borrow · 借りる

Places · who wears which marking

デジタル大辞泉 sense 1 prints the person in から and the money in the object slot, or a place in で and a book. IPAL prints the borrower, the bank in から, the money, and a bare quantity in one sentence, and writes ニ／カラ in the case label. The に sentence of that subentry has the theme 知恵. A returnable thing with a personal に is the case label together with the Jreibun relatives below. No printed dictionary line stacks the Borrower, the Theme, a personal に, and a time expression on one clause of 借りる.

Marking map. Read the root, then the particle. On 借りる the subject takes, and に and から are the Source. On 貸す the subject hands the thing over, and に is the Recipient. を is the Theme on both. で of 図書館で is a place. English from matches から. It also matches the role of に on 借りる, and it does not match the Recipient’s に on 貸す.

• Two roots. デジタル大辞泉 labels 借りる ［動ラ上一］ and points ⇔貸す. The 貸す article is ［動サ五（四）］. IPAL lists 借りる as the antonym of 貸す #01. The supplement says today’s common language uses ichidan 借りる, and Kansai uses godan 借る. That is a paradigm note. It is not a direction marker, and it is not a page. Polish pożyczyć and Dutch lenen are one lemma each. The case or the preposition selects the direction there. Japanese selects the direction by the root.
• に on 借りる is the Source. に on 貸す is the Recipient. IPAL writes both particles in Ｎ２ニ／カラ. Jreibun’s 友人に借りた本 and 姉に借りた服 put a person in に beside a returnable thing. デジタル大辞泉’s 友人に on 貸す is the person who receives the money. French à and Spanish a / le on pedir prestado reuse the Recipient marker for the lender. Italian prendere in prestito uses da and keeps a for the Recipient of prestare. Japanese reuses に, and it also prints から.
• から is the other Source marker. The money examples use it: 友人から金を借りる, 銀行から金を100万円借りた, 銀行から借り入れる. A clause with から in place of に is still 借りる. The swap does not select 貸す.
• 借り入れる is formal borrowing. デジタル大辞泉 defines it as borrowing money or goods, and the example is a bank in から. The converse arrow points at 貸し出す. The ordinary money line of 借りる remains 友人から金を借りる. 借り入れる is the financial name. It is not a second page.
• 拝借する is the humble verb. デジタル大辞泉 glosses 拝借 as the humble way of saying 借りる, and prints お知恵を拝借したい. The Theme is を. A Source particle is unprinted. Jisho’s この本をお借りしてもよろしいですか is humble morphology on 借りる itself, お plus the ren’yōkei plus する, with the book and with no Source. The two humble shapes stay on this page.
• 借りがある is a noun construction. デジタル大辞泉’s noun 借り is the act or the thing borrowed, and, in sense 2, an obligation one has not yet answered: a favor, help, or an affront. Jisho glosses the noun “borrowing; debt; loan” and prints 借りができた. The noun is the subject. The Borrower of 借りる is not that subject. A person in に on 借りがある is the one the debt is owed to. That に is unprinted on the lines read here. The clause below is constructed.
• -sase- is an outer wrap. 借りさせる puts a second event outside 借りる. The root inside the wrap stays the borrowing root. The wrap does not make 借りる into 貸す. No dictionary line opened for this page prints the form. No clause is built on it.
• A time phrase stays off the formula. Sense 1 says 一時的 and あとで返す約束. The sense 1 examples do not add a separate time word. 一日 is printed on 貸す. Nothing here files that stretch as a fourth argument.

EN ⇄ JA valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Japanese slot, and names the French, Spanish, Italian, Polish, or Dutch slot where the direction split differs. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (English from ↔ に or から, or one lemma elsewhere ↔ two Japanese roots). Printed lines come first. Every other Japanese sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.