Six languages
Six argument lists. Chips name the roles on that card. Payer is Source. Color is the derivation-sheet wash. MeasureP is one ⟨Amount, Denomination⟩ on that card.
Working paper · October 2026 · Compare · Levy / FROM
chargeFEE
Six languages. Each card prints that language’s arguments: Chargor, Payer-as-Source, MeasureP, and that language’s Consideration phrase.
Merge ApplFROM puts Payer-as-Source with the fee on every twin. Agree Case cloth is what the cards differ on. Move Only Mandarin 把 fronts that same MeasureP.
Further pages, each with its own arguments: German · berechnen / belasten · Dutch · in rekening brengen · Norwegian · belaste · Hungarian · felszámol · Polish · obciążyć / naliczyć · Bulgarian · таксувам.
Examples from the micro-entries.
Each card quotes one diagnostic already printed on that language’s page. All six flag those frames as constructed. Mandarin keeps the scout flag. Nothing here is a new elicitation.
EN
charge
The shop charged Pat twenty dollars for the meal.
constructed · DOC-cloth + for-Consideration
RolesHide roles ChargorPayerMeasurePConsideration
Chargor The shop
Payer Pat
MeasureP twenty dollars
Consideration for the meal
Agree ACC on Payer in the DOC-cloth; MeasureP is also ACC
Full micro-entryJA
請求 seikyū
SoFi-ga Pat-ni bitkoin-no daikin-to-shite nijū-doru-o seikyū-shita.
constructed · ni Payer · o #P · daikin-to-shite
RolesHide roles ChargorPayerMeasurePConsideration
Chargor SoFi-ga
Payer Pat-ni
MeasureP nijū-doru-o
Consideration bitkoin-no daikin-to-shite
Agree ni Payer · o MeasureP · not a second o
Full micro-entryZH
收 / 收费
SoFi 向帕特为一个比特币收了二十块。
constructed · scout · 向-Payer + 为-Consideration
RolesHide roles ChargorPayerMeasurePConsideration
Chargor SoFi
Payer 向帕特
MeasureP 二十块
Consideration 为一个比特币
Move 把 may front this same QP; this string leaves it postverbal
Full micro-entryES
cobrar
La tienda le cobró veinte dólares a Pat por la comida.
constructed · DAT Payer + ACC MeasureP + por
RolesHide roles ChargorPayerMeasurePConsideration
Chargor La tienda
Payer le / a Pat
MeasureP veinte dólares
Consideration por la comida
Agree DAT Payer · ACC MeasureP
Full micro-entryFR
facturer
Le magasin a facturé vingt euros à Pat pour le repas.
constructed · DAT Payer + ACC MeasureP + pour
RolesHide roles ChargorPayerMeasurePConsideration
Chargor Le magasin
Payer à Pat
MeasureP vingt euros
Consideration pour le repas
Agree DAT Payer (à or lui) · ACC MeasureP
Full micro-entryIT
addebitare
Il negozio ha addebitato venti euro a Pat per il pasto.
constructed · DAT Payer + ACC MeasureP + per
RolesHide roles ChargorPayerMeasurePConsideration
Chargor Il negozio
Payer a Pat
MeasureP venti euro
Consideration per il pasto
Agree DAT Payer (a or gli) · ACC MeasureP
Full micro-entryWhere they diverge
Only cloth already stated on the six micro-entries. The cards quote one Consideration-bearing string each; shorter frames and the NegQ maps stay on the micro-entries. Polarity is not the cloth difference. Navajo stays deferred.
Proto-role · Chargor vs Payer-as-Source
- All Chargor is a partial Proto-Agent (the shop, SoFi, the meter). Payer is Proto-Source, not Proto-Recipient. Money leaves that set. e2 is debit / OWE of ⟨n,U⟩ on the Payer. Payment-true is a later payGIVE, not e2 of this root.
- All MeasureP is Incremental Theme of the debit. Consideration is what the debit is for. There is no Recipient HAVE shell.
Case cloth
- EN DOC-cloth ACC on Payer and on MeasureP (The shop charged Pat twenty dollars). *The shop charged twenty dollars Pat is no reverse DOC. *Twenty dollars were charged Pat does not put MeasureP in a Recipient slot.
- JA No English DOC. MeasureP is one o #P. *Pat-o nijū-doru-o seikyū-shita is Double-o. o-Payer with the MeasureP dropped stays register-open; it is not a second Theme beside o-MeasureP.
- ZH Scout. Payer is 向 or silent. MeasureP is one money QP. 把 may front that whole QP. *把一个比特币收了多少 is sell cloth on FEE. *把多少收了钱 peels Amount off a stranded unit.
- ES Payer DAT. MeasureP ACC. *La tienda cobró veinte dólares Pat is no bare DOC of MeasureP + Payer.
- FR Payer DAT. MeasureP ACC. *Le magasin a facturé vingt euros Pat. lui and à are the DAT clothes.
- IT Payer DAT. MeasureP ACC. *Il negozio ha addebitato venti euro Pat. gli and a are the DAT clothes.
- All Not four objects. Consideration is not a DOC applied object, not a second o, and not a second 把.
Payer marking
- EN ACC in the DOC-cloth. Dropped when only the MeasureP is spelled.
- JA ni, or silent. Not a second o beside the #P.
- ZH 向, or silent.
- ES DAT le / a.
- FR DAT lui or à.
- IT DAT gli or a.
MeasureP packaging
- All One ⟨Amount, Denomination⟩. Twenty is not dollars, and the unit is not a sister of the verb.
- EN ACC in the DOC-cloth and in the MeasureP-only frame (twenty dollars).
- JA #P under o (nijū-doru-o). 円 / ドル are # heads, not verbal sisters. nijū-doru-de utta is sell’s Price cloth, not seikyū.
- ZH 二十块 / 二十美元 inside one QP. 把 fronts that one QP; the card’s string is the postverbal twin (收了二十块), same object.
- ES ACC (veinte dólares).
- FR ACC (vingt euros).
- IT ACC (venti euro).
Consideration P
- EN for the meal. Not Price, and not a DOC applied object.
- JA no daikin-to-shite / no tame / de, not a second o.
- ZH 为 (为一个比特币), not a second 把.
- ES por + the leftover DP (por la comida), not a Price QP of vender.
- FR pour + the leftover DP (pour le repas), not a Price QP of vendre.
- IT per + the leftover DP (per il pasto), not a Price QP of vendere.
chargeFEE ≠ payGIVE ≠ sell
On payGIVE, Recipient HAS the Amount and the leftover PP is Consideration. Here the human is Payer-as-Source and the money is the MeasureP of a debit. On sell, Recipient HAS the goods and the for-type phrase is Price. Here that phrase is Consideration, not Price. Shared currency nouns do not merge the roots. payGIVE · compare · sell · compare.
Index 2 does not list charge. English, Japanese, Mandarin, Spanish, French, and Italian sit Beyond Index 2. Mandarin stays scout. Hub: chargeFEE.