lend · Russian (одолжить) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Lender, Recipient, Theme · converse lemma for the other direction · money periphrasis separate · Russian cloth · working claim, revisable

Lend · Voice[Lender_NOM] + Appl_HAVE(Recipient_DAT, Theme_{ACC / partitive GEN}) · imperfective одалживать · perfective одолжить · the pair is the dictionaries’ morphological labels

Borrow · a different lemma · Voice[Borrower_NOM] + Theme_{ACC / partitive GEN} + у+GEN_Source · занять деньги у кого-нибудь · одолжить у кого-н. is the same shape on the lend lemma, and the dictionaries mark that use

Money periphrasis · дать / давать + взаймы or the gloss в долг · Recipient dative · not the object-loan subsense

A lending, on this reading, has a Lender, a Recipient, and a Theme. Ozhegov’s opening frame of одолжить is что кому, and the definition of that sense is Дать взаймы. Kuznetsov’s sense 1 is (чего). Дать в долг взаймы. Voice adds the Lender as the nominative subject. Low Appl_HAVE introduces the Recipient inside that one verb domain and relates the Recipient to the Theme. The root’s object is the Theme: accusative in Ozhegov’s что and in Ushakov’s что, and partitive genitive where Kuznetsov prints (чего) and English Wiktionary prints genitive ‘some of something’. The Recipient is dative: Ozhegov’s кому, Ushakov’s кому-чему, Kuznetsov’s мне and нам. They are not five equal sisters of одолжить. A time expression is printed in some lines and is not ranked as an argument or as an adjunct. No rate phrase is printed on the entries read here. The drawing is the same working claim as the Recipient of платить and of English give-geometry pay: a low applicative of possession, inside one verb, revisable. Which theta role is the object in this low Appl_HAVE domain is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Where the frame sits against the English gloss, and against German, Spanish, and French. English lend does not mean borrow. The best single-word gloss of the first sense of одолжить is lend, and the frame still diverges. English lend takes a bare Recipient or to, and the Theme has no partitive case. English borrow takes the borrower as subject and a separative from. Russian does not put both directions on одолжить as two ordinary frames. The ordinary borrow side is the converse lemma занять / занимать: Borrower subject, Theme accusative or partitive genitive, Source as у plus genitive. Ushakov prints Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. That у is the Source. It is not the dative Recipient of одолжить, and it is not English from. The same у-phrase on одолжить itself is printed, and it is marked: Ozhegov’s bracket says неправильно, Ushakov labels the sense неправ., Russian Wiktionary labels it прост., and English Wiktionary labels it proscribed. French prêter keeps the lender, and the converse lemma emprunter marks the Source with à, the same preposition as prêter’s Recipient. Russian у does not do that work: the Recipient stays dative. German leihen prints both directions on one lemma without that normative mark: a dative Recipient on the lend frame, and a reflexive dative plus von or bei on the borrow frame. verleihen is a further German lemma. Spanish prestar is one lender-side verb. The Spanish borrow side is the periphrasis pedir prestado / tomar prestado, not a converse lemma. Russian’s money periphrasis is дать взаймы, which is Ozhegov’s gloss of одолжить, and Kuznetsov’s дать в долг взаймы. The object-loan subsense of одолжить is a different line.

Places · who wears which marking

Ozhegov’s frame names что and кому. Kuznetsov’s sense 1 adds (чего). Neither entry prints Lender, Recipient, Theme, a time expression, and a rate in one clause. Ushakov’s Одолжите мне сто рублей has the dative and a sum, and no у. The у-phrase of the borrow reading is a different line, and it carries a mark.

Dictionary frame · accusative Theme · dative Recipient · the borrow use of this lemma is the bracket

✓ что кому. Дать взаймы. О. кому-н. деньги до зарплаты [неправильно употр. одолжить у кого-н. в знач. «взять в долг»]. Ozhegov and Shvedova · одолжить sense 1 · the bracket is the entry’s · this page does not turn взаймы into an aspect claim

to give on loan · to someone · money · until payday · using одолжить у кого-н. for ‘take on loan’ is what that bracket calls incorrect

Dictionary borrow frame · the converse lemma · у is the person one borrows from

✓ Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. Ushakov · занять · perfective of занимать 1

to borrow money from someone · the preposition in that line is у · the case after it is genitive

Places of одолжить and занять: introducer, Russian marking, case status, English, German, Spanish, and French marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Russian marking	Case status	English, German, Spanish, and French marking
Lender	Spec,Voice of одолжить · у on занять	nominative subject of одолжить · у + genitive when the subject is the borrower	structural subject of the lender-side verb · on the converse lemma у is the Source, not a Recipient · the same у on одолжить is the marked borrow reading, not a second ordinary frame	subject of lend · from of borrow, a separative preposition · dative Recipient of leihen, or von/bei when the German subject is the borrower · subject of prestar · subject of prêter, and à when the subject is emprunter
Recipient	low Appl_HAVE inside одолжить	dative · кому, мне, нам, односельчанам	dative · not a second accusative · Ushakov also prints чему in the government and does not fill it · not the Source of занять	bare object of lend me the book, or to · dative of leihen · a + DP doubled by le · à or lui/leur
Theme	complement of √LEND- (Theme of e_HAVE) · object of занять as well	accusative (деньги, сто рублей, чайник, рубль) · partitive genitive where printed (чего, немного денег, денег on занять)	structural accusative, or the partitive the entries label чего · a numeral sum is one MeasureP in the accusative slot · рублей after сто is the unit inside that phrase · the partitive is not that unit · no rate is that object	direct object of lend and of borrow, with no partitive case · accusative of leihen · accusative of prestar · direct object of prêter and of emprunter
Borrower	Spec,Voice of занять / занимать · not the ordinary Spec,Voice of одолжить	nominative subject of the converse lemma	a second lemma · Wiktionary prints одолжить as the conversive antonym of the borrow sense of занять · the subject of одолжить у кого-н. is the borrower only in the marked reading	subject of borrow · subject of the borrow frame of leihen, with a reflexive dative · subject of pedir or tomar · subject of emprunter
Source	у + genitive on занять · the same preposition on the marked reading of одолжить	у кого-нибудь · у кого бы · у кого-либо · у тебя · у кого-нибудь with одалживать	genitive after у · not a dative · not French à · Ozhegov’s government of занять is что and does not print у · the у-phrase is Ushakov’s, Wiktionary’s, and Gramota’s	separative from · German von or bei + dative · unprinted as a required piece of prestar · French à on emprunter, which is also the Recipient preposition of prêter
Duration	unranked	до зарплаты · на часок · до завтра on the marked lend use of занять	optional time phrase · argument versus adjunct unprinted · not given a seat in the formula · the dictionaries’ на время is definition wording, not an aspect claim	until payday, for an hour · German bis morgen · Spanish por una semana · French pour quelques heures · same open status

Marking map. One preposition can belong to one role. Read the lemma, then the case. On these verbs у is the Source. The Recipient is dative, with no preposition in the lines read here.

Nominative of the Lender. The subject of одолжить is the one who gives the thing on loan. Ozhegov sense 1 is что кому. Kuznetsov’s head label is св. кого-что, and sense 1 narrows the object to (чего) beside the accusative examples. The morphological pair, and only the forms the entries print: Ozhegov одолжить, жу, жишь, perfective, imperfective одалживать, аю, аешь. Kuznetsov: -жу, -жишь; participle одолженный; -жен, -а, -о; imperfective одалживать, -аю, -аешь, and an obsolete imperfective одолжать, -аю, -аешь. Russian Wiktionary: perfective, transitive, Zaliznyak type 4b; future одолжу, одолжишь, одолжит, одолжим, одолжите, одолжат; past одолжил, одолжила, одолжило, одолжили; passive participle одолжённый. The imperfective article is Zaliznyak type 1a: present одалживаю, одалживаешь, одалживает. Those are paradigm labels. No page of a conjugation manual is cited, and no sentence from one is quoted. Barron’s 501 Russian Verbs is not opened.
Accusative of the Theme, and the partitive genitive. Ozhegov’s что is filled by деньги, accusative. Ushakov’s example is сто рублей, and the government word is что. Kuznetsov prints both: Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей and десятку are accusative sums, and немного денег is the partitive the parenthetical (чего) names. рублей after сто or сто тысяч is the genitive of the unit inside one MeasureP. It is not a second object, and it is not the partitive of деньги versus денег. English Wiktionary states the lend frame as accusative ‘something’ or genitive ‘some of something’, with a dative. A bare одолжить денег, with no немного, is not one of those printed lines.
Dative of the Recipient. Ozhegov’s goal is кому, and the example is кому-н. Ushakov: что кому-чему, example Одолжите мне сто рублей. Kuznetsov: мне and нам (Одолжите нам ваш чайник). Bykov, in the Wiktionary quotation of одалживать: односельчанам and родственникам, with no Theme in that clause. The dative is the person who receives the thing. A second accusative in that slot is unprinted. Ushakov’s чему is in the government label and is not filled by a thing in the example.
Borrow side, занять / занимать. A converse lemma, not a second numeration of одолжить and not a participle periphrasis. Ozhegov, занять 1: сов., что. Взять взаймы. З. рубль. The imperfective named there is занимать, аю, аешь. The past forms on that line are занял, заняла, заняло, and the future is займу, займёшь. Kuznetsov: что (и чего). Взять на время, взаймы. З. денег на покупку автомобиля. The imperfective is again занимать. Ushakov: Занять деньги у кого-нибудь, perfective of занимать 1. Wiktionary’s borrow sense quotes Makarenko: у кого бы занять? The antonym line there is the conversive одолжить. Gramota’s rule, question 274612: занять (у кого-либо) – взять деньги на время, взаймы, and the correct request includes можно у тебя занять? The subject of those lines is the borrower. The Theme is accusative (рубль, деньги) or partitive genitive (денег). The Source, where it is printed, is у plus genitive. English from is separative. French à on emprunter is not this preposition. Ozhegov’s government что does not itself print у.
одолжить у кого-н., the marked borrow reading. The same lemma, not the ordinary frame. Ozhegov’s bracket: неправильно употр. одолжить у кого-н. в знач. «взять в долг». Ushakov sense 2: неправ. в знач. взять в долг, взаймы у кого-нибудь. Одолжить у кого-нибудь сто рублей (вместо взять в долг). Russian Wiktionary sense 3 of одолжить: прост. то же, что занять; взять взаймы, with no example on that article. The imperfective article does print one: sense 2, прост. брать взаймы, занимать, Nikulin, он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок. English Wiktionary labels the borrow sense proscribed and gives the same case frame, accusative or genitive, with у plus genitive. The mark is the dictionaries’. This page records it and does not promote the line to a second ordinary frame of одолжить.
Money periphrasis, дать взаймы and в долг. Ozhegov’s gloss of sense 1 is Дать взаймы. The adverb article: нареч. В долг, с последующей отдачей. Дать, взять деньги в. Kuznetsov’s gloss is Дать в долг взаймы, and the adverb is Заимообразно, в долг. Давать, брать, просить в. Ozhegov долг 2: Взятое взаймы (преимущ. деньги). Взять в д. (взаймы, с последующей отдачей). Kuznetsov долг sense 2 is what was taken or given on loan, predominantly money, and prints Взять в д. Wiktionary взаймы quotes Zagoskin: я никогда не даю денег взаймы тем, которые принимают их без счёту. There даю is the imperfective of дать, денег is genitive, and тем is dative. Gramota question 273081 contains the asker’s Дай мне в долг 100 рублей beside Одолжи мне 500 рублей до зарплаты; the service’s answer states the rule одолжить (кому-либо) – дать в долг взаймы and does not reprint that Дай clause as its own example. The periphrasis is the money loan. It is how the dictionaries define sense 1 of одолжить, and it is also a collocation of дать. It is not a second page.
Objects, a subsense. Kuznetsov marks a further reading inside sense 1: Разг. Дать во временное пользование. Одолжите нам ваш чайник. Одолжи мне на часок свою машину. The Theme is a kettle, or a car. The Recipient is still dative. The adverb articles of взаймы and the money sense of долг do not print a kettle or a car. The object loan is одолжить. It is not the money periphrasis. The разг. mark is Kuznetsov’s, on that subsense, not on the money sense.
Duration. Ozhegov: до зарплаты, in the same line as деньги. Kuznetsov: до зарплаты with десятку, and на часок with the car. Ginzburg, in the Wiktionary quotation of the other use of занять: до завтра. Argument versus adjunct is open. Nothing here is a claim about aspect. The labels сов. and несов., and Wiktionary’s совершенный вид and несовершенный вид, are the names of the morphological pair. They are not a further classification of those time phrases.
The favor sense, and не занимать. Separate senses. Ozhegov sense 2: кого (что) чем. Оказав одолжение, услугу, обязать благодарностью (устар.). The examples are Одолжили вы меня своими заботами, поддержкой and the ironic Ну и одолжил! Ushakov sense 3 is the same favor reading, marked obsolete and now jocular or ironic, with Dostoevsky Вы еще недавно его одолжили and Nekrasov Вот одолжил бы! Kuznetsov sense 2 is obsolete: Вы меня очень одолжите, если замолвите за меня словечко. Wiktionary sense 2 quotes Pushkin, то-то б одолжил. There is no returnable Theme. Ozhegov’s idiom under занять 1 is also off the borrow frame: Не занимать кому кого-чего (разг.). Ума ему не занимать. The genitive there is what someone has plenty of. It is not the partitive of a loan.
занять кому, the marked lend use of the borrow lemma. A further marked line, not the ordinary frame of занять. Wiktionary sense 2 of the borrow article: прост. то же, что одолжить, Ginzburg Вы не можете мне занять до завтра? The dative is мне. Gramota, questions 274612 and 273081: Занять кому-либо – неправильно. The ordinary lend dative stays on одолжить. This line is recorded because the dictionary prints it, and it stays off the working borrow frame.

EN ⇄ RU valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with its Russian slot, and names the German, Spanish, and French slot where the direction split differs. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same status), shift (a bare English object ↔ a Russian dative, or English from ↔ у+genitive), or a lexical split of the subject’s direction. Dictionary lines come first. Every other Russian sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Russian valency alignment for lend / одолжить, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	RU form	Align	EN example	RU example
Lender as subject	SUBJ of lend	nominative subject of одолжить	= for this direction	Pat lent Marie the money. constructed gloss	Одолжите мне сто рублей. Ushakov · Пат одолжил Марии деньги. constructed
Borrower as subject	SUBJ of borrow · a different English lemma	nominative subject of занять / занимать · a different Russian lemma	lexical split · English uses borrow and from · Russian uses занять and у · German stays on leihen · Spanish uses a periphrasis · French uses emprunter and à	Chris borrowed the money from Pat. constructed gloss	Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. Ushakov · Крис занял деньги у Пат. is not the line · Крис занял у друга деньги. constructed
Theme, accusative	OBJ	accusative · что	=	lend the money constructed gloss	деньги Ozhegov · сто рублей Ushakov
Theme, partitive	unprinted · English lend has no partitive case	genitive · чего · немного денег · денег on занять	shift · one Russian case alternation of the Theme · the numeral’s рублей is not this genitive	lend some money constructed gloss of the partitive	немного денег Kuznetsov · З. денег Kuznetsov · занять
Recipient (dative)	bare object of the double-object gloss · to in the other English gloss	dative · кому · мне · нам	shift · one Russian dative · no preposition in the printed goal	lend me a hundred rubles · lend a hundred rubles to me the two English clothes	кому-н. Ozhegov · мне сто рублей Ushakov
Source у	from · separative	у + genitive on занять	shift · not the dative · not French à	borrow from someone constructed gloss	у кого-нибудь Ushakov · у кого бы занять Wiktionary · Makarenko
одолжить у	borrow from	одолжить / одалживать + у + genitive	same lemma as lend · marked · not a second ordinary frame · German leihen is unmarked for this split	—	одолжить у кого-н. Ozhegov · неправильно · одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок Wiktionary · Nikulin · прост.
дать взаймы	lend money · give on loan	дать / давать + взаймы · dative Recipient · genitive or accusative money	money periphrasis · the gloss of sense 1 · not the kettle	I never lend money to those people. gloss of the Zagoskin line	не даю денег взаймы тем Wiktionary · Zagoskin · Дать, взять деньги взаймы Ozhegov · the adverb
Duration	until payday · for an hour · status open	до зарплаты · на часок	optional · argument vs adjunct open	until payday constructed gloss	до зарплаты Ozhegov · на часок Kuznetsov
Favor · не занимать	oblige · ‘have no lack of’	кого чем · не занимать кому кого-чего	separate senses · not a returnable Theme	You have obliged me. He has wit to spare. glosses of the printed lines	Одолжили вы меня своими заботами Ozhegov sense 2 · Ума ему не занимать Ozhegov · занять
Two accusatives	the English double object has no case ending	accusative Recipient beside an accusative Theme	unprinted · the printed goal is dative	—	* Пат одолжил Марию книгу. constructed · not a dictionary line
German, Spanish, and French borrow side	subject of borrow	subject of занять · not an ordinary subject of одолжить	German leihen keeps the direction on one lemma · Spanish uses a periphrasis · French uses à as Source	—	sich etwas leihen · pedir prestado · emprunter qqch à qqn the sibling pages · not Russian frames

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Russian under it. The subject chip is the lender on одолжить and the borrower on занять. The money card is the periphrasis. The last card is the other senses.

EN · RU · Recipient dative · Theme accusative or partitive

кому · деньги / денег

Pat lent Marie the money. / Pat lent Marie some money.

Пат одолжил Марии деньги. / Пат одолжил Марии немного денег.

RU constructed · one dative · Ozhegov prints деньги · Kuznetsov prints немного денег and мне · the two English clothes are the gloss · English has no partitive

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender Пат Recipient Марии Theme деньги · немного денег

Move one Russian dative inside Appl_HAVE · accusative or partitive genitive of the Theme · two English clothes in the gloss

EN · RU · converse lemma

занять у + genitive

Chris borrowed the money from a friend.

Крис занял деньги у друга.

RU constructed · у is the Source · Ushakov prints у кого-нибудь · English from is separative · French à is the other Source preposition · German keeps this direction on leihen · Spanish uses pedir prestado

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme

Borrower Крис Source у друга Theme деньги

Move у+genitive is the Source · not the dative Recipient · not French à · not English from

EN · RU · money periphrasis

дать взаймы · в долг

I never lend money to people who take it without counting.

я никогда не даю денег взаймы тем…

RU · Wiktionary · Zagoskin · dative тем · genitive денег · Ozhegov glosses одолжить as дать взаймы · Kuznetsov’s kettle is not this adverb

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender я Recipient тем Theme денег · взаймы

Move money only · the object loan stays on одолжить · в долг is the adverb’s gloss and Ozhegov’s долг 2

EN · RU · other senses

одолжение · не занимать

You have obliged me with your concern. He has wit to spare.

Одолжили вы меня своими заботами. Ума ему не занимать.

RU · Ozhegov sense 2 of одолжить · Ozhegov idiom under занять · no returnable Theme · no у-Source

RolesHide roles Not a loanInstrument / plenty

Not a returnable Theme меня · ума Not a Recipient of a loan заботами · ему

Move separate senses · not the lend frame · not Appl_HAVE

Examples

Argument difference. English lend does not mean borrow. Pat lent Chris the money and Chris borrowed the money from Pat are two verbs, and the second verb’s source preposition is separative from. Russian prints the lender as the nominative subject of одолжить and the borrower as the nominative subject of занять. The Theme is accusative on both, and partitive genitive where the entry prints чего. The Recipient of одолжить is dative. The Source of занять is у plus genitive. That у is not French à, which on emprunter marks the Source and on prêter marks the Recipient. German prints both directions on leihen, with von or bei for the source, and does not mark the borrow frame incorrect. Spanish prints the lender on prestar and the borrower on pedir prestado or tomar prestado. The money periphrasis дать взаймы is the gloss of the money sense. Kuznetsov’s kettle and car stay on одолжить and are marked разг. The favor sense and не занимать stay off the returnable-theme frame.

Dictionary lines · quoted as printed · no page numbers added

что кому. Дать взаймы. О. кому-н. деньги до зарплаты [неправильно употр. одолжить у кого-н. в знач. «взять в долг»]. несов. одалживать, аю, аешь. Ozhegov and Shvedova · gufo.me · одолжить

(чего). Дать в долг взаймы. Одолжи мне сто тысяч рублей! Ты не мог бы о. мне немного денег? Где бы о. десятку до зарплаты? Разг. Дать во временное пользование. Одолжите нам ваш чайник. Одолжи мне на часок свою машину. Одалживать, -аю, -аешь; нсв. Kuznetsov · Большой толковый словарь · gufo.me · одолжить

что кому-чему. Дать в долг, взаймы. Одолжите мне сто рублей. неправ. в знач. взять в долг, взаймы у кого-нибудь. Одолжить у кого-нибудь сто рублей (вместо взять в долг). Ushakov · gufo.me · одолжить

дать в долг, взаймы. прост. то же, что занять; взять взаймы. Imperfective одалживать: не любил одалживать не только односельчанам, но даже и родственникам. прост. он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок. Russian Wiktionary · одолжить · одалживать · Bykov, Знак беды, 1982 · Nikulin, 1979 · both marked НКРЯ

to lend [with accusative ‘something’ or genitive ‘some of something’, along with dative ‘to someone’]. (proscribed) to borrow [with у (+ genitive) ‘from someone’]. English Wiktionary · одолжить · imperfective одалживать

сов., что. Взять взаймы. З. рубль. несов. занимать, аю, аешь. займу, займёшь; занял, заняла, заняло. Не занимать кому кого-чего (разг.). Ума ему не занимать. Ozhegov · gufo.me · занять · sense занять 1 · the idiom is the bullet under that sense

что (и чего). Взять на время, взаймы. З. денег на покупку автомобиля. Kuznetsov · gufo.me · занять · the loan article, not the ‘occupy’ article

Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. Ushakov · gufo.me · занять

у кого бы занять? прост. Вы не можете мне занять до завтра? Conversive antonym одолжить. Russian Wiktionary · занять · Makarenko, Педагогическая поэма, 1935 · Ginzburg · both marked НКРЯ

нареч. В долг, с последующей отдачей. Дать, взять деньги в. Взятое взаймы (преимущ. деньги). Взять в д. Ozhegov · взаймы · долг 2

я никогда не даю денег взаймы тем, которые принимают их без счёту. Russian Wiktionary · взаймы · Zagoskin, Москва и москвичи · НКРЯ

занять (у кого-либо) – взять деньги на время, взаймы, одолжить (кому-либо) – дать в долг взаймы. Занять кому-либо – неправильно. Корректная просьба дать в долг: одолжи мне или можно у тебя занять? Грамота.ру · справочная служба · вопрос 274612 · the same rule in вопрос 273081, whose question text contains Дай мне в долг 100 рублей

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines, except where a tag says the line is printed. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Пат / Мария / Крис continue the named-participant series on продать and заплатить. A name does not spell dative. Марии does. у друга does not spell dative either. It spells the genitive after у.

✓ Пат одолжил Марии деньги.

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender Пат Recipient Марии Theme деньги

constructed · что кому is Ozhegov’s frame · деньги is that entry’s accusative · Марии is the dative of кому

✓ Пат одолжил Марии немного денег.

RolesHide roles LenderRecipientTheme

Lender Пат Recipient Марии Theme немного денег

constructed · немного денег and мне are Kuznetsov’s · the partitive is (чего) · рублей after a numeral is not this genitive

✓ Одолжите мне сто рублей.

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme

Recipient мне Theme сто рублей

Ushakov · dative мне · one accusative MeasureP · рублей is the unit after сто

✓ Крис занял деньги у друга.

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme

Borrower Крис Source у друга Theme деньги

constructed · у is the Source · modelled on Ushakov’s у кого-нибудь and on Gramota’s у кого-либо · not the Recipient of одолжить

✓ Крис занял у друга денег.

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme

Borrower Крис Source у друга Theme денег

constructed · денег is Kuznetsov’s partitive on занять · у друга is not in that line · the two pieces are not one dictionary line

✓ он одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок

RolesHide roles BorrowerSourceTheme

Borrower он Source у кого-нибудь Theme смычок

Wiktionary · Nikulin · прост. · borrow reading of одалживать · Ozhegov’s bracket calls the matching perfective incorrect · not the ordinary lend frame

✓ Одолжили вы меня своими заботами.

RolesHide roles Favor

Not a returnable Theme меня · заботами

Ozhegov sense 2 · separate sense · не занимать is the other idiom, under занять

* Пат одолжил Марию книгу.

RolesHide roles RecipientTheme

Recipient Марию Theme книгу

constructed · accusative Recipient · the printed goal is dative кому / мне

✓ что кому Ozhegov · accusative Theme · dative Recipient
✓ немного денег Kuznetsov · partitive · (чего)
✓ Одолжите мне сто рублей. Ushakov · one MeasureP
✓ Занять деньги у кого-нибудь. Ushakov · у = Source
✓ одалживал у кого-нибудь смычок Wiktionary · Nikulin · прост.
✓ не даю денег взаймы тем Wiktionary · Zagoskin · money periphrasis
✓ Одолжили вы меня своими заботами. Ozhegov sense 2
✓ одалживать, аю, аешь Ozhegov · imperfective · morphological label only

одолжить is the lender-side verb · the case is a place the clause already has

The dative and the genitive after у do not add a participant the lemma has not already assigned. The aspect pair does not add one either.

The dative is the Recipient on одолжить. Ozhegov’s кому, Ushakov’s мне, Kuznetsov’s мне and нам, and Bykov’s односельчанам put that case on the person who receives the thing. Марии in the constructed clause is the same place as a full phrase. It is not a second accusative.

у plus genitive is the Source on занять. Ushakov’s у кого-нибудь, Makarenko’s у кого, and Gramota’s у кого-либо and у тебя use that preposition for the person the thing comes from. The preposition chooses the role. The dative does not. English from chooses the source by a different preposition. French à uses one preposition for the Recipient of prêter and the Source of emprunter. Russian у is only the Source in the lines read here.

The same у on одолжить is marked. Ozhegov says неправильно. Ushakov says неправ. Wiktionary says прост. and prints Nikulin’s смычок. English Wiktionary says proscribed. The citation is real. The ordinary borrow subject remains the subject of занять.

The pair is morphological. Ozhegov and Kuznetsov print сов. and несов. Wiktionary prints совершенный вид for одолжить and несовершенный вид for одалживать, and the same split for занять and занимать. The forms named above are those entries’. A time phrase in the same clause is not a label of that pair. Nothing here is a claim about aspect.

The favor sense and не занимать are other senses. The instrumental of the service, and the genitive of what someone has plenty of, are not a Recipient of a sum.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The point of the drawing is one Theme, accusative or partitive genitive, a Recipient that is dative, and a converse lemma whose Source is у plus genitive. Open one sketch at a time. The low Appl_HAVE claim is the same working claim as on pay and платить, and it stays revisable.

Voice · the external argument of одолжить is the Lender

Constructed · one lender-side verb · the borrower is another lemma

[VoiceP Пат Voice                     ← Lender = Spec,Voice of одолжить
  … lend numeration of одолжить … ]

[VoiceP Крис Voice                    ← Borrower = Spec,Voice of занять
  … not the ordinary numeration of одолжить … ]

✓ Пат одолжил Марии деньги. constructed

✓ Крис занял деньги у друга. constructed

English puts the two external arguments on lend and borrow. German puts both on leihen. Spanish puts the lender on prestar and the borrower on a periphrasis. French puts the borrower on emprunter. одолжить has the lender in the ordinary frame. The borrow subject on that same lemma is the marked reading.

Low Appl_HAVE · dative Recipient · partitive is still the Theme

One Recipient · dative · inside the single verb domain · not a second accusative

[VoiceP Пат Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [Марии]_DAT Appl_HAVE        ← Recipient · HAVE the theme
    [VP √одолж-
       [Theme деньги ]_ACC                 ← Ozhegov · accusative
       [Theme немного денег ]_GEN ]]]      ← Kuznetsov · partitive · one or the other, not both

The converse lemma, working and revisable, does not reuse that Recipient. The у-phrase is the Source. It is not a low applicative of possession pointed the other way, and it is not the German reflexive dative. It is not French à.

[VoiceP Крис Voice
  [VP √зан-
     [Theme деньги / денег ]_ACC/GEN
     [PP у [ друга ]_GEN ]]]               ← Source · у + genitive
                                           ← одолжить у кого-н. is this shape on the other lemma
                                           ← Ozhegov: неправильно · Ushakov: неправ. · Wiktionary: прост.

✓ кому Ozhegov · lend frame · Recipient

✓ у кого-нибудь Ushakov · занять · Source

* Пат одолжил Марию книгу. constructed · the Recipient is not a second accusative

MeasureP · money is the Theme · a numeral’s unit is inside that phrase

One object when the Theme is money · the partitive is an alternation of that object · the time expression is not ranked inside it

[Theme [ деньги ] ]_ACC                  ← Ozhegov
[Theme [ MeasureP [ сто ] [ рублей ] ] ]_ACC
                                         ← Ushakov · рублей is the unit after сто
[Theme [ немного денег ] ]_GEN           ← Kuznetsov · (чего) · not the unit of сто
взаймы / в долг                          ← the money periphrasis · дать, not a second theme
до зарплаты · на часок                   ← printed time phrases · argument vs adjunct open

✓ сто рублей Ushakov · one money theme

✓ немного денег Kuznetsov · one partitive

✓ на часок Kuznetsov · the stretch is a citation, not an aspect label

сто рублей = one MeasureP in object position. n and the unit compose inside that phrase. денег = the partitive of the Theme when the entry prints чего. It does not compose as a second object beside деньги. No rate phrase is printed on these entries. до зарплаты and на часок are filled time phrases. They are not given a MeasureP, and they are not classified as an argument or as an adjunct. Nothing here is a claim about aspect.

English, German, Spanish, and French · where the direction and the preposition live

Working · no English lend page is opened · German leihen · Spanish prestar · French prêter

[VoiceP Pat Voice                                  ← Lender
  [ApplP_LOW Marie Appl_HAVE                        ← Recipient
    [VP √LEND
       [Theme the money ]]]]                        ← English lend Marie the money / lend the money to Marie
                                                     · Russian: Марии, dative · деньги or немного денег

[VoiceP Chris Voice                                 ← Borrower
  [VP √BORROW
     [Theme the money ]
     [PP from Pat ]]]                                ← English borrow · from is separative
                                                     · Russian: занять · у друга is the Source
                                                     · French: emprunter · à Pat is the Source
                                                     · German: leihen, reflexive dative, von or bei
                                                     · Spanish: pedir prestado / tomar prestado

English keeps the two directions on two verbs and keeps the source preposition separative. German prints both directions on leihen and keeps verleihen as another lemma. Spanish prints the lender on prestar and the borrower on a periphrasis. French prints the lender on prêter and the borrower on emprunter, and prints à for both the Recipient and the Source. Russian prints the lender on одолжить and the borrower on занять, prints the Recipient as a dative, and prints у plus genitive for the Source. The borrow reading of одолжить is the marked line. дать взаймы stays the money periphrasis. The favor sense and не занимать stay off this drawing.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English lend, English borrow, Russian одолжить, Russian занять, and the live siblings
Layer	lend (EN) · no page	borrow (EN) · no page	одолжить	занять	leihen · prestar · prêter
Spec,Voice	Lender	Borrower	Lender · the borrower only in the marked у-reading	Borrower, of the converse lemma	German: either, on one lemma · Spanish: Lender only · French: Lender on prêter, Borrower on emprunter
other party	bare object, or to	from	dative Recipient · у+genitive only in the marked borrow reading	Source · у+genitive · not a dative	German dative, or reflexive dative plus von/bei · Spanish a doubled by le · French à for both roles
object	the theme	the theme	the theme · accusative or partitive genitive · a sum is one MeasureP	the theme · что or чего	the theme · no partitive in the sibling frames
money phrase	unprinted as a required piece	unprinted as a required piece	взаймы is the gloss · the periphrasis is дать	взять взаймы is the gloss	German mit or zu where a rate is printed · Spanish a interés · French à intérêt · no rate is printed here
other sense	unasserted here	unasserted here	favor · кого чем · obsolete in Ozhegov	не занимать · and the ‘occupy’ article, off this frame · занять кому is прост. and Gramota’s неправильно	prêter attention · prestarse a · Duden sense 3 of leihen stays off that page

On одолжить, Marie comes to HAVE the money, or the kettle, for the stretch the entries call a loan or temporary use. This page quotes that wording and does not add an aspect label. On платить, the accusative can be the money and за is Consideration. On одолжить a money object is the Theme, and a written взаймы is the periphrasis, not that Consideration. On сдавать the lessor is the subject and the other direction is снимать, whose source is also у plus genitive. On одолжить the borrow direction is занять, and у is that Source. It is not the dative.

No English page of lend. The borrow side is занять / занимать, noted here, not a second page. дать взаймы is not a page. German sibling: lend · German · leihen. Spanish sibling: lend · Spanish · prestar. French sibling: lend · French · prêter. Japanese sibling: lend · Japanese · 貸す. Italian sibling: lend · Italian · prestare. Geometry neighbors: rent · Russian · сдавать / сдать · sell · Russian · продавать / продать · pay_GIVE · платить.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Russian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Temporary transfer in Russian: one lender-side verb, and a converse lemma for the other direction. Lender (Voice, nominative subject of одолжить), Recipient (dative), Theme (accusative, or partitive genitive). The imperfective is одалживать. The pair is morphological. занять / занимать has the borrower as subject and у plus genitive as Source. English borrow uses separative from. French emprunter uses à. одолжить у кого-н. is the borrow reading Ozhegov and Ushakov mark incorrect and Wiktionary marks прост. дать взаймы / дать в долг is the money periphrasis. The favor sense and не занимать are separate senses. German leihen keeps both directions. Spanish prestar is lender-side only.

RU micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 Duration unranked DE leihen live ES prestar live FR prêter live

Sense × language: lend · Russian (одолжить). The returnable-theme sense is the page. Ozhegov sense 2 and the idiom не занимать stay off that frame. Not given a page here: занять, дать взаймы. No English lend hub. Geometry neighbors: lend · leihen · lend · prestar · lend · prêter · rent · сдавать · sell · продать · pay_GIVE · платить. Index 2 does not list Russian lend.

Places
EN ⇄ RU strip
Examples
Voice
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Russian micro-entry. Ozhegov and Shvedova, Kuznetsov’s Большой толковый словарь, and Ushakov were read for одолжить and занять, with the adverb взаймы and the noun долг. Russian and English Wiktionary were read for the same lemmas and for одалживать. Грамота.ру questions 274612 and 273081 were read. The Recipient of одолжить is a low Appl_HAVE argument, a working claim shared with pay and give on this site, and it is revisable. No page number and no sentence from a conjugation manual is quoted.

Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Пат одолжил Марии деньги, the partitive with Марии, and Крис занял деньги у друга are marked constructed. The accusative Recipient is starred because the printed goal is dative. Nikulin’s у кого-нибудь is printed and is not starred: the dictionaries mark it, and the mark is quoted.

Arity. Index 2 does not list одолжить. Surface count can name a lender, a recipient, a theme, and a time expression. The lexicon does not list four co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Lender. Low Appl_HAVE adds the Recipient. The root takes the Theme, accusative or partitive genitive. A time expression is not filed as a further sister. занять is not a second numeration of одолжить. взаймы is not a second Theme.

What this page does not do. It does not open a separate page for занять or for дать взаймы. It does not open an English page of lend. The favor sense stops at the citation. The German frames stay on leihen. The Spanish frames stay on prestar. The French frames stay on prêter.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of four sisters. A flat grid would give the verb two accusatives, or one case of the Theme, or one у that means the Recipient. одолжить shows one Theme, accusative or partitive genitive, and a Recipient in the dative.

деньги = one object. See the MeasureP sketch. немного денег is the partitive alternation of that object. сто рублей is one MeasureP. взаймы is the money periphrasis, not a second object.

What Russian shows, against the English gloss and against German, Spanish, and French, is where the direction lives, and what у marks. English uses lend or borrow, and from is separative. German uses two frames of leihen, and a separate verleihen, with von or bei for the source. Spanish uses prestar for the lender and a periphrasis for the borrower. French uses prêter for the lender and emprunter for the borrower, and the à-phrase is the Recipient on the first and the Source on the second. Russian uses одолжить for the lender and занять for the borrower, and the Source is у plus genitive. The same preposition on одолжить is the reading the dictionaries mark incorrect or прост.

Geometry · одолжить beside the live roots

In the constructed Пат одолжил Марии деньги, Marie comes to HAVE the money. The definitions name a loan, or temporary use of a thing. This page quotes that wording and does not add an aspect label.

English lend and borrow. Two verbs. Lend takes the lender as subject and a bare Recipient or to. Borrow takes the borrower as subject and separative from for the source. No English page is opened. The gloss lend misses the Russian partitive, and the gloss borrow misses that the Russian source preposition is у.
leihen. Both directions on one lemma, without a normative mark on the borrow frame. The lend frame is a dative Recipient and an accusative Theme. The borrow frame is a reflexive dative co-indexed with the subject, and the source in von or bei. verleihen is noted there and is not a page. Russian does not copy that split onto одолжить as two ordinary frames. The source preposition is not у.
prestar. One lender-side verb. The Recipient is a dative doubled by le. The borrow side is pedir prestado or tomar prestado. Russian has a converse lemma instead of that periphrasis. The money periphrasis дать взаймы is the gloss of the lend sense, not the borrow side.
prêter. One lender-side verb. The Recipient is à or dative lui/leur. The converse lemma is emprunter, and the same à is the Source. Russian у is the Source only. It is not the marker of the Recipient.
сдавать. The lessor is the subject. The other direction is снимать, and the lessor on that verb is у plus genitive. одолжить keeps the lender as subject. The borrower is занять, and у is the Source of the loan, not of a rental.
продать. The buyer is dative, the goods are accusative, and за is the price. On купить the seller is у plus genitive. The sense of одолжить read here is the loan, with return in the wording of взаймы. A printed у-phrase is the Source of that loan, not a seller.
платить. The Recipient is dative. The amount is accusative, and the unit after a numeral is genitive inside that phrase. за is Consideration. The low Appl_HAVE drawing is the one this page shares, as a working claim. On одолжить a money object is the Theme, and the partitive is a case of that Theme, not Consideration.
The favor sense and не занимать. Ozhegov, Ushakov, Kuznetsov, and Wiktionary. Oblige someone, or have no lack of something. Not the returnable-theme frame.

Open items

Bare одолжить денег. Kuznetsov prints немного денег and the label (чего). Ozhegov prints accusative деньги. A partitive with no quantifier is not a printed line of одолжить. It is not constructed as a filled frame beyond the немного line.
рублей and денег. The first is the unit after сто inside one accusative MeasureP. The second is the partitive. They are not ranked as two genitives of one clause.
у on Ozhegov’s занять. The government there is что. Ushakov, Wiktionary, and Gramota print у. The government label and the у-phrase are not ranked as two sources.
Ushakov’s чему. Printed in кому-чему. The example is мне, a person. No inanimate dative is quoted, and none is constructed.
на часок and до зарплаты in one clause. Each is printed. The combination is not a dictionary line. Argument versus adjunct is open.
A rate. Unprinted on the entries read. German mit / zu, Spanish a interés, and French à intérêt stay on those pages. Nothing is constructed here.
одолжать. Kuznetsov prints it as an obsolete imperfective beside одалживать. No frame is opened for it.
ссудить. English Wiktionary lists it among the synonyms of the lend sense. The article is not opened here.
The ‘occupy’ article of занять. Ozhegov’s занять 2 and Kuznetsov’s second article. Not the loan frame. No sentence from it is given a loan geometry.
Passive of the Theme. Kuznetsov prints Заниматься, -ается; страд. under the loan article of занять, with no money sentence. No passive of одолжить is in the lines read. No sentence is constructed.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Ozhegov and Shvedova одолжить, занять, взаймы, and долг; Kuznetsov одолжить, занять, взаймы, and долг; Ushakov одолжить and занять; Russian Wiktionary одолжить, одалживать, занять, занимать, and взаймы; English Wiktionary одолжить; Грамота.ру questions 274612 and 273081. Constructed clauses put the printed dative on a named Recipient, or the printed у of занять on у друга. The forms of the aspect pair are the ones those entries print. No conjugation manual is quoted. Index 2 does not list одолжить.

Ozhegov and Shvedova · одолжить gufo.me · одолжить · что кому · деньги · bracket неправильно · несов. одалживать
Kuznetsov · Большой толковый словарь · одолжить gufo.me · одолжить · (чего) · сто тысяч рублей · немного денег · разг. kettle and car
Ushakov · одолжить gufo.me · одолжить · мне сто рублей · sense 2 неправ.
Ozhegov · занять gufo.me · занять · что · З. рубль · занимать · Ума ему не занимать
Kuznetsov · занять gufo.me · занять · что (и чего) · З. денег
Ushakov · занять gufo.me · занять · Занять деньги у кого-нибудь
Russian Wiktionary · одолжить · одалживать одолжить · одалживать · Bykov dative · Nikulin у кого-нибудь · прост.
Russian Wiktionary · занять · занимать занять · занимать · Makarenko у кого бы занять · Ginzburg мне занять · прост.
Russian Wiktionary · взаймы взаймы · Zagoskin даю денег взаймы тем
English Wiktionary · одолжить en.wiktionary · одолжить · accusative or genitive · dative · proscribed borrow sense with у+genitive
Ozhegov · взаймы · долг взаймы · долг · Дать, взять деньги взаймы · Взять в долг
Kuznetsov · взаймы · долг взаймы · долг · Заимообразно, в долг. Давать, брать, просить в. · Взять в д.
Грамота.ру вопрос 274612 · вопрос 273081 · у кого-либо · кому-либо · Занять кому-либо – неправильно

Records the nominative Lender, the dative Recipient, and the Theme as accusative or partitive genitive. Records the aspect pair as the morphological forms the dictionaries print. Records занять / занимать as the converse lemma, with у plus genitive as Source, against English separative from and against French à. Records одолжить у кого-н. as the borrow reading those dictionaries mark incorrect or прост. Records дать взаймы / дать в долг as the money periphrasis, apart from the object-loan subsense and from the favor sense.

Arguments

Places · who wears which marking

EN ⇄ RU valency strip

кому · деньги / денег

занять у + genitive

дать взаймы · в долг

одолжение · не занимать

Examples

одолжить is the lender-side verb · the case is a place the clause already has

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Voice · the external argument of одолжить is the Lender

Low ApplHAVE · dative Recipient · partitive is still the Theme

MeasureP · money is the Theme · a numeral’s unit is inside that phrase

English, German, Spanish, and French · where the direction and the preposition live

Hierarchy

Geometry · одолжить beside the live roots

Open items

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Low Appl_HAVE · dative Recipient · partitive is still the Theme