Arguments

Borrower, Theme, Source у + genitive · ordinary pair · Russian cloth · working claim, revisable

Borrow · Voice[BorrowerNOM] + ThemeACC / partitive GEN + Sourceу+GEN · Ozhegov and Shvedova что · З. рубль · Kuznetsov что (и чего) · З. денег · Ushakov Занять деньги у кого-нибудь

The Recipient of the Theme is that nominative subject · no separate Recipient slot · Gramota Занять кому-либо – неправильно

Lend · a different verb · RecipientDAT · Ozhegov что кому · Kuznetsov мне / нам · see lend · одолжить · money periphrasis дать / давать в долг

Same lemma as lend, other direction · Source у+GEN · Ozhegov bracket неправильно · Russian Wiktionary прост. · English Wiktionary proscribed

Periphrasis · брать / взять в долг · Ozhegov Взять в д. · Kuznetsov Давать, брать, просить в.

на + accusative · optional · Kuznetsov purpose на покупку автомобиля · duration на часок is the lend subsense · на неделю is constructed below

A borrowing, on this reading, has a Borrower, a Theme, and a Source. Ozhegov and Shvedova, занять 1, print сов., что. Взять взаймы. З. рубль. The imperfective named there is занимать, аю, аешь. Kuznetsov’s loan article, the one that is not the ‘occupy’ article, prints св. что (и чего). Взять на время, взаймы. З. денег на покупку автомобиля. The imperfective is again занимать. Ushakov’s занять 1 is the perfective of занимать 1, and the line is Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. Russian Wiktionary calls занять perfective and transitive, Zaliznyak type 14b/c①, imperfective занимать, and glosses the first sense взять в долг, взять взаймы. English Wiktionary’s headword is заня́ть pf (imperfective занима́ть), sense 1 “to borrow.” The pair is morphology. The return wording in the glosses is quoted and is not given an aspect claim.

Voice adds the Borrower as the nominative subject. That subject is the one who receives the Theme. There is no second slot for a Recipient on the ordinary frame. Gramota’s rule, question 274612, prints занять (у кого-либо) – взять деньги на время, взаймы and Занять кому-либо – неправильно. The root’s object is the Theme. Ozhegov’s government is что, filled by рубль, accusative. Ushakov’s example is деньги, accusative. Kuznetsov adds the partitive: что (и чего), and the example is З. денег. денег is the genitive of a quantity. Ozhegov’s government line does not print that genitive. The Source is у plus genitive. Ushakov prints у кого-нибудь and, on the imperfective, Он у многих занимал деньги. Russian Wiktionary quotes Makarenko, marked НКРЯ: у кого бы занять? Ozhegov’s government of занять 1 is что and does not print у. Which phrase is the object when a dative sits beside the Theme on the lend verb is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

What is different from English X borrows Y from Z. English uses one simple verb, and the source is from. A different English verb, lend, takes the other direction, with a bare recipient or to. Russian ordinary borrow is занять / занимать, and the person-source is у plus genitive. The person who ends up with the Theme is the nominative subject. English to, and the bare recipient of lend, have no slot on that frame. Lend is одалживать / одолжить with a dative, Ozhegov что кому, or the periphrasis дать / давать в долг. одолжить with у plus genitive is borrow, and the dictionaries mark that use. Polish pożyczyć and Dutch lenen also keep both directions on one lemma, and the marker sets the direction. The Russian split of that shape sits on одолжить, and the borrow side of it carries the mark. Japanese 借りる and 貸す are two roots. German leihen marks the borrow frame with a reflexive dative. The Russian take frame has no reflexive.

Places · who wears which marking

Ozhegov prints the accusative and names the imperfective. Kuznetsov adds the partitive and a на-phrase. Ushakov and the Makarenko line print у plus genitive. The dative belongs to одолжить, or to the marked lend use of занять. Пат continues the named-participant series on одолжить. A name does not spell case. друга is the genitive after у. другу is the dative.

Printed borrower frame · Source у + genitive · Theme accusative or partitive genitive

✓ сов., что. Взять взаймы. З. рубль. · несов. занимать, аю, аешь. Ozhegov and Shvedova · занять 1 · gufo.me · the government is что · у is unprinted on this line

✓ что (и чего). Взять на время, взаймы. З. денег на покупку автомобиля. Kuznetsov · Большой толковый словарь · gufo.me · занять · the loan article · денег genitive · на покупку accusative

✓ Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. · Он у многих занимал деньги. Ushakov · занять · занимать 1 · Брать взаймы

✓ у кого бы занять? Russian Wiktionary · занять · sense 1 взять в долг, взять взаймы · Makarenko, Педагогическая поэма, 1935 · marked НКРЯ

✓ to borrow English Wiktionary · занять · sense 1 · imperfective занимать · no case frame on that line

English from a person is this у + genitive · the ordinary lemma stays занять

Dative · the sources file it as the Recipient of a different verb · the lend reading

✓ что кому. Дать взаймы. О. кому-н. деньги до зарплаты Ozhegov and Shvedova · одолжить sense 1 · imperfective одалживать

✓ (чего). Дать в долг взаймы. Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей! · Одолжите нам ваш чайник. Kuznetsov · одолжить · мне and нам are dative

✓ не любил одалживать не только односельчанам, но даже и родственникам. Russian Wiktionary · одалживать sense 1 · Bykov, Знак беды, 1982 · marked НКРЯ

✓ занять (у кого-либо) – взять деньги на время, взаймы, одолжить (кому-либо) – дать в долг взаймы. Занять кому-либо – неправильно. Грамота.ру · вопрос 274612

English lend me · the lend page is одолжить

одолжить with у + genitive · one lemma, split by the marker · the borrow reading is marked

✓ неправильно употр. одолжить у кого-н. в знач. «взять в долг» Ozhegov and Shvedova · the bracket is inside sense 1 of одолжить

✓ неправ. в знач. взять в долг, взаймы у кого-нибудь. Одолжить у кого-нибудь сто рублей (вместо взять в долг). Ushakov · одолжить sense 2

✓ прост. то же, что занять; взять взаймы · прост. он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок Russian Wiktionary · одолжить sense 3 has no example · the clause is одалживать sense 2 · Nikulin, 1979 · marked НКРЯ

✓ (proscribed) to borrow [with accusative or genitive, along with у (+ genitive)] English Wiktionary · одолжить sense 2 · the lend sense is accusative or genitive with a dative

Polish od + genitive and Dutch van select borrow on an unmarked lemma · this у selects borrow on одолжить, and the entries mark the use

взять / брать в долг · and на + accusative

✓ Взятое взаймы (преимущ. деньги). Взять в д. (взаймы, с последующей отдачей). · нареч. В долг, с последующей отдачей. Дать, взять деньги в. Ozhegov and Shvedova · долг 2 · взаймы · no у on these lines

✓ Взять в д. · Заимообразно, в долг. Давать, брать, просить в. Kuznetsov · долг sense 2 · взаймы · no у on these lines

✓ Одолжи мне на часок свою машину. Kuznetsov · одолжить · Разг. Дать во временное пользование · на часок is duration · the Recipient is still dative

✓ Пат занял книгу у друга на неделю. constructed · у друга follows Ushakov’s у кого-нибудь · на неделю follows the shape of на часок · that printed duration is the lend subsense

на покупку автомобиля is a purpose on the borrow example · на неделю is a duration built for this page

Arguments of Russian borrow: role, marking, obligatoriness
RoleMarkingObligatorinessWhat the sources print
Borrowernominative subject of занять / заниматьthe verb has a subject · a dictionary line can leave it unprinted · this subject is the Recipient of the ThemeUshakov Он у многих занимал · Makarenko has no named subject · Ozhegov’s definition has no named subject
Themeaccusative · partitive genitive for a quantityOzhegov’s government is что · Kuznetsov prints что (и чего)Ozhegov рубль · Ushakov деньги · Kuznetsov денег · English Wiktionary prints no case frame for занять
Sourceу + genitivethe marker that keeps a named person a source · unprinted in Ozhegov’s government of занять 1Ushakov у кого-нибудь, у многих · Makarenko у кого · Gramota у кого-либо
Recipientno separate slot on ordinary занять · dative on одолжитьthe person who receives the Theme on the borrow frame is the subject · a dative on занять is the marked lend useGramota Занять кому-либо – неправильно · Ozhegov кому is одолжить · Kuznetsov мне, нам · Bykov односельчанам
одолжить уу + genitive on the lend lemmathe same lemma as the dative frame · the borrow reading is the marked oneOzhegov неправильно · Ushakov неправ. · Wiktionary прост. · Nikulin у кого-нибудь смычок · English Wiktionary proscribed
в долгвзять / брать + в долг or взаймыthe periphrasis · the долг and взаймы articles print no у · a stacked source is constructedOzhegov Взять в д., Дать, взять деньги в. · Kuznetsov Взять в д., Давать, брать, просить в.
на + accusativepurpose or durationoptional · absent from the government labels · argument versus adjunct unprintedKuznetsov на покупку автомобиля on занять · на часок on the lend subsense of одолжить · на неделю constructed

Marking map. Read the lemma, then the phrase of the other person. On занять / занимать the subject takes, and у plus genitive is the Source. A dative is not that Source. On одолжить / одалживать a dative is the Recipient, and the subject hands the thing over. у plus genitive on that same lemma is the borrow reading the entries mark. взять в долг and брать взаймы are the periphrasis. English from a person matches у. English to, or the bare recipient of lend, matches the dative of одолжить.

EN ⇄ RU valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Russian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (English from ↔ у + genitive, or two English verbs ↔ a Russian pair plus a marked use of the lend lemma). Printed lines come first. Every other Russian sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Russian valency alignment for borrow, one row per argument
SlotEN formRU formAlignEN exampleRU example
BorrowerSUBJ of borrownominative subject of занять= the subject takes · that subject is the Recipient · English still has a separate recipient on lendHe borrowed money from many people. glossОн у многих занимал деньги Ushakov
ThemeOBJaccusative · partitive genitive for a quantity= in деньги and рубль · shift in Kuznetsov’s денег · Ozhegov prints only чтоborrow a ruble · borrow some money glossesрубль Ozhegov · денег Kuznetsov
Sourcefromу + genitiveshift · the preposition and the case · Ozhegov’s government omits the phraseborrow money from someone glossу кого-нибудь Ushakov · у кого бы занять Makarenko · НКРЯ on Wiktionary
Recipientbare object of lend, or to · a different verbno slot on ordinary занять · dative of одолжитьthe role matches English lend · the lemma is одолжить · a dative on занять is the marked other directionLend me a hundred thousand rubles. glossОдолжи мне сто тысяч рублей Kuznetsov
одолжить уborrow fromthe lend lemma + у + genitiveone lemma, direction from the marker · the borrow side is marked · Polish and Dutch leave the matching split unmarkedborrow a bow from someone gloss of the marked frameодалживал у кого-нибудь смычок Nikulin · прост. · НКРЯ on Wiktionary
в долгborrow · the money can stay the objectвзять / брать в долгa periphrasis · у is printed on занять, not inside the долг articletake on loan glossВзять в д. Ozhegov
на + accusativefor a week · or for a purchaseна + accusativeoptional · the printed borrow phrase is a purpose · the printed duration is on the lend subsensefor a week gloss of the constructed durationна покупку автомобиля Kuznetsov · на неделю constructed
Polish pożyczyćtwo verbs · borrow / lendone lemma · od+GEN against a bare dativeRussian ordinary borrow is a second lemma · the one-lemma split is одолжить, and it is marked—od borrow · Polish
Dutch lenenone simple verb · fromone lemma · van against a bare indirect objectthe marker sets the direction · Russian puts that shape on одолжить and marks the у-frame—van borrow · Dutch

EN · RU · у+GEN

у многих

He borrowed money from many people.

Он у многих занимал деньги.

RU · Ushakov · у is the Source · деньги is accusative

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower Он Source у многих Theme деньги

Move у+GEN matches English from · the subject of this reading takes

RU · partitive

денег

borrow some money for a car

З. денег на покупку автомобиля.

RU · Kuznetsov · чего · на+ACC is the purpose

RolesHide roles ThemePurpose
Theme денег на+ACC на покупку автомобиля

Move the quantity is genitive · Ozhegov’s рубль stays accusative

RU · lend verb · dative

мне

Lend me a hundred thousand rubles.

Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей

RU · Kuznetsov · bare мне · Ozhegov что кому

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme
Recipient мне Theme сто тысяч рублей

Move the dative is the Recipient of одолжить · it is not the Source of у многих

RU · одолжить у+GEN

у кого-нибудь

he would borrow a bow from someone

он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок

RU · Nikulin · прост. · the lemma is the lend verb

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower он Source у кого-нибудь Theme смычок

Move у+GEN on this lemma is borrow · Ozhegov calls that use неправильно

Examples

Argument difference against English from, and against the lend filing of одолжить. English borrow from uses a separative preposition on a different verb from lend to. Lend · одолжить files the dative as the Recipient. This page files у plus genitive as the Source of занять. A bare мне does not replace у многих.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

сов., что. Взять взаймы. З. рубль. Ozhegov and Shvedova · занять 1

что (и чего). З. денег на покупку автомобиля. Kuznetsov · занять

Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. · Он у многих занимал деньги. Ushakov

что кому. Дать взаймы. · Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей Ozhegov · Kuznetsov · одолжить

Взять в д. · Давать, брать, просить в. Ozhegov долг 2 · Kuznetsov взаймы

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines, except where a tag says the line is printed. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Пат continues the named-participant series. A name does not spell a case ending. друга is the genitive. другу is the dative.

✓ Он у многих занимал деньги.

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower Он Source у многих Theme деньги

Ushakov · у+GEN is the Source · the Theme is accusative · imperfective занимал

✓ Пат занял книгу у друга.

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower Пат Source у друга Theme книгу

constructed · Ushakov prints деньги and у кого-нибудь · книгу and друга are not in that line · у keeps the Source · no dative Recipient

✓ З. денег на покупку автомобиля.

RolesHide roles ThemePurpose
Theme денег на+ACC на покупку автомобиля

Kuznetsov · partitive genitive · на+ACC is optional in the sense that the government label is что (и чего)

✓ Пат занял книгу у друга на неделю.

RolesHide roles SourceThemeDuration
Source у друга Theme книгу на+ACC на неделю

constructed · duration follows на часок on Kuznetsov’s lend subsense · that line has a dative and no у

✓ Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme
Recipient мне Theme сто тысяч рублей

Kuznetsov · dative · the lend reading · not a Source

✓ Пат одолжил другу книгу.

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme
Recipient другу Theme книгу

constructed · Ozhegov’s government is что кому · Kuznetsov prints мне and нам · другу is that dative

✓ он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower он Source у кого-нибудь Theme смычок

Russian Wiktionary · Nikulin · прост. · marked НКРЯ · у+GEN on the lend lemma

✓ Пат взял деньги в долг у друга.

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme
Borrower Пат Source у друга Theme деньги

constructed · Ozhegov prints Взять в д. with no у · Ushakov prints у on занять · the two pieces are stacked here

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Borrower to Voice and the Theme to the root. On the borrower frame the Source stays in у plus genitive, and the Recipient is that subject. The lender drawing gives the dative to the Recipient, on одолжить. Open one sketch at a time.

Voice · borrower · Source in у+GEN

One external argument · у is the Source · the subject is the Recipient

[VoiceP Он Voice                     ← Borrower · nominative · also the Recipient
  [VP
     [у [ многих ]]                    ← Source · genitive · Ushakov
     [√занима-
        [Theme деньги ]]]]             ← accusative · денег is Kuznetsov’s partitive

Он у многих занимал деньги. Ushakov

The subject takes. The other person is the Source. у is where Ushakov, Makarenko, and Gramota put that person. The drawing does not add a dative Recipient beside this subject. Kuznetsov’s денег is the partitive of the Theme. The aspect label on занимал is the imperfective of the pair.

The Recipient · different verb · dative

The give reading · кому · working, revisable

[VoiceP 2sg Voice                     ← Lender · not the Borrower
  [VP
     [√одолж-
        [Recipient мне ]               ← dative · Kuznetsov · Ozhegov кому
        [Theme сто тысяч рублей ]]]]

✓ Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей Kuznetsov

This is the frame lend · одолжить describes. дать в долг is the money periphrasis of the same direction. A bare мне on this frame is the Recipient. у многих on занимать is the Source. The two phrases are not one argument, and they are not one lemma in the ordinary frames.

одолжить · у+GEN · the marked borrow reading

One lemma · the marker selects borrow · working, revisable

[VoiceP он Voice
  [VP
     [у [ кого-нибудь ]]               ← у+GEN · прост. · Nikulin
     [√одалжива-
        [Theme смычок ]]]]

он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок Russian Wiktionary · Nikulin · marked НКРЯ

The dative frame of this verb is lend. The у-frame is borrow. Ozhegov’s word for that second use is неправильно. Polish pożyczyć and Dutch lenen make the same kind of split with the marker, on lemmas the articles do not mark this way. The ordinary Russian borrow pair remains занимать / занять.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Russian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Borrowing in Russian is занимать / занять. The Borrower is the nominative subject, and that subject is the Recipient of the Theme. The Theme is accusative, or partitive genitive for a quantity. The Source is у plus genitive. Lend is одалживать / одолжить with a dative, or дать в долг. одолжить with у plus genitive is the colloquial borrow reading of that lemma. брать / взять в долг is the periphrasis.

RU micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 на+ACC optional RU одолжить live PL pożyczyć live NL lenen live DE leihen live

Sense × language: borrow · Russian (занимать / занять). The returnable-theme sense is the page. The occupy senses of the same spelling stay off it. взять в долг and the marked у-frame of одолжить stay on this page. No English borrow hub. Geometry neighbors: lend · одолжить, borrow · pożyczyć, borrow · lenen, and borrow · leihen. Russian is not an Index 2 language line.

Working paper. Russian micro-entry, ninth language of borrow. Frames were read in Ozhegov and Shvedova under занять 1, одолжить, долг 2, and взаймы; in Kuznetsov’s Большой толковый словарь under the loan article of занять, одолжить, долг, and взаймы; in Ushakov under занять, занимать, and одолжить; in the Russian and English Wiktionary entries; and in Gramota question 274612. The lend markers are the ones already printed on одолжить.
Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Пат занял книгу у друга, Пат занял книгу у друга на неделю, Пат одолжил другу книгу, and Пат взял деньги в долг у друга are marked constructed.
Arity. Index 2 does not list this verb. Surface count can name a borrower, a theme, a source, and a на-phrase. The lexicon does not list four co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the subject, and that subject is the Recipient of the ordinary frame. The root takes the Theme. у takes the Source. A dative takes the Recipient of одолжить. на plus accusative is optional and is not filed as a further sister.
What this page does not do. It does not open an English page of borrow. It does not rewrite lend · одолжить. It does not treat a dative as the Source of занять. It does not treat у as the Recipient. It does not drop the dictionary mark on одолжить у кого-н. It does not give взять в долг a separate page. It does not edit the note on causative templates.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of four sisters. Voice adds the subject. On the ordinary frame that subject is the Borrower and the Recipient of the Theme. The root takes the Theme. у adds the Source. A dative adds the Recipient of одолжить, a different verb in the ordinary frames, and the marked borrow reading of that verb puts the Source in у instead. на plus accusative stays optional. A quantity can stand in the partitive genitive. The Source keeps у.

What Russian changes, against English borrow from, is the lemma and the source marker. English has one simple verb and from, and a different verb for the other direction. Russian has занять, and the Source is у plus genitive. The Recipient of the Theme is the subject. What Russian changes, against Polish pożyczyć and Dutch lenen, is that the unmarked borrow verb is not the lend verb. The one-lemma split, dative against у plus genitive, is одолжить, and the borrow side of it is marked. What Russian changes, against German sich, is that the take frame has no reflexive. What Russian changes, against Japanese 借りる, is the partitive genitive of a quantity, and the marked second use of the lend lemma.

Geometry · beside одолжить, pożyczyć, lenen, and leihen

  • Lend · одолжить. A different verb in the ordinary frames. The other person is a dative. дать в долг is the money periphrasis of that direction. This page does not refile that dative as a borrow argument.
  • Borrow · занять. The subject takes, and that subject is the Recipient. The Theme is accusative, or partitive genitive for a quantity. The Source is у plus genitive. English from covers that preposition.
  • одолжить у. The same lemma as lend. у plus genitive is borrow. Ozhegov’s label is неправильно. Russian Wiktionary’s label is прост. English Wiktionary’s label is proscribed.
  • Polish · pożyczyć. One lemma. The Source is od plus genitive. A bare dative is the Recipient. Russian ordinary borrow uses a second lemma. The one-lemma split is the marked frame of одолжить.
  • Dutch · lenen. One lemma. The Source is van. A bare indirect object is the Recipient. Russian spells the ordinary source as у plus genitive on занять, and the marked source as the same preposition on одолжить.
  • German · leihen. One lemma, and a reflexive dative on the borrow frame. The Russian citations read here are not that reflexive. The German Source is von or bei. Russian у matches the person-source.
  • взять в долг. The periphrasis. Ozhegov and Kuznetsov print the take and the give. They do not print у inside those articles. The stacked clause on this page is constructed.

Open items

  • Ozhegov’s government. занять 1 prints что and З. рубль. It does not print у and it does not print чего. The Source and the partitive are the other entries’.
  • A dative on занять. Gramota calls занять кому-либо incorrect. Wiktionary files Ginzburg’s мне занять as прост. Ushakov files the imperfective dative as обл., неправ. The ordinary frame has no Recipient slot. The marked line is the other direction.
  • взять в долг у друга as one citation. Взять в д. and у кого-нибудь are printed on different articles. The stacked clause is constructed.
  • на неделю beside у. The printed на-phrase on занять is на покупку автомобиля. The printed duration на часок is the lend subsense. A week-phrase beside у друга was not in the lines read. Argument versus adjunct is not ranked.
  • The marks on одолжить у. Ozhegov says неправильно. Ushakov says неправ. Wiktionary says прост. English Wiktionary says proscribed. This page records the spread and does not pick one label as the only one.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Ozhegov and Shvedova занять 1, одолжить, долг 2, and взаймы; Kuznetsov, Большой толковый словарь, the loan article of занять, одолжить, долг, and взаймы; Ushakov занять, занимать, and одолжить; Russian Wiktionary занять, занимать, одолжить, and одалживать; English Wiktionary занять and одолжить; Gramota question 274612. Makarenko, Bykov, Nikulin, and Ginzburg are the Russian Wiktionary quotations marked НКРЯ. Index 2 does not list the verb. Russian is not an Index 2 language line.

Records the subject Borrower, the accusative Theme, the partitive genitive of a quantity, and the у plus genitive Source of занять. Records that the Recipient of that frame is the subject. Records одолжить with a dative as lend, and the same lemma with у plus genitive as the marked borrow reading. Records взять в долг as the periphrasis. Does not open an English page.