓ З. машину кирпичом. З. подвал картошкой. З. судно по самый борт. Kuznetsov · sense 1 · что (чем) · the truck is accusative and the brick is instrumental · the ship line leaves the freight out · по самый борт is how far
✓ З. в открытую шахту печи руду и древесный уголь. Kuznetsov · sense 3 · что чем · the ore and the charcoal are accusative · the furnace shaft is в · this sense is the furnace, not a vehicle
✓ З. рабочий день. З. преподавателей. Ozhegov · sense 2 · перен., кого-что · the working day and the teachers are the object · no instrumental in these two lines · Ushakov prints Загрузить рабочий день служащих and Загрузить преподавателей · Kuznetsov prints З. учителей and З. рабочий день служащих
✓ Кроме навигационной программы в GPS-навигатор необходимо загрузить карту местности. Wiktionary · computing sense · V. Khort and S. Tishina, Наука и жизнь, 2008 · NKRYA as Wiktionary cites it · the map is accusative · the navigator is в · Ozhegov’s загрузить entry prints no computing clause · Kuznetsov sense 4 prints the definition and no clause
load all the cellars with potatoes · load the truck with brick · load ore and charcoal into the open shaft of the furnace · load the working day · load the teachers · it is necessary to load a map of the area into the GPS navigator · the cargo lines that are printed take the place as the object and the freight as a bare instrumental · the computing line takes the file as the object and the machine as в plus accusative · a vehicle clause загрузить кирпич в машину is unprinted
разгрузить and выгрузить · the unloading counterpart
✓ Разгрузить платформу. Разгрузить баржу. MAS · sense 1 · Освободить от груза · the platform and the barge are accusative · the freight is unexpressed
✓ Сотня снарядов, выгруженных с парохода, рядками уложена около пушек. MAS · A. N. Tolstoy, Хмурое утро · the shells are the participle’s noun · the ship is с plus genitive · the definition names из вагона, судна, машины and this clause prints с
✓ мы должны разгрузить его от мелочей. MAS · Granin, Искатели · the person is accusative · от мелочей is от plus genitive · the burden sense of unloading · Bakhmetev prints разгрузить тебя with the person and no от
unload the platform · unload the barge · a hundred shells unloaded from the steamer · we should take the small jobs off him · разгрузить prints the place, or the person, as the accusative · выгрузить prints the freight as the participle’s noun and the ship as с plus genitive · a full unload entry is not this page
Passive · which argument is the subject
✓ Баржа была гружена стульями, столами. MAS · short participle · the place is the subject · the freight stays instrumental
✓ другие комсомольцы ничем не нагружены. MAS · Kalinin · the people are the subject · ничем is instrumental · the burden sense
✓ Сотня снарядов, выгруженных с парохода MAS · the freight is the noun of выгруженных · с парохода stays · this participle is выгрузить, not грузить
the barge was loaded with chairs and tables · the others are loaded with nothing · shells unloaded from the steamer · the short participle of грузить that is printed makes the place the subject and keeps the instrumental · a participle of грузить or of погрузить that makes the timber the subject and keeps на or в is unprinted in the articles opened here
Hay, boxes, a cart, a car · the two English frames · constructed where the clause is not the printed one
✓ Грузить сено на телегу. constructed · modelled on Ozhegov Г. лес на баржу and on Kuznetsov П. мешки на телегу · сено is not the noun in those lines
✓ Погрузить ящики в машину. constructed · modelled on Kuznetsov П. вещи в машину · ящики is not the noun in that line
✓ Нагрузить телегу сеном. constructed · modelled on Ushakov Нагрузить телегу мешками · сеном is not the noun in that line · Ozhegov’s printed instrumental on this frame is лесом
✓ Загрузить машину ящиками. constructed · modelled on Kuznetsov З. машину кирпичом · ящиками is not the noun in that line
✓ Погрузить телегу сеном. constructed · the place object is Kuznetsov П. корабль, телегу · the instrumental is Ozhegov лесом on грузить · no article opened here stacks them on погрузить
* Грузить баржу с лесом. constructed · с plus instrumental of the freight · the shape of English with and of German mit · unprinted · the printed freight of this frame is the bare instrumental
сено hay · на телегу onto the cart · ящики boxes · в машину into the car · сеном with hay · ящиками with boxes · English can say both on load and marks the second freight with with · German puts that second frame on beladen · French puts it on charger and prints de · Japanese keeps the cart in に and the hay in を · these five Russian clauses are constructed · the dictionary cousins are the lines with the real tags
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Russian marking | Status in the sources | English marking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | subject of the finite verb | nominative | команда · Гаврик · omitted in the bare infinitive lines · a spelled human кто is unprinted on Ozhegov’s грузить | subject of load |
| Theme | the freight, when it is the accusative | accusative | лес · скот · пшеницу · орудия · мешки · вещи · карту on the computing line · руду on the furnace line | object of load onto / into · this sand · sacks |
| Goal | where the freight goes | на or в plus accusative | на баржу · в вагоны · на телегу · в машину · на пароходы · на две платформы · в GPS-навигатор · в открытую шахту печи is the furnace | onto · into · Cambridge onto the lorry · Oxford onto the truck |
| Location | the vehicle, ship, cart, or room that receives the load | accusative · or subject of the short participle | баржу · пароход · телегу · машину · подвалы · корабль · подводы · баржа as subject of была гружена | object of load or of load with · a truck · the tanker |
| Theme | the freight, when the place is the object | bare instrumental | лесом · товарами · галькой · мешками · кладью · картошкой · кирпичом · стульями, столами · поручениями on the person · с plus instrumental unprinted · unprinted beside погрузить plus a place | with · with timber · German mit plus dative · French de |
| Source | where the freight is taken off | с plus genitive · из in the definition | с парохода on выгруженных · MAS definition из вагона, судна, машины · разгрузить prints the place as the accusative and leaves the source out | from · unload from the ship |
| Passive subject | short participle or participle phrase | nominative of the promoted argument | the place, with the instrumental, on была гружена · the people, with ничем, on нагружены · the freight on выгруженных · a freight subject of грузить that keeps на or в is unprinted | was loaded with · were loaded onto |
Marking map. On the на / в frame, the accusative is the freight and the preposition is the goal. On the other frame, the accusative is the place and the bare instrumental is the freight. с товарами inside контейнеры с товарами is part of the theme noun. It is not the instrumental of Г. баржу лесом. с парохода is the source of выгрузить. Ozhegov’s cross-reference on грузить files погрузить with the first frame and нагрузить and загрузить with the second. Ushakov and MAS also print the first frame on нагрузить. Kuznetsov prints a place object of погрузить and does not print the instrumental there.
| English, German, French, or Japanese frame | Printed line | Russian that prints it | What the gloss does |
|---|---|---|---|
| load X onto/into Y | Cambridge load this sand onto the lorry · Oxford onto the truck · German Kisten auf einen Lkw laden · French les bagages dans la voiture | грузить and погрузить · Theme accusative · на or в plus accusative · Ozhegov Г. лес на баржу · Kuznetsov П. вещи в машину | same frame · the hay line and the box line are constructed |
| load Y with X | Oxford loading up a truck with timber · Cambridge business loaded with diesel oil · German einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen · French était chargée de charbon | грузить, нагрузить, загрузить · Location accusative · Theme bare instrumental · Ozhegov Г. баржу лесом · Ushakov Нагрузить телегу мешками · Kuznetsov З. машину кирпичом | English with, German mit, and French de are prepositions · Russian prints a bare instrumental |
| one verb, both frames | both rows above are load · both rows are French charger | both rows are грузить · Ozhegov and Ushakov number them as two senses of this verb | the imperfective matches English and French in keeping both frames · the perfective is a prefixed lemma |
| German be- | beladen · Location accusative · Theme mit plus dative | Ozhegov files that frame’s perfectives as нагрузить and загрузить · Ushakov and MAS also print Theme accusative and на on нагрузить | German uses a second verb · Russian uses a prefix, and нагрузить does not stay inside one frame |
| Japanese を + に | トラックに新米を積む · both English glosses sit on this shape | the на / в frame is the close match · the location-accusative frame is the other object choice | Japanese does not print Location を plus Theme で · Russian does print the place as accusative and the freight as instrumental |
| prefix and aspect | English load has no aspect prefix · German be- does not separate | Ozhegov: погрузить to sense 2, нагрузить and загрузить to sense 1 · each prefix also has погружать, нагружать, загружать | choosing the perfective chooses a prefix · English has no such choice on load |
| burden and the program | the sibling pages’ English cards do not print a person-object line or a program line | Н. поручениями · person in the кого government, errands instrumental · загрузить карту в GPS-навигатор · map accusative, navigator в | the burden freight is a bare instrumental · the computing line is the goal frame, the same в as the cargo goal |
Russian грузить beside the two English frames, the two German verbs, French charger, and Japanese 積む. The Russian cards use lines the dictionaries print.
RU · грузить · на / в
Г. лес на баржу. Г. скот в вагоны.
Ozhegov · sense 2 · Theme accusative · Goal на or в · perfective погрузить
Move English load the timber onto the barge. The freight is accusative. The place is на or в plus accusative. The same verb also takes the barge as the object.
RU · грузить · instrumental
Г. баржу лесом.
Ozhegov · sense 1 · Location accusative · Theme bare instrumental · perfectives нагрузить and загрузить
Move English load the barge with timber. German uses beladen and mit. French uses de. Russian prints no preposition on the timber.
EN · load onto / into
How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry? Sacks were being loaded onto the truck.
Cambridge learner · Oxford
Move Same English verb as the with-card. Russian prints this frame as an accusative plus на or в.
EN · load with
Men were loading up a truck with timber. The tanker was loaded with four million gallons of diesel oil.
Oxford · Cambridge business
Move The truck is the English object. Russian does not print с. The freight case that is printed is the bare instrumental.
DE · laden / beladen
Kisten auf einen Lkw laden. einen Wagen mit Kohle beladen.
Duden · DWDS · two verbs · see the German page
Move German splits the frames across two verbs. Russian prints both on грузить. mit is a preposition. The Russian freight of that frame is a bare instrumental.
FR · charger · de
La péniche était chargée de charbon.
Académie · see the French page · place is the subject · Theme de
Move One French verb, both frames. MAS Баржа была гружена стульями makes the place the subject and keeps a bare instrumental, where French prints de.
JA · 積む · に + を
トラックに新米を積む。
デジタル大辞泉 · Theme を · Goal に · both English glosses sit on this shape
Move One particle frame. Russian has the second object choice on грузить. An outer -sase- wrap is not a second headword and is not drawn.
The government and the clauses below are the ones Ozhegov and Shvedova, Ushakov, the Small Academic Dictionary, Kuznetsov, and Russian Wiktionary print. Wiktionary files грузить as Zaliznyak 4c, and also as 4b, and it prints both passive participles, груженный and гружённый. Ozhegov prints the present twice, the dictionary’s way of allowing both stresses, on грузить and on погрузить, нагрузить, and загрузить. An outer Japanese -sase- wrap is not a form of this verb. It is not a second headword, and this page does not draw it. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
| Lemma | As printed | What the cross-reference files | What stays off the cargo frame |
|---|---|---|---|
| грузить | imperfective · Ozhegov prints two stresses of the present · Wiktionary Zaliznyak 4c and 4b · participles груженный and гружённый | sense 1 location plus instrumental · sense 2 theme plus на or в | the slang lines on Wiktionary, грузить базаром and грузить someone with one’s problems |
| погрузить | perfective · Ozhegov sense 1 см. грузить · imperfective погружать on the immerse sense · Kuznetsov also names грузить | Ozhegov: грузить sense 2 · Kuznetsov prints на and в, and a place object with no instrumental | П. весла в воду · П. зонд в скважину · Kuznetsov П. в сон |
| нагрузить | perfective · imperfective нагружать · Ozhegov also см. грузить | Ozhegov: грузить sense 1 · Ushakov and MAS also print theme plus на | the burden, Н. поручениями, stays on the page as its own frame · noun нагрузка |
| загрузить | perfective · imperfective загружать · Ozhegov also см. грузить | Ozhegov: грузить sense 1 · Ushakov and Kuznetsov print the instrumental · the computing clause prints в | the furnace line is sense 3 of Kuznetsov · Ozhegov’s work lines print no instrumental |
| разгрузить · выгрузить | MAS · imperfectives разгружать and выгружать | the place is the accusative of разгрузить · the freight is the noun of выгруженных · source с plus genitive | a second page is not opened · от мелочей is the burden |
Ozhegov’s nouns, filed by the sense of грузить, are загрузка and нагрузка to sense 1 and погрузка to sense 2. The clause on that noun line is Вагон стоит под погрузкой. Ozhegov’s нагрузка also prints Часовая н. преподавателя and Общественная н., the work that is laid on a person. The computing clause is not an Ozhegov example of загрузка.
Immerse. Ozhegov’s погрузить sense 2 is кого-что во что: П. весла в воду, П. зонд в скважину. Kuznetsov sense 1 prints П. ребёнка в воду по шею and П. ноги в тёплый песок. The accusative goes down into a liquid or a loose mass. It is the same в plus accusative as П. вещи в машину, and the object is not freight.
Furnace. Kuznetsov’s загрузить sense 3 is З. в открытую шахту печи руду и древесный уголь. The ore is accusative and the shaft is в. It is a goal frame, and it is not a truck. Sense 1 of that entry is the truck: З. машину кирпичом.
Slang. Wiktionary’s colloquial senses of грузить cite the Russian National Corpus. Butov грузить вагоны, Lazarchuk грузить в машину коробки и ящики, and Vasilenko на подводу грузить are still cargo. Lukyanov prints грузить базаром. Shokhina prints он не хочет её грузить. Kuznetsov sense 3 is Не грузи меня своими делами. The person is accusative. своими делами is instrumental. That instrumental is the trouble, not the timber.
State. Kuznetsov’s погрузить sense 3 is П. в сон and П. в грусть. в plus accusative is a state. It is not a vehicle.
Argument difference. English load hay onto the truck and load the truck with hay are one verb, and the second freight is with. German prints the first frame on laden and the second on beladen. French prints both on charger, and the freight beside the place is de. Japanese prints Theme を and vehicle に. Russian prints both frames on грузить. The goal of the freight is на or в plus accusative. The freight beside the place is a bare instrumental. Ozhegov files погрузить with the goal frame and нагрузить and загрузить with the instrumental frame. Ushakov and MAS also print the goal frame on нагрузить. Kuznetsov prints a place object of погрузить and does not print the instrumental there. The hay and box sentences are constructed. The dictionary cousins are the lines with the real tags.
Printed cousins · then the constructed hay and box lines
✓ Г. лес на баржу. Г. скот в вагоны. Ozhegov
✓ Г. баржу лесом. Ozhegov
✓ П. мешки на телегу. П. вещи в машину. Kuznetsov
✓ Нагрузить телегу мешками. Нагрузить мешки с мукой на воз. Ushakov
✓ З. машину кирпичом. Kuznetsov
✓ Грузить сено на телегу. constructed on Г. лес на баржу
✓ Погрузить ящики в машину. constructed on П. вещи в машину
✓ Нагрузить телегу сеном. constructed on Нагрузить телегу мешками
✓ Загрузить машину ящиками. constructed on З. машину кирпичом
* Грузить баржу с лесом. constructed · unprinted · с plus instrumental of the freight
Each sketch is a working drawing. The nominative is the loader. On one frame the accusative is the freight and на or в plus accusative is the goal. On the other the accusative is the place and the bare instrumental is the freight. The case and the preposition spell those positions. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. That note, following Dowty, chooses the object by Proto-Patient properties, and the property it uses is incremental theme. The moving freight is the closer match to that property. Whether the filled place is that property is open. This page does not edit that note, and it does not draw an outer Japanese -sase- wrap.
грузить · погрузить · working, revisable
[ —
[ √груз-
[Theme лес ] ← accusative · Proto-Patient: it moves
[PP на [ баржу ]]]] ← accusative · Ozhegov sense 2
[ —
[ √погруз-
[Theme вещи ]
[PP в [ машину ]]]] ← Kuznetsov
на and в take the accusative in these lines. A static на or в plus prepositional of the same goal is unprinted. П. весла в воду has this в and an oar. It is not the cargo.
✓ Г. лес на баржу. Ozhegov
✓ П. вещи в машину. Kuznetsov
грузить · нагрузить · загрузить · working, revisable
[ —
[ √груз-
[Location баржу ] ← accusative · the filled place
[Theme лесом ]]] ← bare instrumental · Ozhegov sense 1
[ —
[ √нагруз-
[Location телегу ]
[Theme мешками ]]] ← Ushakov
[ —
[ √загруз-
[Location машину ]
[Theme кирпичом ]]] ← Kuznetsov
The dictionaries put the instrumental in the government: Ozhegov’s sense is the fill sense, Ushakov prints кем-чем, Kuznetsov prints что (чем). Whether that instrumental is a structural theme or a means adjunct is open. The articles print it as government, and they do not print с. Погрузить телегу сеном stacks Kuznetsov’s place object with this instrumental and is constructed.
✓ Г. баржу лесом. Ozhegov
* Грузить баржу с лесом. constructed · unprinted
Ozhegov on грузить · then the prefixed articles · working, revisable
[ sense 2 погрузить ] ← Theme + на/в
Kuznetsov also: П. корабль, телегу
instrumental unprinted
[ sense 1 нагрузить ] ← Location + instrumental
загрузить Ushakov and MAS also: Theme + на
computing: Theme + в
furnace: Theme + в
The imperfective prints both frames, so the perfective is not a free aspect of one lemma. English load has no prefix to choose. German puts the instrumental frame on another verb, beladen. нагрузить prints both frames in Ushakov and in MAS. A claim that погрузить cannot take a place object would leave out Kuznetsov’s П. корабль, телегу. The unprinted piece on that verb is the instrumental.
✓ Нагрузить мешки с мукой на воз. Ushakov · the goal frame on нагрузить
✓ П. корабль, телегу. Kuznetsov · place object · freight unexpressed
Participle · working, revisable
[ баржа
[ была гружена
[Theme стульями, столами ]]] ← place subject · instrumental stays
[ сотня снарядов
[ выгруженных
[PP с [ парохода ]]]] ← freight noun · с + genitive stays
The first line is грузить. The second is выгрузить. A participle of грузить that makes the timber the subject and keeps на баржу is unprinted. French était chargée de charbon is the place-subject shape, with de where Russian prints the instrumental. German werden, where a cargo passive is printed, promotes the Theme.
✓ Баржа была гружена стульями, столами. MAS · Vs. Ivanov
Working · the bare instrumental is the freight case that is printed
[ —
[ √LOAD
[Theme timber ]
[PP onto [ the barge ]]]] ← English onto
← French sur / dans
← German laden
← Japanese を + に
← Russian accusative + на/в
[ —
[ √LOAD
[Location a barge ]
[PP with [ timber ]]]] ← English with
← German beladen
← French de
← Russian bare instrumental
← Japanese gloss only
Ozhegov prints both Russian frames as two senses of грузить and does not split them onto two imperfective verbs. The perfective cross-reference does split them: погрузить with the goal frame, нагрузить and загрузить with the instrumental frame. The prefixed articles print further lines, and those lines are the open edge of the split.
Working paper · October 2026 · Russian micro-entry · beyond Index 2
грузить prints both frames. The freight is accusative and the goal is на or в plus accusative. The place is accusative and the freight is a bare instrumental. Ozhegov files погрузить with the first frame and нагрузить and загрузить with the second. Ushakov and MAS also print the goal frame on нагрузить. English with is a preposition. Russian prints no с on that freight.
Russian frames: Ozhegov and Shvedova for грузить, погрузить, нагрузить, загрузить, and нагрузка. Ushakov for грузить, нагрузить, and загрузить. The Small Academic Dictionary, Evgenyeva, for грузить, нагрузить, разгрузить, and выгрузить, including the literary clauses it prints. Kuznetsov for грузить, погрузить, and загрузить. Russian Wiktionary for грузить, нагрузить, погрузить, and загрузить, including the NKRYA line it cites for the computing sense. English, German, French, and Japanese frames are the ones already on the sibling load pages. A grammaticality claim from a school exercise was not used.
Records грузить with the freight as an accusative and the goal in на or в plus accusative, and with the place as an accusative and the freight in the bare instrumental. Ozhegov files погрузить with the first frame and нагрузить and загрузить with the second. The prefixed articles print further lines. English load prints both frames on one verb and uses with. German prints the second frame on beladen. French prints de. Japanese prints both English glosses on を plus に. All of this is a working claim, revisable.