teach · Bulgarian (уча / науча) — Event-Structure Dictionary

Arguments

Teacher, Learner, Content · one bare object plus на · clitic case, not a noun ending · working claim, revisable

Voice[Teacher] + low Appl(Learner) + complement of the root (Content)

уча · teach · Learner = one bare NP · accusative clitic я, го, ме, ги · те is the same series on the admonish line · Content = на+NP or a да-clause · я учеше на всякаква работа · Уча я да готви

уча · learn · Learner = subject · Content = bare NP · Уча математика · Уча френски · the same shape on науча / научавам

уча се / науча се · Learner = subject · се · Content = да-clause or на+NP · Уча се да плета · да се науча на четмо и писмо

преподавам · Content = bare NP · Learner = dative clitic ми, or the definition’s някому · Преподавам математика · ми преподаде няколко урока

обучавам / обуча · Learner = bare NP · accusative clitic ги · Content = на какво in the government, or в+NP, or a да-clause · Обучава ги в стрелба

A teaching has a Teacher, a Learner, and a Content. They are not three equal sisters of one flat verb. Voice adds the Teacher. Low Appl introduces the Learner. The root’s complement is the Content. Full noun phrases show no case ending. Влахова-Руйкова’s morphology note says Bulgarian lost the seven-case system of the noun, and that relations among nouns are prepositions and word order. The short personal pronouns still distinguish case. Her paradigm gives masculine го as the short accusative and му as the short dative, and she calls those short forms clitics. The direct-object clitic and the indirect-object clitic are different words. A noun does not spell that difference.

What matches the English gloss, and what does not. English teach someone something is two bare objects. Bulgarian does not print that pair. уча and науча print one bare object, the Learner, and the Content in на or in a да-clause. РБЕ’s gloss of teaching уча is научавам някого на нещо. The one-volume government of the same reading is Кого. The citation is я учеше на всякаква работа — и да преде, и да шие: я is the accusative clitic, на всякаква работа is the Content, and the two да-clauses are coordinated with that на-phrase. преподавам reverses the two places. The one-volume government is Какво, and the examples are Преподавам математика and Преподавам законите на Нютон, with no Learner. РБЕ sense 1 fills the Learner as the dative clitic: Инструкторът ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване. ми is not ме. The Content is the bare object урока. English teach someone something matches neither alignment. Norwegian lære noen noe is the two bare objects. Russian учить кого чему matches the role alignment of уча, Learner direct and Content oblique, and spells the Content as a dative ending Bulgarian nouns do not have.

уча and науча are not one dictionary pair. Both articles call уча imperfective: РБЕ несв., and the one-volume преходен глагол от несвършен вид. The aorist учих in that paradigm is a tense of this imperfective. науча is a different headword. РБЕ sends it to научавам, and the header there is научавам, -аш, несв.; науча, -иш, мин. св. -их, св. The one-volume науча is св. — вж. научавам. The labels несв. and св. are those headers. They are not an endpoint claim. The teach frame and the learn frame are printed on both imperfectives, уча and научавам, and on the perfective науча.

Learner as the one bare object, Content in на. РБЕ уча 2, sense 1, with no register label: Предавам на някого знания, умение в някаква област, научавам някого на нещо. The first на някого sits inside the paraphrase with предавам. The second paraphrase, and the citations, put the person in the direct object and the skill after на. я учеше на всякаква работа. учеше и другите си ученици has the Learner and no Content. On науча, Караславов as РБЕ prints it: на здрав занаят щеше да го научи. го is the accusative clitic. на здрав занаят is the Content. Sense 7 of the same article, upbringing, has the same two places: да ги научат на почет, не ще научиш човека нито на добро, нито на зло, тебе да научим на покорство. на четене is not among these lines. The noun четене is a separate РБЕ article, a verbal noun and a school subject, and none of its citations is на четене with уча. Reading as a skill is a да-clause.

The да-clause. The one-volume sense 4 of уча, government Кого, is Уча я да готви. РБЕ coordinates the да-clauses with на: на всякаква работа — и да преде, и да шие. On науча, Вазов: Искам да науча войниците да пеят. Влайков: ме научи мама да шия. Йовков: да ги научат да теглят. The one-volume sense 3: Научих племенницата си да чете. The Learner is the bare object or the accusative clitic. The да-clause is the Content. No second bare noun sits beside that Learner.

Content as the bare object is the learn reading. РБЕ уча 1: Уча френски, учат уроците, учеше занаят. The one-volume sense 1: Уча математика, Учим много предмети, Уча английски, Уча право. The subject is the Learner. There is no second object. The same shape is sense 1 of РБЕ научавам: научех уроците си, аз ги научих наизуст, where ги doubles the songs, and the one-volume Научих урока си. Уча математика is not teach mathematics. The school verb that takes the subject matter as the bare object is преподавам.

Accusative clitic, and doubling. The skill-frame clitics that separate case are accusative. я on уча: я учеше, Уча я да готви. те on the admonish sense: да те уча. го, ме, and ги on науча: да го научи, Лазар го научи как да предаде писмото, Научи ме, ме научи мама да шия, ги научат. Влахова-Руйкова, syntax, says a short accusative is always a direct object, and that doubling pairs the short form with a full pronoun or with a noun: Мене ме, мама са я знаели. The doubled pair that РБЕ prints on науча is the threat sense, labeled разг.: Ще те науча аз тебе, Ще я науча аз нея. That sense is not the skill frame. On the skill frame the clitic is printed without a second full noun in the same clause. тебе да научим на покорство is the strong accusative alone, with no short clitic beside it. аз ги научих doubles the songs, which are the Content of the learn reading, not a Learner. A dative clitic for the Learner of уча or науча is unprinted. No line has ми, ти, му, ѝ, or им in that slot. ви in ще ви научат is the form that the paradigm lists for both cases, so it does not decide. The one-volume question word is Кого, not кому.

уча се and науча се. The Learner is the subject. The one-volume reflexive of уча: Уча се да плета, Уча се да свиря. РБЕ научавам се sense 1, с предл. на или със следв. изр. със съюз да: се научава да чете и пише, да се научат да правят сметката си, да се науча на четмо и писмо. The one-volume: Научих се да смятам, Научих се да танцувам. се is not a Teacher. РБЕ also prints a one-word passive label, уча се страд. and научавам се, науча се страд., with no teach-frame citation under that label. The reflexive learn entry is a separate block, with its own senses. на четмо и писмо is that learn block. It is not на четене, and it is not a Teacher-plus-Learner clause.

преподавам. This is the frame that takes the subject matter as the direct object. РБЕ: imperfective преподавам, perfective преподам, the header’s labels. Sense 1, no register label: поднасям някому знания, преподаваше литература, преподава по практика, да преподавам по новата метода, and ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване. The one-volume government is only Какво. по marks a subject or a method, по практика and по кормуване, and it is not the Learner. The Learner that sense 1 fills is ми. The definition’s word for that place is някому, a dative. A full noun after на is not in a sense-1 citation. Sense 2 is labeled остар. and is “hand something over”: преподал на учениците си божественото си тяло, томува. That на учениците is not the student of математика. Преподавам математика на студенти is not one printed clause. The pieces that are printed are Преподавам математика, with no Learner, and ми beside урока.

обучавам / обуча. The alignment matches уча, not преподавам. РБЕ: обучавам, -аш, несв.; обуча, -иш, св. The Learner is the direct object: ги е обучил, никого не искаше да обучи, обучавам новобранци, обучавахме малките ученици. The да-clause is Каралийчев: ги е обучил да маршируват. The one-volume government is кого, на какво, and the article does not fill the на-phrase. The filled preposition in РБЕ is в, on a line marked Δ and with no author: Обучава ги в стрелба. No register label is printed. The citations are training: soldiers, recruits, miners, marching, shooting. The one-volume Разг. on Уча студенти is not repeated here. The definition’s като му предавам is inside the paraphrase with предавам. The clitic of обуча in the Дончев sentence is ги, and the им of that sentence belongs to дал. A dative clitic of the Learner of обучавам is unprinted. The reflexive entry обучавам се has the Learner as subject: се обучаваха младежите, се обучаваш да яздиш. The one-volume gloss of that reflexive is Уча се на нещо, a definition, not a filled clause.

Against the other languages. English teach someone something is two bare objects, and teach mathematics is one bare object. уча някого на нещо is one bare object plus на. Уча математика is the learn reading. преподавам математика is the bare subject-matter object, and the Learner, when the clause has one, is dative ми. учить puts the Content in the dative and the Learner in the accusative. Bulgarian на is the preposition in that Content slot, and the accusative clitic is the Learner; a dative clitic there is the Learner of преподавам, not the Content of уча. lære prints two bare objects for teach. lehren can use a second accusative, and beibringen puts the Learner in the dative. Neither German frame is a Bulgarian noun ending.

Places · who wears which marking

A full noun of уча does not show whether it is the Learner or the Content. учениците is the Learner because it is the only object, or because на or a да-clause sits beside it. математика in Уча математика is the Content because there is no Learner object and the subject is the person who studies. математика in Преподавам математика is the Content because the verb is преподавам and the one-volume government is Какво. The clitic decides the case the noun does not spell: accusative го for the Learner of уча / науча, dative му is unprinted in that slot, and dative ми is printed for the Learner of преподавам.

Printed teach frame · one bare Learner · на or да

✓ я учеше на всякаква работа — и да преде, и да шие РБЕ · уча 2 · sense 1 · Влайков · accusative я · на · two да-clauses

✓ на здрав занаят щеше да го научи РБЕ · научавам 5 · Караславов · accusative го · на+NP

✓ Уча я да готви one-volume · уча · sense 4 · Кого

✓ Искам да науча войниците да пеят РБЕ · научавам 5 · Вазов · bare Learner · да-clause · no clitic

she was teaching her every kind of work, both to spin and to sew · he would have taught him a sound trade · I am teaching her to cook · I want to teach the soldiers to sing

Printed learn frame · the bare noun is the Content · the subject is the Learner

✓ Уча математика · Уча френски one-volume · sense 1 · РБЕ · уча 1

✓ Учениците си учат уроците с глас РБЕ · уча 1 · Вазов · си is the possessive clitic

✓ Уча се да плета · да се науча на четмо и писмо one-volume · уча се · РБЕ · научавам се 1 · Каралийчев

I study mathematics · I study French · the pupils learn their lessons aloud · I am learning to knit · to learn reading and writing

Printed преподавам · Content is the bare object · Learner is dative when the clause has one

✓ Преподавам математика · Преподавам законите на Нютон one-volume · Какво · no Learner

✓ ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване РБЕ · sense 1 · dative ми · bare урока · по is the skill

✓ преподаваше литература РБЕ · sense 1 · Гуляшки · no Learner

I teach mathematics · I teach Newton’s laws · the instructor taught me several lessons in steering · he was teaching literature

Places of Bulgarian уча, науча, преподавам, and обучавам: introducer, marking, case status, English and sibling marking
Place	Introduced by (working)	Bulgarian marking	Case status	English and sibling marking
Teacher	Spec,Voice	subject of уча, науча, преподавам, обучавам	no case ending on a full noun · РБЕ несв. / св. are the headers’ labels	subject of teach · subject of учить · subject of lehren
Learner · уча / науча	low Appl	one bare NP · ученици, войниците, племенницата · accusative clitics я, го, ме, ги, те	one-volume Кого · a full noun has no accusative ending · a dative clitic in this slot is unprinted · ви does not separate the two cases	bare object of teach someone something · accusative of учить · not the dative Learner of beibringen
Content · на	complement of the root	на всякаква работа, на здрав занаят, на почет, на добро, на покорство	preposition · not a dative ending · на четене is unprinted · на четмо и писмо is the reflexive learn line	bare something · dative Content of учить · not a second bare object of lære
Content · да	да-clause	да готви, да пеят, да шия, да чете, да преде	the Learner stays the bare object or the accusative clitic · reading is this clause, not на четене	to of teach someone to … · infinitive of научить · å of lære
Content as bare object · learn	complement, and the Learner is Spec,Voice	математика, френски, уроците, занаят, урока си	no second object · the subject is the Learner · си on уроците си is possessive	learn / study · not teach mathematics · subject Learner of lære with one bare object
уча се / науча се	subject Learner · reflexive се	Уча се да плета · се научава да чете и пише · на четмо и писмо	се is not a Teacher · the passive label страд. has no teach citation under it	subject of learn · учиться is a separate lemma on teach-ru · lære seg stays on lære
Doubling	short clitic plus a full pronoun or a noun	skill frame: clitic alone · threat: те … тебе, я … нея · learn Content: ги of the songs	Влахова-Руйкова: short accusative doubles a direct object · a doubled full noun of the skill Learner is unprinted	English has no clitic doubling · the threat lines are not teach someone something
преподавам · Content	complement of the root	bare NP · математика, литература, урока, законите на Нютон · also по+NP	one-volume Какво · по практика and по кормуване are not the Learner	bare object of teach mathematics · accusative Content of преподавать on teach-ru
преподавам · Learner	low Appl · indirect object	dative clitic ми · definition някому	ми is not the accusative ме · на plus a full noun is unprinted in sense 1 · sense 2 на учениците is labeled остар. and is not this subject matter	to of teach something to someone · dative Learner of beibringen · opposite of the accusative Learner of уча
обучавам / обуча	Learner direct · Content на, в, or да	ги, никого, новобранци, ученици · в стрелба · да маршируват · government на какво unfilled	accusative clitic · no register label · the Δ line has no author · a dative Learner clitic is unprinted	same alignment as уча · not the bare Content of преподавам · one-volume Разг. on Уча студенти is a different article

Marking map. Read the verb, then the clitic, then the preposition. A bare noun does not name its own role.

Subject of teach. The subject of teaching уча, of науча, of преподавам, and of обучавам is the Teacher. Стрина Венковица я учеше. Инструкторът ми преподаде. The subject of Уча математика and of уча се is the Learner.
One bare Learner. учеше и другите си ученици. да науча войниците. Уча студенти and Уча малки ученици are the one-volume sense marked разг., with no Content. РБЕ’s ученици line has no such mark. A name in that slot would not spell accusative. The clitic does: я, го, ме, ги, те.
на of the Content. на всякаква работа. на здрав занаят. на почет към старите. нито на добро, нито на зло. на покорство. The order of the на-phrase and the verb is the order of the citation: after the verb in я учеше на всякаква работа, before it in на здрав занаят щеше да го научи. на ум and на ум и разум are the admonish idiom, off the skill pair.
да-clause. да готви, да преде, да шие, да пеят, да шия, да теглят, да чете. как да предаде писмото is the same Learner clitic го with a как да clause. The learn reflexive uses the same да: да плета, да чете и пише, да смятам.
Bare Content, learn. Уча математика is not a second object beside a Learner. ги in аз ги научих наизуст doubles тия любовни песни. Научих си is the separate colloquial entry научавам си, “I have done my lessons.” That си is not a dative Learner.
Dative only on преподавам. ми преподаде няколко урока. The definition says някому. Sense 2’s на учениците and томува are the obsolete “hand over” sense. They are not joined here to математика.
обучавам, в, and unfilled на какво. Обучава ги в стрелба is the Δ line. ги е обучил да маршируват is Каралийчев. The one-volume prints на какво in the government and does not print a clause that fills it. Обучи много нови миньори and да обучавам новобранци are Learner-only, the first of them also marked Δ.
Short article. Влахова-Руйкова says a masculine singular direct object takes the short article -а / -я. The opened Learner nouns are not identified by that article: ученици, студенти, войниците, племенницата. няколко урока is the count form of the Content of преподавам. It is not a case ending.

EN ⇄ BG valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Bulgarian slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a second bare object ↔ на, or a bare Learner ↔ a dative clitic). Printed dictionary lines come first. An English gloss wears constructed. It is not a bilingual corpus.

English–Bulgarian valency alignment for teach / уча, one row per argument
Slot	EN form	BG form	Align	EN example	BG example
Teacher	SUBJ of teach	subject	=	She was teaching her every kind of work. constructed gloss	я учеше на всякаква работа РБЕ · Влайков
Learner · уча	bare object of teach someone something	one bare NP, or an accusative clitic	= one object · the second English object is not bare in Bulgarian	teach her to cook constructed gloss	Уча я да готви one-volume · Кого
Content · на	bare something	на+NP	shift · not a second bare object · not a dative ending on the noun · not a dative clitic	a sound trade constructed gloss	на здрав занаят щеше да го научи РБЕ · Караславов
Two bare objects	teach someone something	two bare noun phrases	unprinted · the printed teach frame is one bare object plus на or да	teach the pupils mathematics English only	* Уча учениците математика. constructed · not a dictionary line
да-clause	to + infinitive	да + finite verb	shift on the clause form · the Learner stays one bare object	teach the soldiers to sing constructed gloss	да науча войниците да пеят РБЕ · Вазов
Learn · bare Content	subject of study / learn	subject of уча · bare NP	the Learner has left the object slot · the lemma stays уча	I study mathematics constructed gloss	Уча математика one-volume · sense 1
уча се	no reflexive on learn	се · subject Learner · да or на	shift · се is not a Teacher	learn to knit · learn to read and write constructed glosses	Уча се да плета one-volume · да чете и пише РБЕ · Унджиев
Dative clitic · Learner of уча	no dative pronoun required	му / ми for that Learner	unprinted · the printed clitics are accusative · Кого, not кому	teach him a trade English only	го in да го научи РБЕ · му unprinted in this slot
преподавам · Content	bare object of teach mathematics	bare NP	= against one bare object · the Learner is not that object	teach mathematics constructed gloss	Преподавам математика one-volume
преподавам · Learner	bare object, or to	dative clitic ми · definition някому	shift · opposite of the accusative Learner of уча · на plus a full noun is unprinted in sense 1	taught me several lessons constructed gloss	ми преподаде няколко урока РБЕ · sense 1
обучавам	bare Learner, and a prepositional Content	accusative ги · в+NP or a да-clause · government на какво	the на of the government is unfilled · в стрелба is the filled preposition	train them in shooting · taught them to march constructed glosses	Обучава ги в стрелба РБЕ · Δ · ги е обучил да маршируват РБЕ · Каралийчев

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame. The subject chip is the Teacher when the clause has one, and the learner-side subject on the learn reading.

EN · BG · one bare object plus на

уча някого на нещо

teach someone a trade

на здрав занаят щеше да го научи

BG · РБЕ · научавам 5 · Караславов · accusative го · на · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles LearnerContent

Learner го · accusative clitic Content на здрав занаят

Move English writes two bare objects · Bulgarian writes one bare object and на · му is not this clitic

BG · да-clause

accusative + да

I am teaching her to cook

Уча я да готви

BG · one-volume · sense 4 · Кого · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles LearnerContent

Learner я · accusative clitic Content да готви

Move the same я as я учеше на всякаква работа · reading is да чете, not на четене

BG · learn

subject + bare Content

I study mathematics

Уча математика

BG · one-volume · sense 1 · no Learner object · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles LearnerContent

Learner subject of уча Content математика · bare NP

Move teach mathematics is not this line · that bare object is Преподавам математика

BG · науча се

subject + се

learn reading and writing

да се науча на четмо и писмо

BG · РБЕ · научавам се 1 · Каралийчев · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles LearnerContent

Learner subject · се Content на четмо и писмо

Move се is not a Teacher · на четене is not the printed noun phrase

BG · преподавам

bare Content · dative Learner

he taught me several lessons in steering

ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване

BG · РБЕ · sense 1 · dative ми · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles ContentLearner

Content няколко урока · bare NP Learner ми · dative clitic

Move the opposite of уча · Преподавам математика has no Learner · на студенти is not this citation

BG · обучавам

accusative + в

he trains them in shooting

Обучава ги в стрелба

BG · РБЕ · marked Δ · no author on the line · EN gloss constructed

RolesHide roles LearnerContent

Learner ги · accusative clitic Content в стрелба

Move same Learner case as уча · the one-volume на какво is unfilled · no colloquial mark

Examples

Argument difference. English teach someone something is two bare objects. Bulgarian уча / науча prints one bare object, the Learner, and an accusative clitic when the Learner is a clitic, and the Content in на or in a да-clause. A bare Content noun with no Learner object is the learn reading, and the subject is the Learner. уча се / науча се keeps that subject and adds се. преподавам prints the Content as the bare object and the Learner as the dative clitic ми. обучавам prints the Learner as the bare object, as уча does, and the Content in в or in a да-clause. A dative clitic for the Learner of уча is unprinted. Full nouns have no case ending.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

я учеше на всякаква работа — и да преде, и да шие РБЕ · уча 2.1 · Влайков · учеше и другите си ученици РБЕ · Талев · Learner only · Уча я да готви one-volume · sense 4
на здрав занаят щеше да го научи РБЕ · научавам 5 · Караславов · да науча войниците да пеят РБЕ · Вазов · Научих племенницата си да чете one-volume · sense 3 · ме научи мама да шия РБЕ · Влайков
Уча математика · Уча френски one-volume · sense 1 · РБЕ · уча 1 · Уча се да плета one-volume · да се науча на четмо и писмо РБЕ · научавам се 1
Преподавам математика one-volume · Какво · ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване РБЕ · sense 1 · dative ми · преподаваше литература РБЕ · Гуляшки
ги е обучил РБЕ · Дончев · accusative ги · ги е обучил да маршируват РБЕ · Каралийчев · Обучава ги в стрелба РБЕ · Δ · government кого, на какво one-volume · на unfilled
Ще те науча аз тебе · Ще я науча аз нея РБЕ · sense 8 · разг. · threat · doubled accusative · not the skill frame · Уча я на ум one-volume · sense 5 · admonish

The blocks below open one argument at a time. A gloss wears constructed.

Learner · bare object or accusative cliticHide the Learner Learner

✓ я учеше на всякаква работа РБЕ · accusative я · not ѝ

✓ на здрав занаят щеше да го научи РБЕ · accusative го · not му

✓ Уча студенти one-volume · sense 3 · Разг. · no Content

The Learner is one object. A second bare noun beside it is not a printed frame. A dative clitic in this slot is not a printed frame.

Content · на, да, or a bare learn objectHide the Content Content

✓ на всякаква работа · на здрав занаят РБЕ · teach · на четене unprinted

✓ да чете · да чете и пише one-volume · РБЕ · Унджиев · the skill of reading is the clause

✓ Уча математика one-volume · learn · subject is the Learner

преподавам · обучавамHide the other lemmas LearnerContent

✓ ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване РБЕ · dative Learner · bare Content · по is not the Learner

✓ Преподавам математика one-volume · no Learner in this line

✓ Обучава ги в стрелба РБЕ · Δ · accusative Learner · в

Voice

The passive label and the reflexive learn entry are printed as different blocks. РБЕ ends the уча articles with уча се страд. and ends the transitive научавам block with научавам се, науча се страд. No citation under those labels promotes a Learner or a Content of the teach frame. The learn reflexives are headed on their own: уча се in the one-volume, and научавам се несв.; науча се св., непрех. in РБЕ. The subject there is the Learner. се does not add a Teacher.

Where a passive citation is filled, the noun that becomes the subject is the Content, and the verb is not уча. РБЕ on преподавам: се е преподавала най-проста грамотност, да се преподадат … дисциплини. грамотност and дисциплини are the subject matter. No Learner is the subject of those lines. On научавам, the passive citations of the learn reading promote the Content: Този език не се научава само за един семестър, там се научават много науки. The person-passive of a teach frame, with the Learner as subject and the Content left in на, is unprinted. None is constructed.

обучавам се is headed as its own intransitive, обучавам се несв.; обуча се св., beside the label обучавам се, обуча се страд. The filled lines are the intransitive: се обучаваха младежите, се обучаваш да яздиш. The young men and the addressee are the Learners. A Teacher is not in the clause. The headers’ несв. and св. stay the morphological labels of the articles. They are not an endpoint claim.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Teacher to Voice, the Learner to low Appl, and the Content to the root. On the learn reading the subject is the learner-side argument. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the Teacher is the external argument of teach-уча

Printed · one external argument · teaching sense

[TP [учи]
  [VoiceP Voice                     ← Teacher = Spec,Voice
    … уча … ]]

✓ я учеше на всякаква работа РБЕ · уча 2.1 · Влайков

The external argument of Уча математика and of уча се is the Learner. That subject is not a Teacher.

Low Appl · the Learner · the root takes the Content

уча / науча · one bare Learner · на or да

[VoiceP Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [го / я / учениците] Appl   ← Learner · accusative clitic or bare NP
    [VP √уч-
       [на занаят / да чете ]]]]          ← Content · на+NP or да-clause

преподавам puts the Content in the bare slot and the Learner in the dative clitic. With no Learner, only the bare Content is printed.

[VoiceP Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [ми] Appl                   ← Learner · dative clitic · optional
    [VP √препода-
       [Content урока / математика ]]]]   ← Content · bare NP

✓ на здрав занаят щеше да го научи РБЕ · Караславов

✓ ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване РБЕ · преподавам 1

✓ Преподавам математика one-volume · no Learner

English and the other teach pages · one gloss, not one frame

Working · no English teach page is opened · siblings are the live teach pages

[VoiceP Voice                                  ← Teacher
  [ApplP_LOW someone Appl                     ← EN bare object
    [VP √TEACH
       [Content something ]]]]                · BG уча: accusative Learner, на / да
                                              · BG преподавам: bare Content, dative ми
                                              · NO lære: two bare objects
                                              · RU учить: dative Content
                                              · DE beibringen: dative Learner

уча някого на нещо does not match the two bare objects. преподавам does not match them either: the one bare object is the Content, and the Learner is ми. lære is the two-bare-object cloth. учить keeps the Learner direct and the Content oblique, and the oblique is a dative ending. Bulgarian writes that oblique as на, and writes a dative clitic only for the Learner of преподавам.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English teach, Bulgarian уча, Bulgarian преподавам, Russian учить, Norwegian lære
Layer	teach (EN) · no page	уча / науча	преподавам	учить	lære
Spec,Voice	Teacher	Teacher, or the Learner on the learn reading	Teacher	Teacher	Teacher, or the Learner on the learn reading
Learner	bare object	one bare NP · accusative clitic	dative clitic ми · or absent	accusative	bare NP, beside a second bare NP
Content	bare object, or an infinitive	на+NP, or a да-clause · bare NP only when the Learner is the subject	bare NP · also по+NP	dative, or an infinitive	bare NP, or å + infinitive
Case on a full noun	none	none · го versus му is the clitic	none · ми is the dative clitic	accusative and dative endings	none

Languages of teach: German · lehren / beibringen / unterrichten · Spanish · enseñar · Russian · учить / научить · Hungarian · tanít · Japanese · 教える · French · enseigner · Italian · insegnare · Polish · uczyć / nauczyć · Dutch · leren · Norwegian · lære · Bulgarian · уча / науча · Mandarin · 教 · Portuguese · ensinar. преподавам, обучавам / обуча, уча се, and науча се are this page’s notes, not further pages. Closest siblings: lend · Bulgarian · заемам · rent · Bulgarian · давам под наем. No English teach page.

Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · Bulgarian micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Teaching in Bulgarian is not two bare objects copied from English teach. Teacher (Voice, subject), Learner (low Appl), Content (complement of the root). On уча / науча the Learner is the one bare object, with an accusative clitic, and the Content is на or a да-clause. A bare Content noun is the learn reading. преподавам takes that bare noun as the subject matter and the Learner as dative ми. обучавам keeps the Learner bare. Full nouns have no case ending.

BG micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 One bare object plus на DE lehren live ES enseñar live RU учить live HU tanít live JA 教える live FR enseigner live IT insegnare live PL uczyć live NL leren live NO lære live ZH 教 live PT ensinar live

Sense × language: teach · Bulgarian (уча / науча). The teaching sense is the page. The learn reading stays on the page, because it is the same lemma. преподавам, обучавам / обуча, уча се, and науча се stay notes. No English teach hub. German: teach · lehren / beibringen / unterrichten. Spanish: teach · enseñar. Russian: teach · учить / научить. Hungarian: teach · tanít. Japanese: teach · 教える. French: teach · enseigner. Italian: teach · insegnare. Polish: teach · uczyć / nauczyć. Dutch: teach · leren. Norwegian: teach · lære. Mandarin: teach · 教. Portuguese: teach · ensinar. Geometry neighbors: lend · заемам · rent · давам под наем. Index 2 does not list Bulgarian уча.

Places
EN ⇄ BG strip
Examples
Voice
Derivations
Hierarchy
Geometry
Open items
Corpus and sources

Working paper. Bulgarian micro-entry. Frames were checked on the Речник на българския език of the Institute for Bulgarian Language, as served at ibl.bas.bg/rbe, on the one-volume articles as served at rechnik.chitanka.info, and on Радка Влахова-Руйкова, Практическа граматика. Български език, as served at slav.uni-sofia.bg/grammar.

Constructed examples. The dictionary lines are marked as printed. English glosses in the strip and on the cards are marked constructed. The starred two-bare-object clause is marked constructed. No Bulgarian clause was built and then cited as a dictionary line.

Arity. Index 2 does not list уча. Surface count can name a teacher, a learner, and a content. The lexicon does not list three co-arguments of one flat V. Voice adds the Teacher. Low Appl adds the Learner. The root takes the Content. On преподавам the Learner need not be in the clause. On the learn reading the Learner is the subject.

What this page does not do. It does not give уча two bare objects. It does not give the Learner of уча a dative clitic. It does not cite на четене. It does not treat Уча математика as teach mathematics. It does not stack Преподавам математика with на студенти into one cited clause. It does not give the Δ line of обучавам an author. The несв. and св. labels stay the headers’ morphology.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not the English double object copied onto one Bulgarian verb. Voice adds the Teacher. Low Appl adds the Learner. The root takes the Content.

What Bulgarian changes, against teach someone something, depends on the verb. уча / науча keeps one bare object, the Learner, and puts the Content in на or in a да-clause. The accusative clitic is that Learner. преподавам keeps one bare object, the Content, and puts the Learner in the dative clitic ми. The same gloss, two bare objects in English, is two different one-object frames in Bulgarian. The case that separates them is the clitic, го against ми, because the noun has no ending.

Geometry · уча beside the other teach pages

English teach. Two bare objects in teach someone something. One bare object in teach mathematics. Learn is another verb. No English page is opened. Bulgarian prints the two-bare-object gloss on neither уча nor преподавам.
уча / науча, teach. One bare Learner, accusative clitic, Content in на or in a да-clause. РБЕ някого на нещо. One-volume Кого. науча is the perfective filed beside научавам, not a header pair with уча.
уча, learn. Learner as subject. Content a bare noun phrase. уча се / науча се adds се and keeps that subject. на четмо и писмо is this block. на четене is unprinted.
преподавам. Content a bare noun phrase, government Какво. Learner the dative clitic ми, or the definition’s някому, or absent. по is a subject or a method. Sense 2 is остар. and is not the school frame.
обучавам / обуча. Learner a bare object, accusative ги. Content в on the Δ line, a да-clause in Каралийчев, and на какво in the one-volume government with no filled clause. No register label. The reflexive has the Learner as subject.
учить. Accusative Learner, dative Content. Bulgarian уча matches the roles and writes the Content as на, not as a dative clitic. The dative clitic on this page is the Learner of преподавам.
lære. Two bare objects for teach, and the same lemma for learn. Bulgarian teach is one bare object plus на. The learn reading likewise stays on уча, with се available and not required: Уча френски has no се.
lehren / beibringen / unterrichten. German can spell a second accusative, or a dative Learner, or in plus a dative Content. Bulgarian nouns have no such ending. преподавам is the dative-Learner frame, and the dative is the clitic ми. уча is the accusative-Learner frame.
Neighbors. заемам uses a dative clitic, or на in the definition, for a Recipient, and the thing is the one object. That dative is the Recipient of a loan. The dative on this page is the Learner of преподавам. The verbs are different. давам под наем is the other geometry neighbor. Index 2 Bulgarian Transfer is not уча.

Open items

на четене. Unprinted with уча, науча, преподавам, and обучавам. РБЕ’s article четене does not cite it as a complement of these verbs. The skill of reading is да чете and да чете и пише. на четмо и писмо is the reflexive learn line.
Two bare objects. Unprinted. *Уча учениците математика is constructed above and is not a dictionary line. The teach citations are one bare object plus на or да.
A dative clitic for the Learner of уча / науча / обучавам. Unprinted. The unambiguous clitics in that slot are accusative. ми is printed for the Learner of преподавам. The definition’s му inside като му предавам belongs to the paraphrase, not to a cited clause of обуча.
Doubling of a full skill-frame Learner. Unprinted. The doubled accusatives те … тебе and я … нея are the threat sense. ги doubles the songs on the learn reading. тебе да научим is the strong accusative without a short clitic.
Преподавам математика на студенти in one clause. Unprinted. Преподавам математика has no Learner. ми преподаде няколко урока has the dative clitic and a different Content. на учениците is sense 2, остар., and the thing handed over is not a school subject.
A filled на-clause of обучавам. Unprinted. The one-volume government says на какво. The filled preposition in РБЕ is в стрелба, marked Δ, with no author.
A person-passive of teach-уча. Unprinted. The label is уча се страд. The filled passives promote a Content of преподавам or of learn-научавам. The reflexive learn entries are separate heads.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: Речник на българския език, Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, as served at ibl.bas.bg/rbe, for уча, науча, научавам, преподавам, обучавам, and четене. The one-volume articles of the same headwords, as served at rechnik.chitanka.info. Infolex for уча repeats the РБЕ text and adds no further frame. Grammar: Радка Влахова-Руйкова, Практическа граматика. Български език, Faculty of Slavic Studies, Sofia University, as served at slav.uni-sofia.bg/grammar, for the loss of nominal case, the clitic paradigm го / му, and doubling. Literary lines are quoted only as those articles print them. Index 2 does not list уча.

РБЕ · уча ibl.bas.bg/rbe · уча · уча 1 несв. · Уча френски · учат уроците · уча 2.1 научавам някого на нещо · я учеше на всякаква работа · учеше и другите си ученици · 2.2 да те уча · уча се страд.
РБЕ · научавам / науча ibl.bas.bg/rbe · научавам · header несв. / св. · 5 на здрав занаят щеше да го научи · да науча войниците да пеят · ме научи мама да шия · 1 Уча-like bare Content · 7 на почет · 8 Ще те науча аз тебе · науча cross-refers
РБЕ · преподавам ibl.bas.bg/rbe · преподавам · несв. / преподам св. · 1 някому · литература · ми преподаде няколко урока по кормуване · 2 остар. · на учениците · passive грамотност
РБЕ · обучавам ibl.bas.bg/rbe · обучавам · обуча св. · ги е обучил · да маршируват · Δ Обучава ги в стрелба · обучавам се · се обучаваха
РБЕ · четене ibl.bas.bg/rbe · четене · verbal noun and school subject · no уча на четене
One-volume · уча rechnik.chitanka.info · уча · несвършен вид · 1 Уча математика · 3 Кого. Разг. Уча студенти · 4 Уча я да готви · 5 Уча я на ум · Уча се да плета
One-volume · научавам / науча rechnik.chitanka.info · научавам · несв. и науча, св. · 3 Кого. Научих племенницата си да чете · Научих се да смятам · науча is св.
One-volume · преподавам rechnik.chitanka.info · преподавам · Какво · Преподавам математика · Преподавам законите на Нютон · no Learner in the examples
One-volume · обучавам rechnik.chitanka.info · обучавам · кого, на какво · reflexive gloss Уча се на нещо · the на-phrase is unfilled
Влахова-Руйкова · Практическа граматика morf1 · nouns have no case endings · prepositions and word order · morf16 · short го accusative · short му dative · clitics · synt7 · short accusative is the direct object · short dative is the indirect object · doubling
Sibling pages teach-de · teach-es · teach-ru · teach-hu · teach-ja · teach-fr · teach-it · teach-pl · teach-nl · teach-no · teach-zh · teach-pt

Records one bare Learner plus на or a да-clause for уча / науча, the accusative clitic of that Learner, the bare Content of the learn reading, the subject Learner of уча се / науча се, and the opposite frame of преподавам, bare Content and dative ми. Does not open a second page for the learn reading.