Headword
Language Bulgarian · eleventh language of borrow · Borrower subject of вземам / взема · Theme the object, no case ending · назаем an adverb of temporary use · person-Source от printed on заемам, unfilled on the назаем lines of вземам · lend-side дай / даде … назаем takes a dative clitic · a full noun has no dative ending · the other direction of the one lemma is lend · заемам. The first language is borrow · leihen. The second is borrow · emprunter. The third is borrow · pedir prestado / tomar prestado. The fourth is borrow · prendere in prestito. The fifth is borrow · 借りる. The sixth is borrow · 借. The seventh is borrow · lenen. The eighth is borrow · pożyczać / pożyczyć. The ninth is borrow · занимать / занять. The tenth is borrow · kölcsönvesz / kölcsönkér. No English page.
Borrower, Theme, adverb назаем · person-Source от filled on заемам · Bulgarian cloth · working claim, revisable
Borrow · take plus the adverb · Voice[Borrower] + ThemeOBJ + назаем · РБЕ взимат назаем жито · no от in that line · orthography names вземам назаем · the вземам article, as read, does not print the adverb
Borrow · the same lemma as lend · Voice[Borrower] + Theme + Sourceот+NP · РБЕ заемам sense 2 Заех от един другар · заела го бях от кръстницата · whether от is natural on вземам назаем is not settled by the lines read
Lend periphrasis · дай / даде … назаем · Recipient a dative clitic · Я дай ми пари назаем · Даде ми колата си назаем · на + NP is the general Recipient pattern and is unfilled beside this adverb · a full noun has no dative ending · the Source is not a clitic
A borrowing, on the collocation the orthography note names, has a Borrower and a Theme, and the adverb назаем. Езикови справки, въпрос 1138, citing Официален правописен речник (2012), writes Назаем се пише слято в израза вземам назаем and calls it a complex adverb, from a preposition and a noun that does not inflect. The same note’s examples are Даде ми колата си назаем and пари назаем, glossed as given or taken in a certain way. РБЕ’s adverb article defines назаем as За временно ползуване и с условие за връщане and prints Спасов’s взимат назаем жито. The grain is the thing. No person, and no от, is in that clause. The return wording is the definition’s. This page quotes it and does not turn it into an aspect claim. РБЕ enters вземам and взимам as one head, imperfective, with perfective взема and aorist взех. That pair is the dictionary’s morphological label. The article of вземам, as read, does not print назаем. The one-volume article of вземам does not print it either. Voice adds the Borrower as the subject. The root’s object is the Theme. Full noun phrases show no case ending. Which theta role is the object when a dative clitic sits beside the Theme on the lend periphrasis is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.
Where the frame sits against the English gloss. English borrow X from Y uses one verb and one preposition. The borrower is the subject. The source is from, for a person and for a place. Lend is a different verb, with a bare recipient or to. вземам назаем matches the borrow direction in the orthography note’s name of the expression, and in РБЕ’s взимат назаем жито: the subject takes, the thing is the object, and назаем is the adverb of temporary use. Those lines do not fill from. The verb that does fill a person with от, on the returnable thing, is заемам, and that lemma is also the lend verb. A clause of вземам with only a theme does not, by itself, show a loan. English from does not split into an adverb plus a preposition. Polish pożyczyć uses one lemma and od plus genitive against a bare dative. Russian занять is another lemma, and the Source is у plus genitive. у is unprinted on these loan lines. German leihen adds a reflexive dative on the borrow frame. No returnable-thing line read here is reflexive.
The person-Source от is printed on заемам, not in the назаем lines of вземам. РБЕ sense 2 of заемам 1 is Получавам пари, вещи и под. за временно ползване при определени условия за връщане. The citations are Караславов’s Заех от един другар, Гуляшки’s маршовете, които зае от директора, and Йовков’s заела го бях от кръстницата. The Infolex bibliography’s shorter article glosses that get sense Вземам нещо на заем and prints Вазов’s да ги заемем от ония, които имат: the verb of the citation is заемем, and от is the person. го and ги resume the Theme. They are not the Source. The adverb article’s взимат назаем жито, принудени да заемат назаем, and Назаем ли вземаш (взимаш) do not print от. Whether от is natural on вземам назаем specifically is not settled by the lines read. Пат взе книгата назаем от Крис is constructed below. It stacks the adverb’s take with the от of заемам. It is not a dictionary line.
заемам 2 is a different homonym, and a linguistic от is a different sense. The occupy homonym glosses a dwelling as наемам and the one-volume occupy article prints Квартирантката заема една стая. That is not the loan, and it is not давам под наем. РБЕ вземам sense 11 is also наемам, with вземаше под наем воденици. Rent stays on the rent page. РБЕ senses 3 and 4 of заемам 1, and the one-volume Заели сме много думи от френски език, use от of a custom or a language. That complement is not the Source of the returnable thing. The preposition is the same от.
The lend periphrasis is дай / даде … назаем. The Recipient is a clitic in the lines read. The Source is not a clitic. РБЕ’s adverb prints the folk song Я дай ми пари назаем. The orthography note prints Даде ми колата си назаем. ми is a dative clitic. пари and колата are the Theme. назаем does not replace the clitic. Full nouns have no morphological dative. A Recipient that is a full noun phrase sits after на, as in the definition of заемам sense 1, на някого. No line of дай or даде plus назаем read here fills на plus a full noun. On продавам a buyer in на can be doubled by му / ѝ / им. A doubled recipient is unprinted on these loan lines. ѝ and им are not in them. A dative clitic in the loan lines is the Recipient. It is not the Source. The Source, where a line fills a person on the get frame, is от plus a noun phrase.
РБЕ’s adverb fills the Theme and назаем on the take, and a dative clitic on the give. It does not fill от. РБЕ’s заемам sense 2 fills от. The one-volume вземам article has no loan sense. Пат and Крис continue the named-participant series on заемам. A name does not spell case. на Крис and от Крис are the prepositions. The return wording in the definitions is quoted and is not given an aspect label.
вземам / взимам plus назаем · the thing is the object · no person in the printed lines
✓ За временно ползуване и с условие за връщане. · взимат назаем жито · Назаем ли вземаш (взимаш) РБЕ · adverb назаем · Спасов · idiom · жито is the object · no от · вземаш and взимаш are the entry’s pair
✓ Назаем се пише слято в израза вземам назаем · пари назаем · право на заем Езикови справки · въпрос 1138 · Официален правописен речник (2012) · the adverb does not inflect · two words when the noun inflects
✓ ВЗЕМАМ и ВЗИМАМ, несв.; взема, св., взех РБЕ · header · the article’s senses, as read, do not include назаем · sense 11 is наемам, под наем
✓ преходен глагол от несвършен вид · вземаш, несв. и взема, св. · synonym line names заемам, наемам one-volume · вземам · no назаем · the synonym line does not print a loan example · wrong spellings listed there include вземъм and взимам · РБЕ enters взимам in the head · the two filings are not ranked
for temporary use, on condition of return. They take grain on loan. The adverb article has the thing and the adverb. The verb article, as read, does not have the adverb.
заемам · get · от of the person · the same lemma as lend
✓ Получавам пари, вещи и под. за временно ползване при определени условия за връщане. · Заех от един другар РБЕ · заемам 1 · sense 2 · Караславов · от един другар · no theme in that clause
✓ маршовете, които зае от директора на прогимназията · заела го бях от кръстницата РБЕ · Гуляшки · Йовков · the marches are the theme · го is the cup · от is the person
✓ Вземам нещо на заем. · да ги заемем от ония, които имат Infolex bibliography · shorter article · Вазов · the gloss uses вземам · the citation’s verb is заемем · ги · от · spelling на заем
✓ Квартирантката заема една стая. · Заели сме много думи от френски език. one-volume · occupy homonym · linguistic от · off the returnable-thing frame
to receive money or things for temporary use, on condition of return. I borrowed from a friend. I had borrowed it from the godmother. The lemma is the one that also takes ми.
дай / даде … назаем · Recipient a dative clitic · not a case ending on the noun
✓ Я дай ми пари назаем · принудени да заемат назаем РБЕ · adverb · folk song · 1860 · ми · пари · no на plus a full noun · no от
✓ Даде ми колата си назаем Езикови справки · въпрос 1138 · the note’s gloss is manner · ми is still the Recipient · колата is still the Theme
✓ Давам пари, вещи и под. на някого РБЕ · заемам sense 1 · на някого is the definition of that lemma · unfilled beside дай / даде … назаем in the lines read
Give me money on loan. He gave me his car on loan. The clitic is the Recipient. A full noun has no dative ending.
| Place | Introduced by (working) | Bulgarian marking | Case status | English and sibling marking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borrower | Spec,Voice of вземам назаем, and of заемам sense 2 | subject · no ending on a full noun | взимат, вземаш / взимаш on the adverb · Заех, зае, заела on заемам · a вземам line with only a theme does not spell a loan · the pair вземам / взема is the morphological label | subject of borrow · subject of pożyczyć beside od · subject of занять · subject of kölcsönvesz |
| Theme | complement of the take, and of заемам | the one object · no case ending · object clitic го or ги where printed | жито on the adverb · the marches, го, ги on заемам · пари, колата on the lend adverb lines · a sum in the object slot is one object | direct object of borrow · accusative of pożyczyć · を of 借りる |
| назаем | adverb of temporary use · not a case | one word in РБЕ and in the orthography note · two words на заем in the shorter gloss · в заем in the one-volume gloss of заемам | взимат назаем жито · вземам назаем is the note’s name of the expression · the adverb does not inflect · право на заем is the noun, two words · the one-volume adverb page has an empty definition field · no gloss is supplied for that empty field | no piece of English borrow · Spanish prestado agrees with the theme · Italian in prestito · Russian взаймы / в долг · not a case ending |
| Source, person | от on заемам sense 2 · not filled on the назаем lines of вземам | от + NP | от един другар, от директора, от кръстницата, от ония, които имат · no clitic · у is unprinted · от on вземам назаем is unprinted · it is not filled in from the sister frame · от Крис in a stack with назаем is constructed | from of borrow · Polish od + genitive · Russian у + genitive · Hungarian ablative -tól/-től · German von or bei |
| Recipient | low ApplHAVE of дай / даде … назаем, and of заемам sense 1 · not a place of the take | a dative clitic · or на + NP in the definition of заемам | ми in дай ми пари назаем and in Даде ми колата си назаем · a full noun has no dative ending · на plus a full noun is unfilled beside this adverb · doubling with му / ѝ / им is unprinted · the series that can double a на-phrase is the one on продавам | bare object of lend Chris the book, or to · see заемам |
Marking map. Read the adverb, then whether the other person is от or a dative clitic. назаем is not that person.
Each row lines up one English slot with its Bulgarian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (English from ↔ от, unfilled on вземам назаем; the bare recipient or to of lend ↔ a dative clitic or на), or an adverb where English has no separate piece. Dictionary lines come first. The constructed Bulgarian sentences are modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.
| Slot | EN form | BG form | Align | EN example | BG example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borrower | SUBJ of borrow | subject of вземам / взимам, or of заемам sense 2 | = the subject takes · the adverb, or от, is what the printed lines use to show the loan | They take grain on loan. gloss | взимат назаем жито РБЕ · adverb |
| Theme | OBJ | the one object · no case ending | = · an object clitic resumes it | grain · the cup glosses | жито РБЕ · adverb · го РБЕ · Йовков |
| назаем | no separate piece of borrow | adverb · one word, or the glosses’ на заем / в заем | the collocation is printed on the adverb and named by the orthography note · the вземам article does not print it | — | взимат назаем жито РБЕ · вземам назаем orthography note |
| Source on вземам назаем | from | от + NP · unprinted | shift expected from the sister frame · the lines read do not settle it · not filled in · not starred | borrow the book from Chris English | Пат взе книгата назаем от Крис constructed · the entries do not print this stack |
| заемам borrow | SUBJ of borrow · a different English lemma from lend | the same заемам · от + NP | one Bulgarian lemma for a direction English keeps on borrow · sense 2 · the one-volume article joins both directions and prints the give example | I had borrowed it from the godmother. gloss | заела го бях от кръстницата РБЕ · Йовков |
| Lend adverb | lend · bare object or to | дай / даде … назаем · dative clitic | a different direction · the Recipient is ми · на plus a full noun is unfilled here · a full noun has no dative ending | Give me money on loan. gloss | Я дай ми пари назаем РБЕ · adverb · Даде ми колата си назаем orthography note |
| на + NP | to | на + NP | shift · the definition of заемам · unfilled beside назаем in the lines read · doubling unprinted | give the book to Chris on loan gloss | на някого РБЕ · definition · на Крис constructed |
| Bare second object | the English double object has no case ending | a bare full noun beside the Theme | unprinted · the Source is от · the Recipient is a clitic or на | borrow Chris the book English only | * Пат взе Крис книгата. constructed · not a dictionary line |
| Lend lemma | lend | заемам · dative clitic or на | the same lemma as the от frame · the marker selects the direction | lend me the iron gloss | ми · на някого the lend page |
The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Bulgarian under it. The subject chip is the borrower when the other phrase is absent or is от, and the lender when the other human is a dative clitic.
EN · BG · adverb · no Source
They take grain on loan.
взимат назаем жито
BG · РБЕ · adverb · Спасов · жито is the Theme · назаем is the adverb · no от · English from is unfilled
Move adverb where English has no separate piece · Source unfilled
EN · BG · same заемам · Source от
I had borrowed it from the godmother.
заела го бях от кръстницата
BG · РБЕ · Йовков · от is the person-source · го is the theme · the lemma is the one that also takes ми · Polish od is the other one-lemma source
Move same lemma as lend · от where English has from
EN · BG · lend adverb · dative clitic
Give me money on loan.
Я дай ми пари назаем
BG · РБЕ · adverb · folk song · ми is the Recipient · пари is the Theme · the adverb is not a person-marker · a full noun has no dative ending · the Source is not this clitic
Move dative clitic · not a case ending · not the Source
EN · BG · от stacked on the adverb · constructed
Pat borrowed the book from Chris.
Пат взе книгата назаем от Крис.
BG · constructed · назаем from the adverb article · от from заемам sense 2 · the entries do not print them together · not a citation
Move a stack · от where the adverb lines leave the person empty
Argument difference. English borrow X from Y uses one verb and from. вземам / взема назаем adds the adverb. The printed take lines have the thing and the adverb, and they do not have from. заемам is one lemma. The get sense prints от plus a noun phrase. The give sense, and дай / даде … назаем, print a dative clitic. A full noun has no dative ending, so the Recipient is not a bare second object. The Source is от, not a clitic. That split — an adverb of loan-direction, a prepositional Source on the shared lemma, and a clitic or на-phrase for the other direction — is the divergence from English borrow X from Y. Lend on the one lemma is заемам.
Dictionary lines · quoted as printed
взимат назаем жито · принудени да заемат назаем · Я дай ми пари назаем · Назаем ли вземаш (взимаш) РБЕ · adverb назаем · Спасов · 1860 · folk song
вземам назаем · Даде ми колата си назаем · право на заем Езикови справки · въпрос 1138 · Официален правописен речник (2012)
Заех от един другар · заела го бях от кръстницата · да ги заемем от ония, които имат РБЕ · заемам sense 2 · Infolex shorter article · от · no назаем in the РБЕ clauses
Квартирантката заема една стая. · от френски език one-volume · occupy · linguistic от · off the frame
The strings below that are not in the block above are constructed, modelled on взимат назаем жито, on от един другар, and on Даде ми колата си назаем beside the definition на някого. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Пат / Крис continue the named-participant series. A name does not spell a preposition. от Крис and на Крис do.
✓ взимат назаем жито
РБЕ · adverb · Theme · adverb · no от
✓ Пат взема книгата назаем.
constructed · modelled on взимат назаем жито · no Source · not a dictionary line
✓ заела го бях от кръстницата
РБЕ · заемам sense 2 · Йовков · от · object clitic is the Theme · not a Source clitic
✓ Пат взе книгата назаем от Крис.
constructed · stacks назаем with от · the entries do not print them together
✓ Я дай ми пари назаем
РБЕ · adverb · dative clitic · not the Source · no на plus a full noun
✓ Пат даде книгата назаем на Крис.
constructed · на from на някого · adverb from Даде ми колата си назаем · the two are not printed together · no clitic doubling
* Пат взе Крис книгата.
constructed · a bare second noun · not a dictionary line · the Source is от · a full noun has no dative ending
Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Borrower to Voice and the Theme to the root. назаем stays an adverb. The Source of a person, where a line fills it, stays in от. The lender drawing gives the dative clitic, or на, to the Recipient. Open one sketch at a time.
One external argument · the adverb is not a person · от is not in this line
[VoiceP 3pl Voice ← Borrower · взимат
[VP
[AdvP назаем ] ← adverb · РБЕ · not a case
[√вземам-
[Theme жито ]]]] ← object · no case ending
· от unprinted
взимат назаем жито РБЕ · adverb
The subject takes. The other person is not in the clause. The drawing does not add от from the sister frame. It does not add a dative Recipient beside this subject. The dative clitic is the lend adverb’s Recipient.
One lemma · the marker selects the direction · working, revisable
[VoiceP 1sg Voice ← Borrower · заемам sense 2
[VP
[PP от кръстницата ] ← Source · от + NP · not a clitic
[√заемам-
[Theme го ]]]] ← object clitic
[VoiceP 2sg Voice ← Lender · дай … назаем
[VP
[AdvP назаем ]
[√дам-
[Recipient ми ] ← dative clitic · not a noun ending
[Theme пари ]]]]
✓ от кръстницата · ми РБЕ
Sense 2 of заемам is borrow. от is the Source. The folk-song line is lend. ми is the Recipient. The two phrases are not one argument. English from does not become a clitic, and English to does not become от. Polish od is one source preposition on one lemma, against a bare dative. Bulgarian prints от against a clitic, and the full noun has no dative ending.
Definition на някого · the adverb’s citations print the clitic · doubling unprinted
на някого ← РБЕ · заемам sense 1 · definition дай ми ← РБЕ · adverb · clitic, no на + NP Даде ми колата си назаем ← orthography note · clitic на Крис ← constructed · not a citation му / ѝ / им beside на ← the sell series · unprinted here
✓ на някого РБЕ · definition
A full noun has no dative ending. на is where that noun sits. The loan adverb lines read here do not fill it. A doubled clitic plus на is the pattern named on продавам. It is unprinted on дай / даде … назаем. Nothing here is a claim about aspect.
Working paper · October 2026 · Bulgarian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2
Borrowing in Bulgarian, on the expression the orthography note names, is вземам / взема назаем. The Borrower is the subject. The Theme is the object. назаем is an adverb. РБЕ prints взимат назаем жито with no от. The вземам article does not print the adverb. Person-Source от is printed on заемам sense 2. дай / даде … назаем marks the Recipient with a dative clitic. A full noun has no dative ending. The Source is not a clitic.
Not a flat grid of three sisters. Voice adds the subject. On вземам назаем that subject is the Borrower. The root takes the Theme. The adverb marks temporary use and does not introduce the person. On заемам sense 2, от adds the Source. On дай / даде … назаем, the dative clitic adds the Recipient. на is the full-noun cloth of that Recipient, printed in the definition of заемам and unfilled beside the adverb in the lines read.
What Bulgarian changes, against English borrow X from Y, is the adverb and the place of the person. English has one simple verb and from. Bulgarian’s named borrow expression adds назаем, and the lines that print that expression with вземам do not fill from. The verb that fills от is заемам, which is also the lend verb. The other direction’s person is a dative clitic or на, because a full noun has no dative ending. What Bulgarian changes, against Polish pożyczyć, is that the ordinary take-plus-adverb is not the lend lemma, and the filled person-source on the shared lemma is a preposition with no case ending on the noun. What Bulgarian changes, against Hungarian kölcsönvesz, is that the loan-direction piece is an adverb that does not separate as a verbal prefix, and the person-source that is actually printed sits on заемам.
Dictionary frames: Речник на българския език (БАН), online at ibl.bas.bg, under вземам and the adverb назаем. The one-volume Речник на българския език at rechnik.chitanka.info, under вземам, взема, and назаем. Езикови справки, въпрос 1138, citing Официален правописен речник (2012). The заемам lines are the ones already filed on lend · заемам, from РБЕ, the one-volume article, and the Infolex shorter article. The constructed clauses are Пат взема книгата назаем, Пат взе книгата назаем от Крис, Пат даде книгата назаем на Крис, and the rejected *Пат взе Крис книгата. Index 2 does not list the verbs. Bulgarian Transfer in Index 2 is разменям / обменям, давам.
Records вземам / взема назаем as the named borrow expression: subject Borrower, object Theme, adverb назаем, and no от in the lines that print that expression. Records the вземам article as not printing the adverb. Records от on заемам sense 2. Records дай / даде … назаем with a dative clitic Recipient, на unfilled beside that adverb, and the Source as an от-phrase rather than a clitic. Does not open an English page.