buy · Norwegian (kjøpe) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Buyer, Goods, Seller, Beneficiary, Price · Norwegian cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Buyer] + complement of the root (Goods, bare direct object) + Seller in av+person where NAOB fills one + place in på where a line fills one + Beneficiary in til+person where NAOB fills one + Price in for+price-name where a line fills one

A purchase, on this reading, has a Buyer, the Goods, a Seller when a line fills one, a place when a line fills one, a Beneficiary when a line fills one, and a Price when a line fills one. They are not five equal sisters of kjøpe. Voice adds the Buyer, the subject. The root’s complement is the Goods, a bare direct object. Full noun phrases show no case ending. Bokmålsordboka’s sense 1 is skaffe seg noe mot betaling, and the examples fill en bok om krigen, noe, and den. Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB) sense 1 is skaffe seg mot betaling, set against selge, and the examples fill en brukt barnevogn, en ny bil, and hus. The person-seller NAOB prints is av: vi kjøpte en brukt barnevogn av naboen, and kjøper noe av ham. Bokmålsordboka’s article does not print av. The place Bokmålsordboka prints is på nettet. The person-beneficiary NAOB prints is til: Hamsun, jeg kjøpte det til en bror. The price-name NAOB prints on a purchase is for: Ibsen, få købt for en billig pris. for of a person is unprinted. The drawing is working and revisable. It is not a settled analysis.

What is different from the English gloss, and from Dutch kopen. The gloss buy X from Y for Z uses one from for the seller and one for for the price, and Cambridge also prints the person as for or as the first object of [+ two objects] (He bought his mother some flowers / He bought some flowers for his mother). Norwegian does not print that one from. The person-seller that is printed is av, not fra. fra is unprinted in both articles read. i butikken is unprinted. i Tromsø in kjøpe hus i Tromsø is where the house is. The place that is printed on the verb is på: på nettet. Dutch kopen prints two seller prepositions, van and bij, and the shop names sit in bij. Norwegian av is the person. It is not ranked against a shop preposition inside the verb article, because the shop preposition is not in that article. The finer split is the person who is not the seller. Dutch’s unlabeled beneficiary is voor+NP, and voor is also the sum. The ANS prints a bare nominal, kocht zijn vrouw een gouden armband, and labels it regionaal. Norwegian’s printed person-beneficiary is til, and the printed for on a purchase is the price-name, not that person. A bare indirect object, the shape of kjøpe henne en bok, is unprinted in Bokmålsordboka and in NAOB. It is not confirmed here as fully standard, and it is not given Dutch’s regional label. English buy her a gift has no Norwegian dictionary match in the articles read. kjøpe deg ny bil is reflexive: deg is the same person as du.

Places · who wears which marking

No printed purchase line of kjøpe stacks av, til of a person, the goods, and a sum. en brukt barnevogn av naboen has the goods and the seller. kjøpte det til en bror has the goods and til of a person. købt for en billig pris has for of the price-name. fikk kjøpt den billig på nettet has the goods and på.

Printed seller · av of a person

✓ vi kjøpte en brukt barnevogn av naboen · kjøper noe av ham NAOB · sense 1 · example and 3 Mos 25,14

we bought a used pram from the neighbor · or you buy something from him · Bokmålsordboka’s article of kjøpe does not print av · fra is unprinted in both

Printed beneficiary · til of a person

✓ jeg kjøpte det [stedet] til en bror jeg har paa Helgeland NAOB · sense 1 · Hamsun, Markens Grøde II 12 (1917) · the brackets are the entry’s

I bought it for a brother I have in Helgeland · til of a person · not a bare indirect object · billett til Lier is the ticket’s destination

Places of Norwegian buy: introducer, marking, status, English marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Norwegian marking	Status	English marking
Buyer	Spec,Voice	subject (vi kjøpte, hun kjøpte, jeg fikk kjøpt, du må nok kjøpe)	structural subject · both articles print it on the finite verb	subject of buy
Goods	complement of the root	bare direct object (en bok, en brukt barnevogn, en ny bil, hus, noe, den)	structural object · no case ending · Bokmålsordboka sense 1 · NAOB sense 1	object of buy · second object of Cambridge’s [+ two objects]
Seller · av	av+person	av naboen · av ham	NAOB sense 1 · Bokmålsordboka does not print it · fra unprinted · to-verify as a second seller preposition	from + person (from a friend of mine)
Place · på	på+NP	på nettet · NAOB billig prints på loppemarked	Bokmålsordboka, on the verb · the flea-market line is the billig article, not the verb’s schema · i butikken unprinted · to-verify	a shop phrase is unprinted in the Cambridge lines the Dutch page opened
Beneficiary · til	til+person	til en bror	NAOB · Hamsun · til festen on kjøpe inn is the occasion · til Lier is the ticket’s destination	for + person (for his mother) · Dutch writes voor
Beneficiary · bare	bare nominal · no preposition	the shape kjøpe henne en bok	unprinted in Bokmålsordboka and in NAOB · to-verify · not labeled standard · not given the ANS label regionaal	first object of [+ two objects] (his mother)
Price	for+price-name · working MeasureP inside the phrase that fills one	for en billig pris · for dyrt · dyrt · billig · for en billig penge in the billig article	NAOB sense 1 prints the price-name · a numeral for 100 kroner on the goods is unprinted · to-verify · sense 3 prints for 1000 kroner on taushet	Cambridge’s lines opened on the Dutch page do not print a numeral for · the for they print is the person
kjøpe seg	reflexive	kjøpe deg ny bil · kjøpe seg fri · kjøpe seg stemmer	the pronoun is the buyer · not a beneficiary of another person · kjøpe seg fri is the fixed use the articles print · kjøpe tid is unprinted	buy yourself a car · not buy her a book

Marking map. One preposition can belong to more than one place. Read the line, then the marker. av of a person, where NAOB fills one, is the seller. på in på nettet is the place. til of a person is the beneficiary in the Hamsun line. til of festen is the occasion of kjøpe inn. til of Lier is where the ticket goes. for of a price-name is the price. for en hel uke on kjøpe inn mat is the span of the stock, not a sum in kroner. Full noun phrases do not inflect.

The Buyer is the subject. NAOB’s examples are vi kjøpte, hun kjøpte, and vi skal kjøpe. Bokmålsordboka prints jeg fikk kjøpt den billig på nettet and du må nok kjøpe deg ny bil snart. The buyer is not the av-phrase and not the til-phrase.
The Goods are the one direct object. Bokmålsordboka: kjøpe en bok om krigen, kjøpe noe dyrt, den. NAOB: en brukt barnevogn, en ny bil, hus, noe, mat, ring, en billett, de billigste varer. A second bare object is not printed as the goods. The goods have no case ending.
The person-seller is av. fra is unprinted. NAOB’s example is vi kjøpte en brukt barnevogn av naboen. The citation is kjøper noe av ham (3 Mos 25,14), beside selger noe til en landsmann. That til is on selge, not on kjøpe. Bokmålsordboka’s article does not print av. Neither article prints fra. A fra-seller is to-verify. Dutch van and bij are both printed, and Van Dale does not rank them. Norwegian prints the one person-preposition av and does not print the shop pair inside the verb article.
The place that is printed is på. i butikken is unprinted. Bokmålsordboka: jeg fikk kjøpt den billig på nettet. NAOB’s article billig, under for en billig penge, prints kjøpe et bord på loppemarked for en billig penge. That line is not a schema in the verb article. NAOB kjøpe hus i Tromsø places the house. i fjor is the time of kjøpte en ny bil. i butikken as a complement of kjøpe is unprinted. To-verify. NAOB’s article butikk prints en tur på butikken for å kjøpe noen småting. på butikken there is the complement of tur. It is not a shop phrase of kjøpe.
The Beneficiary is til+person. The bare indirect object is unprinted. NAOB quotes Hamsun: jeg kjøpte det [stedet] til en bror jeg har paa Helgeland. The goods are det. The person is inside til. kjøpe inn øl til festen is til of an occasion. en billett til Lier is where the ticket goes. A bare henne beside the goods, the shape of kjøpe henne en bok and of English buy her a gift, is unprinted. To-verify. Dutch prints that bare nominal and labels it regionaal, and prints the unlabeled person in voor. This page does not copy either the label or the preposition onto a line NAOB does not print. kjøpe deg ny bil does not fill the gap: deg repeats du.
Price is for plus a price-name. A numeral on the goods is unprinted. NAOB sense 1, Ibsen, En folkefiende 180 (1882): en liden sydhavsø at få købt for en billig pris. The same sense prints kjøper for dyrt. Bokmålsordboka prints the adverbs dyrt and billig, with no for and no numeral. NAOB’s definitions of the fixed lines are kjøpe billig ‘kjøpe til lav pris’ and kjøpe dyrt ‘kjøpe til høy pris’. The article billig prints for en billig penge on kjøpe et bord. None of those lines is kjøpe noe for 100 kroner. That numeral on the goods is to-verify. The numeral that is printed is sense 3: de kjøpte hans taushet for 1000 kroner. The object there is silence, not the goods of sense 1. kjøpe inn mat for en hel uke is the week the food covers.
kjøpe inn, kjøpe opp, and kjøpe ut only where the articles print a frame. kjøpe seg fri is printed. kjøpe tid is not. Bokmålsordboka’s fixed line kjøpe inn is kjøpe varer til forbruk, lager, videresalg eller lignende, with kjøpe inn til festen and kjøpe inn nye varer til butikken. NAOB: kjøpe i større mengde, til forråd, with kjøpe inn mat for en hel uke and vi kjøpte inn øl til festen. kjøpe opp in Bokmålsordboka is kjøpe en stor mengde eller alt som fins av en vare: kjøpe opp eiendommer i området, de kjøpte opp hele lageret. NAOB’s first line of kjøpe opp matches that quantity, with kjøpte opp alle eksemplarene av VG. The second line is buying the ownership of a company: SAS kjøpte opp konkurrenten Braathens. kjøpe ut is buying out a share: Bokmålsordboka han har kjøpt ut eksen, NAOB kjøpe ut ekssamboeren din. That person is the object. It is not the av-seller and not the til-beneficiary. Bokmålsordboka sense 2 prints kjøpe seg fri. NAOB sense 2 prints kjøpe seg fri fra tiltalen, kjøpt fri, and kjøpe sig løs. kjøpe tid is unprinted. It is not filed as a fixed use.

EN ⇄ NO valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Norwegian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (from / for ↔ the Norwegian marker the line prints). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–Norwegian valency alignment for buy / kjøpe, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	NO form	Align	EN example	NO example
Buyer	SUBJ of buy	subject	=	I bought my camera from a friend of mine Cambridge	vi kjøpte · hun kjøpte NAOB
Goods	OBJ of buy	bare direct object	=	buy a small car Cambridge	en bok om krigen Bokmålsordboka · en brukt barnevogn NAOB
Seller as av	from + person	av+person	shift · from ↔ av · fra unprinted	I bought my camera from a friend of mine Cambridge	av naboen · av ham NAOB
Place as på	shop phrase unprinted in the lines opened	på+NP	printed as på nettet · i butikken to-verify	—	på nettet Bokmålsordboka
Beneficiary	for + person, or the first object of [+ two objects]	til+person	shift · English for and Dutch voor ↔ til	He bought some flowers for his mother Cambridge	til en bror NAOB · Hamsun
Beneficiary as a bare nominal	first object of [+ two objects]	unprinted	to-verify · Dutch prints it and labels it regionaal	He bought his mother some flowers Cambridge	—
Price as for	unprinted as a numeral for in the Cambridge lines opened	for+price-name	the price-name is printed · a numeral on the goods is to-verify	—	for en billig pris NAOB · Ibsen

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Norwegian under it. The av card stays inside av. The på card stays inside på. The person card stays inside til. The price card stays inside for of a price-name.

EN · NO · printed av

av naboen

I bought my camera from a friend of mine.

vi kjøpte en brukt barnevogn av naboen

NO · NAOB · EN · Cambridge · from · av ham is the same preposition · fra is unprinted

RolesHide roles BuyerSellerGoods

Buyer vi Seller from the neighbor · av naboen Goods a used pram · en brukt barnevogn

Move English from is av on these lines · Dutch shop names sit in bij, beside van · German von and bei stay unranked · fra is to-verify

EN · NO · printed på

på nettet

I managed to buy it cheaply online.

jeg fikk kjøpt den billig på nettet

NO · Bokmålsordboka · EN gloss constructed · i butikken is unprinted · NAOB billig prints på loppemarked

RolesHide roles BuyerGoodsPlace

Buyer jeg Goods den Place på nettet

Move the place is på · it is not the person in av · Dutch bij de Aldi is a shop name in the seller pattern · i butikken is to-verify

EN · NO · printed til of a person

til en bror

He bought some flowers for his mother.

jeg kjøpte det [stedet] til en bror jeg har paa Helgeland

NO · NAOB · Hamsun · EN · Cambridge · for of a person · the bare indirect object is unprinted

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods

Buyer jeg Beneficiary for a brother · til en bror Goods det

Move the finest split · Norwegian writes til for this person · Dutch writes voor, and that preposition is also the sum · the bare nominal Dutch labels regionaal is unprinted here · English also allows the double object

EN · NO · printed for of a price-name

for en billig pris

to get an island bought for a low price

en liden sydhavsø at få købt for en billig pris

NO · NAOB · Ibsen · older spelling købt · EN gloss constructed · a numeral on the goods is unprinted

RolesHide roles GoodsPrice

Goods a little South Sea island · en liden sydhavsø Price for en billig pris

Move for of a price-name is the price · for of a person is unprinted · Dutch voor is both the person and the sum · for 100 kroner on the goods is to-verify

Examples

Argument difference. English from is one seller marker, and English for in the Cambridge lines opened here is the person. Norwegian prints the person-seller as av and the person-beneficiary as til. for on the purchase lines is the price-name. Dutch prints the unlabeled person and the sum with the same preposition, voor, and prints a bare nominal only with the label regionaal. The Norwegian bare indirect object is unprinted, so the pages do not support calling it fully standard. German von and bei stay unranked on kaufen. Hungarian -tól/-től is the friend on vásárol, and -nál/-nél is the vendor on vesz. Norwegian has av for the person and no case ending.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

skaffe seg noe mot betaling · kjøpe noe dyrt · jeg fikk kjøpt den billig på nettet · du må nok kjøpe deg ny bil snart · kjøpe en bok om krigen Bokmålsordboka · sense 1 · direct object · på nettet · reflexive deg

skaffe seg mot betaling; oppnå ved å betale · til forskjell fra selge · vi kjøpte en brukt barnevogn av naboen · hun kjøpte en ny bil i fjor · vi skal kjøpe hus i Tromsø NAOB · sense 1 · av of a person · i fjor is time · i Tromsø is the house

når du selger noe til en landsmann eller kjøper noe av ham · jeg kjøpte det [stedet] til en bror jeg har paa Helgeland · en liden sydhavsø at få købt for en billig pris · kjøper for dyrt · han kjøpte en billett til Lier NAOB · 3 Mos 25,14 · Hamsun · Ibsen · Dagbladet · Sandemose · til en bror is the person · til Lier is the ticket

kjøpe billig · kjøpe til lav pris · kjøpe dyrt · kjøpe til høy pris NAOB · fixed lines · no numeral

kjøpe et bord på loppemarked for en billig penge NAOB · article billig · not a schema of the verb article · place på · price idiom

kjøpe inn · kjøpe varer til forbruk, lager, videresalg eller lignende · kjøpe inn til festen · kjøpe inn nye varer til butikken Bokmålsordboka · stock · til festen · til butikken

kjøpe inn mat for en hel uke · vi kjøpte inn øl til festen NAOB · for en hel uke is the span · til festen is the occasion

kjøpe opp · kjøpe opp eiendommer i området · de kjøpte opp hele lageret · kjøpte opp alle eksemplarene av VG · SAS kjøpte opp konkurrenten Braathens Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · quantity, and the company line · direct object

kjøpe ut · han har kjøpt ut eksen · kjøpe ut ekssamboeren din Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · the person is the object of the buy-out

kjøpe seg fri · kjøpe seg stemmer · kjøpe seg fri fra tiltalen · de kjøpte hans taushet for 1000 kroner Bokmålsordboka sense 2 · NAOB sense 2 and sense 3 · not the goods frame · the numeral is on silence

å kjøpe · kjøper · kjøpte · har kjøpt · kjøp! Bokmålsordboka · inflection · NAOB moderat bokmål kjøpte, kjøpt · [çø:`pə]

He bought his mother some flowers / He bought some flowers for his mother. · I bought my camera from a friend of mine. · buy a small car. Cambridge · buy · [+ two objects] is the entry’s label · the slash is the entry’s

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Pat continues the named-participant series. A name does not spell a role.

✓ Pat kjøper en bok.

RolesHide roles BuyerGoods

Buyer Pat Goods en bok

constructed · modelled on kjøpe en bok om krigen · bare direct object · no seller · no til · no for

✓ Pat kjøper en bok av ham.

RolesHide roles BuyerSellerGoods

Buyer Pat Seller av ham Goods en bok

constructed · modelled on av naboen and av ham · av with an object · no fra · no for of a sum

✓ Pat kjøper en bok til henne.

RolesHide roles BuyerBeneficiaryGoods

Buyer Pat Beneficiary til henne Goods en bok

constructed · modelled on kjøpte det til en bror · til of a person · the printed goods in that line are det, not en bok

✓ Pat kjøper den på nettet.

RolesHide roles BuyerGoodsPlace

Buyer Pat Goods den Place på nettet

constructed · modelled on jeg fikk kjøpt den billig på nettet · på · no i butikken

✓ en bok · en brukt barnevogn · en ny bil Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · goods · bare direct object
✓ av naboen · av ham NAOB · seller · av · fra unprinted · to-verify
✓ på nettet Bokmålsordboka · place · i butikken unprinted · to-verify
✓ til en bror NAOB · Hamsun · beneficiary · til
kjøpe henne en bok to-verify · bare indirect object · unprinted · Dutch’s bare nominal is labeled regionaal
✓ for en billig pris NAOB · Ibsen · price-name · for 100 kroner on the goods unprinted · to-verify
✓ kjøpe seg fri · kjøpe inn · kjøpe opp Bokmålsordboka · NAOB · printed fixed lines · kjøpe tid unprinted

What the passive shows

Neither article prints a passive clause of kjøpe. NAOB prints the present participle det kjøpende publikum. That phrase is not a passive, and it names no buyer and no goods as a subject. A passive that makes the goods the subject, and a passive that names the buyer, are unprinted. Nothing further is constructed. Bokmålsordboka’s participle cell is kjøpt beside a noun. It is not a clause.

The other senses stay off the purchase frame. Bokmålsordboka sense 2 is obtaining something by money, gifts, or effort, and bribery: kjøpe seg stemmer, kjøpe seg fri, dommeren var kjøpt og betalt. NAOB sense 2 is bringing someone into a state by paying: kjøpt fri, kjøpe seg fri fra tiltalen. Sense 3 is securing something that is not the goods: de kjøpte hans taushet for 1000 kroner. Sense 4 is winning a person: jeg lar meg ikke kjøpe. Sense 5 is the card game. Sense 6, and Bokmålsordboka sense 3, are accepting a claim: jeg kjøper ikke den påstanden uten videre, den konklusjonen kjøper jeg. Cambridge’s She'll never buy that story is the English believe sense. It matches that Norwegian sense. It is not given a goods clause here. On selge the subject is the seller and the buyer is til or bare ham. That buyer is not the seller of kjøpe.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Buyer to Voice, the Goods to the root, a Seller to av+person where NAOB prints one, a place to på where a line prints one, a Beneficiary to til+person where NAOB prints one, and a Price to for+price-name where a line prints one. The bare indirect object is not drawn, because it is unprinted. inn, opp, and ut are drawn as the particles the articles print. They do not add a seller or a beneficiary. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the Buyer is the external argument

Printed · the finite verb · one external argument

[TP vi
  [VoiceP vi Voice                 ← Buyer = Spec,Voice
    … kjøpte … ]]

✓ vi kjøpte en brukt barnevogn av naboen NAOB

The external argument is the Buyer. English keeps that one subject on buy. No passive of kjøpe is printed, so no goods-subject is drawn. On selge the external argument is the Seller, not this Buyer. The seller of kjøpe, where NAOB fills one, is av.

Seller av · place på · Beneficiary til · Price for

One direct object · one added phrase where the line prints one · working, revisable

[VoiceP kjøpte Voice
  [VP √kjøp-
     [Theme en brukt barnevogn ]
     [av av naboen ]]]              ← NAOB
                                        ← av ham
                                        ← fra unprinted

[VoiceP kjøpt Voice
  [VP √kjøp-
     [Theme den ]
     [på på nettet ]]]              ← Bokmålsordboka
                                        ← i butikken unprinted

[VoiceP kjøpte Voice
  [VP √kjøp-
     [Theme det ]
     [til til en bror ]]]           ← NAOB · Hamsun
                                        ← bare henne unprinted

[VoiceP købt Voice
  [VP √kjøp-
     [Theme en sydhavsø ]
     [for for en billig pris ]]]    ← NAOB · Ibsen
                                        ← not the person
                                        ← for 100 kroner on goods unprinted

The Seller phrase and the Beneficiary phrase are not one marker. av is the person-seller in NAOB. på is the place in på nettet. til of en bror is the beneficiary. for of en billig pris is the price. Dutch writes the unlabeled beneficiary and the sum as voor. German writes the dealer as von and the butcher as bei, unranked. Hungarian writes the friend as -tól and the vendor as -nál.

✓ av naboen NAOB · seller · av

✓ på nettet Bokmålsordboka · place

✓ til en bror NAOB · beneficiary

✓ for en billig pris NAOB · price-name

kjøpe henne en bok to-verify · bare indirect object · unprinted · not drawn

English counterpart · from, for, and the double object · Dutch voor · German von/bei

Working · no English buy page is opened · Dutch is kopen · German is kaufen · the converse is selge

[VoiceP I Voice
  [VP √BUY
     [Theme my camera ]
     [PP from [ a friend of mine ]]]]     ← Cambridge
                                          · kjøpe: av + person
                                          · fra unprinted
                                          · place: på nettet
                                          · Dutch van or bij
                                          · German von or bei, unranked

[VoiceP he Voice
  [ApplP her Appl                         ← Beneficiary · bare object
    [VP √BUY
       [Theme a gift ]]]]                 ← buy her a gift
                                          · Cambridge his mother
                                          · kjøpe: unprinted
                                          · Dutch voor, or regionaal bare

[VoiceP he Voice
  [VP √BUY
     [Theme some flowers ]
     [PP for [ his mother ]]]]            ← the same Cambridge line
                                          · kjøpe: til + person
                                          · for + price-name is the price

Cambridge’s from is the seller. Norwegian spells that place as av when the line is a person. fra and i butikken are unprinted. The place that is printed is på nettet. Dutch spells the seller as van or bij, and the shop names sit in bij. Cambridge’s for of a person, and the first object of [+ two objects], are the beneficiary. Norwegian spells the printed beneficiary as til. The price-name is for. The divergence from English buy X from Y for Z is those two spellings: seller av, price for, with fra and a numeral on the goods unprinted. The divergence from English buy her a gift, and from Dutch kopen, is the beneficiary: til is printed, voor of a person is the Dutch line, and the bare indirect object is printed in Dutch with the label regionaal and unprinted in the Norwegian articles.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English buy, Norwegian kjøpe, Dutch kopen, and German kaufen
Layer	buy (EN) · no page	kjøpe	kopen	kaufen
Spec,Voice	Buyer	Buyer · on selge this layer is the Seller	Buyer · on verkopen this layer is the Seller	Buyer · on verkaufen this layer is the Seller
Beneficiary	bare first object, or for + person	til+person · bare indirect object unprinted · to-verify	voor+NP · bare nominal labeled regionaal	bare dative on kaufen
Seller	from + person	av+person · fra unprinted · place på nettet · i butikken unprinted	van+NP or bij+NP · Van Dale unranked · shop names in bij	von+dative or bei, unranked · bare dative on abkaufen
Goods	object	bare direct object · no case ending	direct object · no case ending	accusative
Price	unprinted as a numeral for in the lines opened	for+price-name · numeral on the goods unprinted · to-verify	voor+amount · the same preposition as the beneficiary	für + a sum

On kjøpe the subject is the buyer. A seller phrase, where NAOB prints one, is av. A beneficiary phrase is til. The price-name is for. The analogy with English from and for is the added person-phrase and the added price-phrase. It is not a claim that a beneficiary and a seller are one role, and it is not a claim that for of a price-name is that person. It is not a claim that the unprinted bare indirect object is standard.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Norwegian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Buying in Norwegian is not one for and not one seller preposition copied from English from. Buyer (Voice, subject), Goods (complement of the root, bare direct object), Seller in av+person where NAOB fills one. Place på nettet in Bokmålsordboka. Beneficiary in til+person. A bare indirect object is unprinted. Price is for plus a price-name. A numeral for 100 kroner on the goods is unprinted.

NO micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 av seller · til beneficiary · for price NL kopen live HU vesz live PL kupić live JA 買う live RU купить live PT comprar live IT comprare live ES comprar live FR acheter live DE kaufen live

Sense × language: buy · Norwegian (kjøpe). kjøpe inn, kjøpe opp, and kjøpe ut stay on this page where a dictionary prints them. The purchase sense is the page. The bribe sense, the silence sense, and the believe sense stay off the frame. No English buy hub. Geometry neighbors: buy · kopen, buy · kaufen, sell · selge. No Index 2 Norwegian cell lists this verb. Index 2 Norwegian Payment is betale, overføre.

Places
EN ⇄ NO strip
Examples
Voice
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Norwegian micro-entry, the eleventh language of buy. Dictionary frames were read in Bokmålsordboka and in NAOB, with the NAOB article billig for for en billig penge and the article butikk for the shop line that is not a complement of kjøpe, and with Cambridge for English buy.

Constructed examples. Dictionary lines are marked as printed. Every other full clause is marked constructed. The bare indirect object, fra, i butikken, and for 100 kroner on the goods are marked to-verify. They are not starred, because the articles do not reject them. They are not checked, because the articles do not print them.

Arity: several places, not one flat verb. Index 2 does not list kjøpe. Surface count can name a buyer, the goods, a seller, a place, a beneficiary, and a price. The lexicon does not list those as co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Buyer. The root takes the Goods. av adds a Seller where NAOB fills one. på adds a place where a line fills one. til adds a Beneficiary where the line is a person. for adds a Price where the line is a price-name. No telicity claim is made from the participle or from inn, opp, or ut.

What this page does not do. It does not open an English page of buy. It does not edit the other buy pages. It does not rank an unprinted fra or i butikken as the shop marker. It does not treat the bare indirect object as standard. The believe sense stops at the citation.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of five sisters, and not one preposition copied from the English gloss. Voice adds the Buyer. The root takes the Goods. av adds the Seller where the line is av naboen or av ham. på adds the place where the line is på nettet. til of a person adds the Beneficiary. for of a price-name adds the Price. The particles are the stock, the buy-up, and the buy-out the articles define. The drawing is working and revisable.

What Norwegian changes, against English from, is that the printed person-seller is av. fra is unprinted. What Norwegian changes, against Dutch bij of a shop, is that the verb article does not print a shop preposition. The place it does print is på nettet. What Norwegian changes, against English buy her a gift and against Dutch kopen, is the beneficiary: til is printed, Dutch voor is the unlabeled person and also the sum, and the bare indirect object is printed in the ANS with the label regionaal and unprinted here. What Norwegian changes, against for Z in buy X from Y for Z, is that the printed for is a price-name, for en billig pris, and a numeral on the goods is unprinted.

Geometry · buy beside kopen and kaufen

English buy. Beneficiary as the first object of [+ two objects], the shape of buy her a gift, or in for. Seller in from. A numeral for is unprinted in the lines opened. No English page is opened.
kjøpe. Subject buyer. Bare direct-object goods. Seller as av+person in NAOB. Place på nettet. Beneficiary as til+person. Bare indirect object unprinted. Price for+price-name. kjøpe inn is stock. kjøpe opp is the quantity or the company. kjøpe seg fri is printed. kjøpe tid is not.
kopen. Seller as van or bij, unranked in Van Dale, with the shop names in bij. Beneficiary as voor+NP. Bare nominal labeled regionaal. Price voor+amount, the same preposition as the person. Norwegian av matches the person side of van and does not print bij. Norwegian til is the person Dutch writes with voor. Norwegian for is the price, not that person. The bare indirect object Dutch labels is unprinted for kjøpe.
kaufen. von and bei are both printed and left unranked. The beneficiary of kaufen is a bare dative. Norwegian has no dative ending. The printed beneficiary is til. On abkaufen the bare dative is the seller. On kjøpe ut the person is the object of the buy-out, not an av-phrase.
vesz / megvesz. The friend is ablative -tól/-től. The street vendor is adessive -nál/-nél. Norwegian av is the person-seller without a case ending, and the vendor-versus-shop split is unprinted. The Hungarian beneficiary is dative -nak/-nek. Norwegian writes til.
selge. The subject is the seller. NAOB prints the buyer as til and as bare ham. On kjøpe the subject is the buyer, the person-seller is av, and a bare indirect object is unprinted. The two pages do not share that bare slot.

Open items

fra as the seller or the source. Unprinted in Bokmålsordboka and in NAOB. To-verify. The printed person-seller is av.
i butikken. Unprinted as a complement of kjøpe. To-verify. i Tromsø is the house. i fjor is the time. på butikken in the butikk article belongs to tur.
A bare indirect object, kjøpe henne en bok. Unprinted. To-verify. Not labeled standard, and not labeled regionaal. The printed person is til en bror. kjøpe deg ny bil is reflexive.
kjøpe noe for 100 kroner. Unprinted on the goods. To-verify. The printed price-name is for en billig pris. The printed numeral for 1000 kroner is on taushet, sense 3.
kjøpe tid. Unprinted in Bokmålsordboka and in NAOB. To-verify. Not filed. Cambridge lists the English idiom buy time. kjøpe seg fri is the fixed use the Norwegian articles print.
Seller, beneficiary, goods, and a sum in one clause. Unprinted as one schema. The av line has no til of a person. The Hamsun line has no seller. The Ibsen line has no seller. Not constructed as a stack.
A passive that names the buyer, or one that makes the goods the subject. Unprinted. det kjøpende publikum is a participle. Not constructed.
ikke on the goods of sense 1. Unprinted. jeg kjøper ikke den påstanden is the believe sense. Not copied onto the purchase frame.
Nynorsk. Not a second page. The headword here is Bokmål kjøpe.

Corpus filenames and sources

Dictionary frames: Bokmålsordboka, kjøpe, at ordbokene.no; NAOB, kjøpe, billig, and butikk, at naob.no; Cambridge buy. Literary lines are quoted only as those entries print them. Hamsun, Ibsen, Sandemose, and the biblical line are NAOB’s citations. Index 2 does not list this lemma.

Bokmålsordboka · kjøpe ordbokene.no · bm/29787 · sense 1 direct object · på nettet · kjøpe deg ny bil · kjøpe inn · kjøpe opp · kjøpe ut · kjøpe seg fri · no av · no numeral
NAOB · kjøpe naob.no · kjøpe · av naboen · av ham · til en bror · for en billig pris · kjøpe inn · kjøpe opp · sense 3 for 1000 kroner on taushet
NAOB · billig naob.no · billig · kjøpe et bord på loppemarked for en billig penge · not the verb’s schema
NAOB · butikk naob.no · butikk · på butikken belongs to tur · for å kjøpe is purpose
Cambridge · buy dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/buy · [+ two objects] · for his mother · from a friend of mine
Dutch buy · kopen · van or bij · voor of a person and of a sum · bare nominal labeled regionaal
German buy · kaufen · von and bei unranked · bare dative beneficiary
Hungarian buy · vesz · ablative -tól · adessive -nál · dative beneficiary
Norwegian sell sell · selge · seller is the subject · buyer til or bare ham

Records the subject Buyer and the bare direct-object Goods of kjøpe. Records the Seller as av+person where NAOB prints one, and leaves fra and i butikken as to-verify. Records på nettet as the place. Records the Beneficiary as til+person, and the bare indirect object as unprinted. Records for of a price-name as the Price, and a numeral on the goods as to-verify. Records kjøpe inn, kjøpe opp, kjøpe ut, and kjøpe seg fri where the articles print them. Records the divergence from English from, from English for, from English buy her a gift, and from Dutch voor beside the regional bare nominal. Does not open an English page.